{"meta": {"count": 1082, "db_response_time_ms": 53, "page": 1, "per_page": 25, "groups_count": null, "x_query": {"oql": "works where full text has (Photoresponsive hydrogel-based soft robot: A review)", "oqo": {"get_rows": "works", "filter_rows": [{"column_id": "fulltext.search", "value": "Photoresponsive hydrogel-based soft robot: A review", "operator": "has"}]}, "url": "/works?filter=fulltext.search:Photoresponsive hydrogel-based soft robot: A review"}, "cost_usd": 0.001}, "results": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/W4378347467", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100657", "title": "Photoresponsive hydrogel-based soft robot: A review", "display_name": "Photoresponsive hydrogel-based soft robot: A review", "relevance_score": 2791.5022, "publication_year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-05-10", "ids": {"openalex": "https://openalex.org/W4378347467", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100657", "pmid": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37229213"}, "language": "en", "primary_location": {"id": "doi:10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100657", "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100657", "pdf_url": null, "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210219546", "display_name": "Materials Today Bio", "issn_l": "2590-0064", "issn": ["2590-0064"], "is_oa": true, "is_in_doaj": true, "is_core": true, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/P4310320990", "host_organization_name": "Elsevier BV", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"], "host_organization_lineage_names": ["Elsevier BV"], "type": "journal"}, "license": "cc-by-nc-nd", "license_id": "https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd", "version": "publishedVersion", "is_accepted": true, "is_published": true, "raw_source_name": "Materials Today Bio", "raw_type": "journal-article"}, "type": "article", "indexed_in": ["crossref", "doaj", "pubmed"], "open_access": {"is_oa": true, "oa_status": "gold", "oa_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100657", "any_repository_has_fulltext": true}, "authorships": [{"author_position": "first", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5058835905", "display_name": "Jingang Jiang", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0491-9236"}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I100188998", "display_name": "Harbin University of Science and Technology", "ror": "https://ror.org/04e6y1282", "country_code": "CN", "type": "education", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I100188998"]}], "countries": ["CN"], "is_corresponding": true, "raw_author_name": "Jingang Jiang", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing and Intelligent Technology, Ministry of Education, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin, 150080, Heilongjiang, PR China"], "raw_orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0491-9236", "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing and Intelligent Technology, Ministry of Education, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin, 150080, Heilongjiang, PR China", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I100188998"]}]}, {"author_position": "middle", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5043444000", "display_name": "Shuainan Xu", "orcid": null}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I100188998", "display_name": "Harbin University of Science and Technology", "ror": "https://ror.org/04e6y1282", "country_code": "CN", "type": "education", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I100188998"]}], "countries": ["CN"], "is_corresponding": false, "raw_author_name": "Shuainan Xu", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing and Intelligent Technology, Ministry of Education, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin, 150080, Heilongjiang, PR China"], "raw_orcid": null, "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing and Intelligent Technology, Ministry of Education, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin, 150080, Heilongjiang, PR China", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I100188998"]}]}, {"author_position": "middle", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5102421603", "display_name": "Hongyuan Ma", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1594-4912"}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I100188998", "display_name": "Harbin University of Science and Technology", "ror": "https://ror.org/04e6y1282", "country_code": "CN", "type": "education", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I100188998"]}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/I2800372957", "display_name": "China Electronics Technology Group Corporation", "ror": "https://ror.org/0098hst83", "country_code": "CN", "type": "company", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I2800372957"]}], "countries": ["CN"], "is_corresponding": false, "raw_author_name": "Hongyuan Ma", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["Harbin Branch of Taili Communication Technology Limited, China Electronics Technology Group Corporation, Harbin, 150080, Heilongjiang, PR China", "Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing and Intelligent Technology, Ministry of Education, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin, 150080, Heilongjiang, PR China"], "raw_orcid": null, "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "Harbin Branch of Taili Communication Technology Limited, China Electronics Technology Group Corporation, Harbin, 150080, Heilongjiang, PR China", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I2800372957"]}, {"raw_affiliation_string": "Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing and Intelligent Technology, Ministry of Education, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin, 150080, Heilongjiang, PR China", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I100188998"]}]}, {"author_position": "middle", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5052050917", "display_name": "Changpeng Li", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5047-2526"}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I100188998", "display_name": "Harbin University of Science and Technology", "ror": "https://ror.org/04e6y1282", "country_code": "CN", "type": "education", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I100188998"]}], "countries": ["CN"], "is_corresponding": false, "raw_author_name": "Changpeng Li", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing and Intelligent Technology, Ministry of Education, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin, 150080, Heilongjiang, PR China"], "raw_orcid": null, "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing and Intelligent Technology, Ministry of Education, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin, 150080, Heilongjiang, PR China", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I100188998"]}]}, {"author_position": "last", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5007087808", "display_name": "Zhiyuan Huang", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3475-8384"}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I204983213", "display_name": "Harbin Institute of Technology", "ror": "https://ror.org/01yqg2h08", "country_code": "CN", "type": "education", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}], "countries": ["CN"], "is_corresponding": false, "raw_author_name": "Zhiyuan Huang", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang, PR China"], "raw_orcid": null, "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang, PR China", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]}], "institutions": [], "countries_distinct_count": 1, "institutions_distinct_count": 3, "corresponding_author_ids": ["https://openalex.org/A5058835905"], "corresponding_institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I100188998"], "apc_list": {"value": 3150, "currency": "USD", "value_usd": 3150}, "apc_paid": {"value": 3150, "currency": "USD", "value_usd": 3150}, "fwci": 8.5671, "has_fulltext": true, "cited_by_count": 90, "citation_normalized_percentile": {"value": 0.99094814, "is_in_top_1_percent": true, "is_in_top_10_percent": true}, "cited_by_percentile_year": {"min": 97, "max": 100}, "biblio": {"volume": "20", "issue": null, "first_page": "100657", "last_page": "100657"}, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "is_xpac": false, "primary_topic": {"id": "https://openalex.org/T11737", "display_name": "Advanced Materials and Mechanics", "score": 0.9998000264167786, "subfield": {"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/2210", "display_name": "Mechanical Engineering"}, "field": {"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/22", "display_name": "Engineering"}, "domain": {"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3", "display_name": "Physical Sciences"}}, "topics": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/T11737", "display_name": "Advanced Materials and Mechanics", "score": 0.9998000264167786, "subfield": {"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/2210", "display_name": "Mechanical Engineering"}, "field": {"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/22", "display_name": "Engineering"}, "domain": {"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3", "display_name": "Physical Sciences"}}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/T11486", "display_name": "Micro and Nano Robotics", "score": 0.9997000098228455, "subfield": {"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/3104", "display_name": "Condensed Matter Physics"}, "field": {"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/31", "display_name": "Physics and Astronomy"}, "domain": {"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3", "display_name": "Physical Sciences"}}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/T10338", "display_name": "Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials", "score": 0.9968000054359436, "subfield": {"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/2204", "display_name": "Biomedical Engineering"}, "field": {"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/22", "display_name": "Engineering"}, "domain": {"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3", "display_name": "Physical Sciences"}}], "keywords": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/self-healing-hydrogels", "display_name": "Self-healing hydrogels", "score": 0.8052865266799927}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/soft-robotics", "display_name": "Soft robotics", "score": 0.7959200143814087}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/soft-materials", "display_name": "Soft materials", "score": 0.718980073928833}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/robot", "display_name": "Robot", "score": 0.6138312816619873}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science", "display_name": "Computer science", "score": 0.5619401335716248}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/robotics", "display_name": "Robotics", "score": 0.5510915517807007}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence", "display_name": "Artificial intelligence", "score": 0.5205758213996887}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptability", "display_name": "Adaptability", "score": 0.5085290670394897}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/nanotechnology", "display_name": "Nanotechnology", "score": 0.49041983485221863}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science", "display_name": "Materials science", "score": 0.4314950704574585}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction", "display_name": "Human\u2013computer interaction", "score": 0.40457773208618164}], "concepts": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/C108586683", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17164826", "display_name": "Self-healing hydrogels", "level": 2, "score": 0.8052865266799927}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776058767", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q24327151", "display_name": "Soft robotics", "level": 3, "score": 0.7959200143814087}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C2982836594", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q902144", "display_name": "Soft materials", "level": 2, "score": 0.718980073928833}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C90509273", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012", "display_name": "Robot", "level": 2, "score": 0.6138312816619873}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198", "display_name": "Computer science", "level": 0, "score": 0.5619401335716248}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C34413123", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170978", "display_name": "Robotics", "level": 3, "score": 0.5510915517807007}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C154945302", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660", "display_name": "Artificial intelligence", "level": 1, "score": 0.5205758213996887}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C177606310", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5674297", "display_name": "Adaptability", "level": 2, "score": 0.5085290670394897}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C171250308", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468", "display_name": "Nanotechnology", "level": 1, "score": 0.49041983485221863}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C192562407", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736", "display_name": "Materials science", "level": 0, "score": 0.4314950704574585}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C107457646", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434", "display_name": "Human\u2013computer interaction", "level": 1, "score": 0.40457773208618164}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420", "display_name": "Biology", "level": 0, "score": 0.0}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C18903297", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150", "display_name": "Ecology", "level": 1, "score": 0.0}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C188027245", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750446", "display_name": "Polymer chemistry", "level": 1, "score": 0.0}], "mesh": [], "locations_count": 4, "locations": [{"id": "doi:10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100657", "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100657", "pdf_url": null, "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210219546", "display_name": "Materials Today Bio", "issn_l": "2590-0064", "issn": ["2590-0064"], "is_oa": true, "is_in_doaj": true, "is_core": true, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/P4310320990", "host_organization_name": "Elsevier BV", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"], "host_organization_lineage_names": ["Elsevier BV"], "type": "journal"}, "license": "cc-by-nc-nd", "license_id": "https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd", "version": "publishedVersion", "is_accepted": true, "is_published": true, "raw_source_name": "Materials Today Bio", "raw_type": "journal-article"}, {"id": "pmid:37229213", "is_oa": false, "landing_page_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37229213", "pdf_url": null, "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036", "display_name": "PubMed", "issn_l": null, "issn": null, "is_oa": false, "is_in_doaj": false, "is_core": false, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/I1299303238", "host_organization_name": "National Institutes of Health", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"], "host_organization_lineage_names": [], "type": "repository"}, "license": null, "license_id": null, "version": "publishedVersion", "is_accepted": true, "is_published": true, "raw_source_name": "Materials today. Bio", "raw_type": null}, {"id": "pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10205512", "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10205512", "pdf_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10205512/pdf/main.pdf", "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S2764455111", "display_name": "PubMed Central", "issn_l": null, "issn": null, "is_oa": true, "is_in_doaj": false, "is_core": false, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/I1299303238", "host_organization_name": "National Institutes of Health", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"], "host_organization_lineage_names": [], "type": "repository"}, "license": "cc-by-nc-nd", "license_id": "https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd", "version": "submittedVersion", "is_accepted": false, "is_published": false, "raw_source_name": "Mater Today Bio", "raw_type": "Text"}, {"id": "pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:aef740e3ccb34138abfcddf8ea601f51", "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "https://doaj.org/article/aef740e3ccb34138abfcddf8ea601f51", "pdf_url": null, "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306401280", "display_name": "DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)", "issn_l": null, "issn": null, "is_oa": false, "is_in_doaj": false, "is_core": false, "host_organization": null, "host_organization_name": null, "host_organization_lineage": [], "host_organization_lineage_names": [], "type": "repository"}, "license": "cc-by-sa", "license_id": "https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa", "version": "submittedVersion", "is_accepted": false, "is_published": false, "raw_source_name": "Materials Today Bio, Vol 20, Iss , Pp 100657- (2023)", "raw_type": "article"}], "best_oa_location": {"id": "doi:10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100657", "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100657", "pdf_url": null, "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210219546", "display_name": "Materials Today Bio", "issn_l": "2590-0064", "issn": ["2590-0064"], "is_oa": true, "is_in_doaj": true, "is_core": true, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/P4310320990", "host_organization_name": "Elsevier BV", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"], "host_organization_lineage_names": ["Elsevier BV"], "type": "journal"}, "license": "cc-by-nc-nd", "license_id": "https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd", "version": "publishedVersion", "is_accepted": true, "is_published": true, "raw_source_name": "Materials Today Bio", "raw_type": "journal-article"}, "sustainable_development_goals": [], "awards": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/G2519027102", "display_name": null, "funder_award_id": "LH2021E081", "funder_id": "https://openalex.org/F4320323085", "funder_display_name": "Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province"}], "funders": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/F4320323085", "display_name": "Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province", "ror": null}], "has_content": {"grobid_xml": false, "pdf": false}, "content_urls": null, "referenced_works_count": 145, "referenced_works": ["https://openalex.org/W160104111", "https://openalex.org/W208525513", "https://openalex.org/W1200370352", "https://openalex.org/W1524069151", "https://openalex.org/W1925060808", "https://openalex.org/W1936873979", "https://openalex.org/W1965211157", "https://openalex.org/W1969339340", "https://openalex.org/W1973033192", "https://openalex.org/W1974329537", "https://openalex.org/W1987381981", "https://openalex.org/W1989906606", "https://openalex.org/W1991690655", "https://openalex.org/W1998506213", "https://openalex.org/W2005914258", "https://openalex.org/W2007048256", "https://openalex.org/W2014183919", "https://openalex.org/W2015659902", "https://openalex.org/W2020302605", "https://openalex.org/W2022770403", "https://openalex.org/W2026789174", "https://openalex.org/W2067599426", "https://openalex.org/W2075459747", "https://openalex.org/W2086899841", "https://openalex.org/W2099213797", "https://openalex.org/W2106290440", "https://openalex.org/W2108024794", "https://openalex.org/W2108498942", "https://openalex.org/W2145400887", "https://openalex.org/W2153451628", "https://openalex.org/W2168741573", "https://openalex.org/W2313529976", "https://openalex.org/W2315626245", "https://openalex.org/W2343388184", "https://openalex.org/W2419154208", "https://openalex.org/W2464924251", "https://openalex.org/W2526011581", "https://openalex.org/W2531279819", "https://openalex.org/W2531415196", "https://openalex.org/W2540149240", "https://openalex.org/W2549451374", "https://openalex.org/W2559115026", "https://openalex.org/W2573980216", "https://openalex.org/W2576246534", "https://openalex.org/W2586824676", "https://openalex.org/W2587041470", "https://openalex.org/W2605841775", "https://openalex.org/W2610835085", "https://openalex.org/W2611957306", "https://openalex.org/W2620975298", "https://openalex.org/W2689167033", "https://openalex.org/W2729890268", "https://openalex.org/W2743258852", "https://openalex.org/W2747567282", "https://openalex.org/W2749155737", "https://openalex.org/W2754724841", "https://openalex.org/W2755802227", "https://openalex.org/W2761310849", "https://openalex.org/W2762627864", "https://openalex.org/W2768169234", "https://openalex.org/W2772035747", "https://openalex.org/W2773783903", "https://openalex.org/W2780235523", "https://openalex.org/W2783235643", "https://openalex.org/W2786572537", "https://openalex.org/W2787894377", "https://openalex.org/W2790041342", "https://openalex.org/W2791490000", "https://openalex.org/W2796415707", "https://openalex.org/W2800319485", "https://openalex.org/W2801519421", "https://openalex.org/W2802112737", "https://openalex.org/W2808364375", "https://openalex.org/W2809433387", "https://openalex.org/W2829286538", "https://openalex.org/W2887777368", "https://openalex.org/W2889683456", "https://openalex.org/W2896706195", "https://openalex.org/W2897276475", "https://openalex.org/W2908553400", "https://openalex.org/W2911818366", "https://openalex.org/W2911833622", "https://openalex.org/W2922022989", "https://openalex.org/W2924729950", "https://openalex.org/W2943840705", "https://openalex.org/W2945957160", "https://openalex.org/W2946598689", "https://openalex.org/W2950330512", "https://openalex.org/W2964959432", "https://openalex.org/W2965360939", "https://openalex.org/W2968822386", "https://openalex.org/W2969509786", "https://openalex.org/W2974706676", "https://openalex.org/W2981163185", "https://openalex.org/W2990751514", "https://openalex.org/W3000102707", "https://openalex.org/W3001270350", "https://openalex.org/W3003281882", "https://openalex.org/W3005904542", "https://openalex.org/W3006405439", "https://openalex.org/W3015281695", "https://openalex.org/W3017003573", "https://openalex.org/W3017981329", "https://openalex.org/W3023387885", "https://openalex.org/W3033402837", "https://openalex.org/W3035767355", "https://openalex.org/W3041849259", "https://openalex.org/W3047411995", "https://openalex.org/W3089403702", "https://openalex.org/W3092735877", "https://openalex.org/W3093061603", "https://openalex.org/W3095572085", "https://openalex.org/W3106065245", "https://openalex.org/W3107540151", "https://openalex.org/W3112236936", "https://openalex.org/W3132026474", "https://openalex.org/W3135354457", "https://openalex.org/W3159701928", "https://openalex.org/W3175098295", "https://openalex.org/W3184781593", "https://openalex.org/W3185516846", "https://openalex.org/W3186419946", "https://openalex.org/W3188930445", "https://openalex.org/W3192775624", "https://openalex.org/W3194654942", "https://openalex.org/W3195041693", "https://openalex.org/W4210664458", "https://openalex.org/W4211246526", "https://openalex.org/W4213456284", "https://openalex.org/W4214877580", "https://openalex.org/W4252663359", "https://openalex.org/W4292182228", "https://openalex.org/W4295978520", "https://openalex.org/W4306651646", "https://openalex.org/W6656114797", "https://openalex.org/W6717493298", "https://openalex.org/W6746734856", "https://openalex.org/W6758366771", "https://openalex.org/W6758681688", "https://openalex.org/W6772882149", "https://openalex.org/W6781954225", "https://openalex.org/W6791283699", "https://openalex.org/W6791431093", "https://openalex.org/W6809299875", "https://openalex.org/W6841952934"], "related_works": ["https://openalex.org/W4372197527", "https://openalex.org/W3134474396", "https://openalex.org/W4211124276", "https://openalex.org/W1978753416", "https://openalex.org/W1515749184", "https://openalex.org/W4367041227", "https://openalex.org/W3023990201", "https://openalex.org/W2911666782", "https://openalex.org/W2891132044", "https://openalex.org/W4312473168"], "abstract_inverted_index": {"Soft": [0], "robots": [1, 19, 129], "have": [2, 53], "received": [3, 54], "a": [4, 55, 95], "lot": [5, 56], "of": [6, 9, 35, 57, 80, 106, 113, 121, 124, 171, 178], "attention": [7, 58], "because": [8], "their": [10, 24, 61], "great": [11], "human-robot": [12], "interaction": [13], "and": [14, 65, 72, 115, 137, 156, 176, 182], "environmental": [15], "adaptability.": [16], "Most": [17], "soft": [18, 31, 43, 48, 128, 172], "are": [20, 150], "currently": [21, 94], "limited": [22], "in": [23, 77, 111, 127, 159, 168, 187], "applications": [25], "due": [26, 59], "to": [27, 40, 60, 191], "wired": [28], "drives.": [29, 44], "Photoresponsive": [30], "robotics": [32, 49], "is": [33, 93, 130, 163], "one": [34], "the": [36, 46, 74, 78, 83, 103, 122, 141, 153, 169, 193], "most": [37], "effective": [38], "ways": [39], "promote": [41], "wireless": [42], "Among": [45], "many": [47], "materials,": [50], "photoresponsive": [51, 90, 109, 125, 160], "hydrogels": [52, 81, 110, 126], "good": [62], "biocompatibility,": [63], "ductility,": [64], "excellent": [66], "photoresponse": [67], "properties.": [68], "This": [69], "paper": [70, 101], "visualizes": [71], "analyzes": [73], "research": [75, 97, 107], "hotspots": [76], "field": [79, 170], "using": [82], "literature": [84], "analysis": [85], "tool": [86], "Citespace,": [87], "demonstrating": [88], "that": [89], "hydrogel": [91, 161], "technology": [92, 162], "key": [96], "direction.": [98], "Therefore,": [99], "this": [100, 148], "summarizes": [102], "current": [104], "state": [105], "on": [108, 133], "terms": [112], "photochemical": [114], "photothermal": [116], "response": [117], "mechanisms.": [118], "The": [119, 174], "progress": [120], "application": [123, 146, 167, 189], "highlighted": [131], "based": [132], "bilayer,": [134], "gradient,": [135], "orientation,": [136], "patterned": [138], "structures.": [139], "Finally,": [140], "main": [142], "factors": [143], "influencing": [144], "its": [145, 166], "at": [147], "stage": [149], "discussed,": [151], "including": [152], "development": [154], "directions": [155], "insights.": [157], "Advancement": [158], "crucial": [164], "for": [165], "robotics.": [173], "advantages": [175], "disadvantages": [177], "different": [179, 188], "preparation": [180], "methods": [181], "structures": [183], "should": [184], "be": [185], "considered": [186], "scenarios": [190], "select": [192], "best": [194], "design": [195], "scheme.": [196]}, "counts_by_year": [{"year": 2026, "cited_by_count": 17}, {"year": 2025, "cited_by_count": 49}, {"year": 2024, "cited_by_count": 19}, {"year": 2023, "cited_by_count": 5}], "updated_date": "2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105", "created_date": "2025-10-10T00:00:00"}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/W2922439236", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201807333", "title": "Design and Applications of Photoresponsive Hydrogels", "display_name": "Design and Applications of Photoresponsive Hydrogels", "relevance_score": 1028.1853, "publication_year": 2019, "publication_date": "2019-03-08", "ids": {"openalex": "https://openalex.org/W2922439236", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201807333", "mag": "2922439236", "pmid": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30848524"}, "language": "en", "primary_location": {"id": "doi:10.1002/adma.201807333", "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201807333", "pdf_url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/adma.201807333", "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S99352657", "display_name": "Advanced Materials", "issn_l": "0935-9648", "issn": ["0935-9648", "1521-4095"], "is_oa": false, "is_in_doaj": false, "is_core": true, "host_organization": null, "host_organization_name": null, "host_organization_lineage": [], "host_organization_lineage_names": [], "type": "journal"}, "license": "cc-by-nc", "license_id": "https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc", "version": "publishedVersion", "is_accepted": true, "is_published": true, "raw_source_name": "Advanced Materials", "raw_type": "journal-article"}, "type": "article", "indexed_in": ["crossref", "pubmed"], "open_access": {"is_oa": true, "oa_status": "hybrid", "oa_url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/adma.201807333", "any_repository_has_fulltext": true}, "authorships": [{"author_position": "first", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5100440294", "display_name": "Lei Li", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1867-106X"}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I102335020", "display_name": "Karlsruhe Institute of Technology", "ror": "https://ror.org/04t3en479", "country_code": "DE", "type": "education", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I102335020", "https://openalex.org/I1305996414"]}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/I154099455", "display_name": "Shandong University", "ror": "https://ror.org/0207yh398", "country_code": "CN", "type": "education", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/I4210087370", "display_name": "Applied Materials (United Kingdom)", "ror": "https://ror.org/006471y50", "country_code": "GB", "type": "company", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I193427800", "https://openalex.org/I4210087370"]}], "countries": ["CN", "DE", "GB"], "is_corresponding": false, "raw_author_name": "Lei Li", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)  Hermann\u2010von\u2010Helmholtz Pl. 1 76344 Eggenstein\u2010Leopoldshafen Germany", "Key Laboratory of Special Functional Aggregated Materials Ministry of Education School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shandong University  Jinan 250100 P. R. China", "Key Laboratory of Special Functional Aggregated Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100 P. R. China", "Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz Pl. 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany"], "raw_orcid": null, "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)  Hermann\u2010von\u2010Helmholtz Pl. 1 76344 Eggenstein\u2010Leopoldshafen Germany", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I4210087370"]}, {"raw_affiliation_string": "Key Laboratory of Special Functional Aggregated Materials Ministry of Education School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shandong University  Jinan 250100 P. R. China", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}, {"raw_affiliation_string": "Key Laboratory of Special Functional Aggregated Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100 P. R. China", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}, {"raw_affiliation_string": "Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz Pl. 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I102335020"]}]}, {"author_position": "middle", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5043550741", "display_name": "Johannes M. Scheiger", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4950-8342"}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I102335020", "display_name": "Karlsruhe Institute of Technology", "ror": "https://ror.org/04t3en479", "country_code": "DE", "type": "education", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I102335020", "https://openalex.org/I1305996414"]}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/I4210087370", "display_name": "Applied Materials (United Kingdom)", "ror": "https://ror.org/006471y50", "country_code": "GB", "type": "company", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I193427800", "https://openalex.org/I4210087370"]}], "countries": ["DE", "GB"], "is_corresponding": false, "raw_author_name": "Johannes M. Scheiger", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["Institute of Technical Chemistry and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)  76131 Karlsruhe Germany", "Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)  Hermann\u2010von\u2010Helmholtz Pl. 1 76344 Eggenstein\u2010Leopoldshafen Germany", "Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz Pl. 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany", "Institute of Technical Chemistry and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany"], "raw_orcid": null, "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "Institute of Technical Chemistry and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)  76131 Karlsruhe Germany", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I102335020"]}, {"raw_affiliation_string": "Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)  Hermann\u2010von\u2010Helmholtz Pl. 1 76344 Eggenstein\u2010Leopoldshafen Germany", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I4210087370"]}, {"raw_affiliation_string": "Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz Pl. 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I102335020"]}, {"raw_affiliation_string": "Institute of Technical Chemistry and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I102335020"]}]}, {"author_position": "last", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5050303674", "display_name": "Pavel A. Levkin", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5975-948X"}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I102335020", "display_name": "Karlsruhe Institute of Technology", "ror": "https://ror.org/04t3en479", "country_code": "DE", "type": "education", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I102335020", "https://openalex.org/I1305996414"]}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/I4210087370", "display_name": "Applied Materials (United Kingdom)", "ror": "https://ror.org/006471y50", "country_code": "GB", "type": "company", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I193427800", "https://openalex.org/I4210087370"]}], "countries": ["DE", "GB"], "is_corresponding": true, "raw_author_name": "Pavel A. Levkin", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)  76131 Karlsruhe Germany", "Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)  Hermann\u2010von\u2010Helmholtz Pl. 1 76344 Eggenstein\u2010Leopoldshafen Germany", "Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz Pl. 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany", "Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany"], "raw_orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5975-948X", "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)  76131 Karlsruhe Germany", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I102335020"]}, {"raw_affiliation_string": "Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)  Hermann\u2010von\u2010Helmholtz Pl. 1 76344 Eggenstein\u2010Leopoldshafen Germany", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I4210087370"]}, {"raw_affiliation_string": "Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz Pl. 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I102335020"]}, {"raw_affiliation_string": "Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I102335020"]}]}], "institutions": [], "countries_distinct_count": 3, "institutions_distinct_count": 3, "corresponding_author_ids": ["https://openalex.org/A5050303674"], "corresponding_institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I102335020", "https://openalex.org/I4210087370"], "apc_list": {"value": 5250, "currency": "USD", "value_usd": 5250}, "apc_paid": {"value": 5250, "currency": "USD", "value_usd": 5250}, "fwci": 32.2605, "has_fulltext": true, "cited_by_count": 719, "citation_normalized_percentile": {"value": 0.99951798, "is_in_top_1_percent": true, "is_in_top_10_percent": true}, "cited_by_percentile_year": {"min": 99, "max": 100}, "biblio": {"volume": "31", "issue": "26", "first_page": "e1807333", "last_page": "e1807333"}, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "is_xpac": false, "primary_topic": {"id": "https://openalex.org/T11737", "display_name": "Advanced Materials and Mechanics", "score": 0.9987000226974487, "subfield": {"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/2210", "display_name": "Mechanical Engineering"}, "field": {"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/22", "display_name": "Engineering"}, "domain": {"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3", "display_name": "Physical Sciences"}}, "topics": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/T11737", "display_name": "Advanced Materials and Mechanics", "score": 0.9987000226974487, "subfield": {"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/2210", "display_name": "Mechanical Engineering"}, "field": {"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/22", "display_name": "Engineering"}, "domain": {"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3", "display_name": "Physical Sciences"}}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/T10343", "display_name": "Hydrogels: synthesis, properties, applications", "score": 0.9976000189781189, "subfield": {"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/1313", "display_name": "Molecular Medicine"}, "field": {"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/13", "display_name": "Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"}, "domain": {"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/1", "display_name": "Life Sciences"}}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/T11708", "display_name": "Photochromic and Fluorescence Chemistry", "score": 0.9954000115394592, "subfield": {"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/2505", "display_name": "Materials Chemistry"}, "field": {"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/25", "display_name": "Materials Science"}, "domain": {"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3", "display_name": "Physical Sciences"}}], "keywords": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/self-healing-hydrogels", "display_name": "Self-healing hydrogels", "score": 0.8847223520278931}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science", "display_name": "Materials science", "score": 0.8579561710357666}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/nanotechnology", "display_name": "Nanotechnology", "score": 0.5762110948562622}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/polymer-chemistry", "display_name": "Polymer chemistry", "score": 0.16573691368103027}], "concepts": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/C108586683", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17164826", "display_name": "Self-healing hydrogels", "level": 2, "score": 0.8847223520278931}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C192562407", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736", "display_name": "Materials science", "level": 0, "score": 0.8579561710357666}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C171250308", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468", "display_name": "Nanotechnology", "level": 1, "score": 0.5762110948562622}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C188027245", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750446", "display_name": "Polymer chemistry", "level": 1, "score": 0.16573691368103027}], "mesh": [], "locations_count": 3, "locations": [{"id": "doi:10.1002/adma.201807333", "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201807333", "pdf_url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/adma.201807333", "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S99352657", "display_name": "Advanced Materials", "issn_l": "0935-9648", "issn": ["0935-9648", "1521-4095"], "is_oa": false, "is_in_doaj": false, "is_core": true, "host_organization": null, "host_organization_name": null, "host_organization_lineage": [], "host_organization_lineage_names": [], "type": "journal"}, "license": "cc-by-nc", "license_id": "https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc", "version": "publishedVersion", "is_accepted": true, "is_published": true, "raw_source_name": "Advanced Materials", "raw_type": "journal-article"}, {"id": "pmid:30848524", "is_oa": false, "landing_page_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30848524", "pdf_url": null, "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036", "display_name": "PubMed", "issn_l": null, "issn": null, "is_oa": false, "is_in_doaj": false, "is_core": false, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/I1299303238", "host_organization_name": "National Institutes of Health", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"], "host_organization_lineage_names": [], "type": "repository"}, "license": null, "license_id": null, "version": "publishedVersion", "is_accepted": true, "is_published": true, "raw_source_name": "Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)", "raw_type": null}, {"id": "pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9285504", "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9285504", "pdf_url": null, "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S2764455111", "display_name": "PubMed Central", "issn_l": null, "issn": null, "is_oa": true, "is_in_doaj": false, "is_core": false, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/I1299303238", "host_organization_name": "National Institutes of Health", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"], "host_organization_lineage_names": [], "type": "repository"}, "license": "other-oa", "license_id": "https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa", "version": "submittedVersion", "is_accepted": false, "is_published": false, "raw_source_name": "Adv Mater", "raw_type": "Text"}], "best_oa_location": {"id": "doi:10.1002/adma.201807333", "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201807333", "pdf_url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/adma.201807333", "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S99352657", "display_name": "Advanced Materials", "issn_l": "0935-9648", "issn": ["0935-9648", "1521-4095"], "is_oa": false, "is_in_doaj": false, "is_core": true, "host_organization": null, "host_organization_name": null, "host_organization_lineage": [], "host_organization_lineage_names": [], "type": "journal"}, "license": "cc-by-nc", "license_id": "https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc", "version": "publishedVersion", "is_accepted": true, "is_published": true, "raw_source_name": "Advanced Materials", "raw_type": "journal-article"}, "sustainable_development_goals": [{"id": "https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6", "score": 0.41999998688697815, "display_name": "Clean water and sanitation"}], "awards": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/G5030688872", "display_name": null, "funder_award_id": "337077\u2010DropCellArray", "funder_id": "https://openalex.org/F4320334678", "funder_display_name": "European Research Council"}], "funders": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/F4320334678", "display_name": "European Research Council", "ror": "https://ror.org/0472cxd90"}], "has_content": {"grobid_xml": true, "pdf": true}, "content_urls": {"pdf": "https://content.openalex.org/works/W2922439236.pdf", "grobid_xml": "https://content.openalex.org/works/W2922439236.grobid-xml"}, "referenced_works_count": 146, "referenced_works": ["https://openalex.org/W1573420", "https://openalex.org/W1019363471", "https://openalex.org/W1701370353", "https://openalex.org/W1911372566", "https://openalex.org/W1936873979", "https://openalex.org/W1966989580", "https://openalex.org/W1968324970", "https://openalex.org/W1969339340", "https://openalex.org/W1970192482", "https://openalex.org/W1971077105", "https://openalex.org/W1974008634", "https://openalex.org/W1980023437", "https://openalex.org/W1982052532", "https://openalex.org/W1988299241", "https://openalex.org/W1993004937", "https://openalex.org/W1999565973", "https://openalex.org/W2002921086", "https://openalex.org/W2006626083", "https://openalex.org/W2016893951", "https://openalex.org/W2020589030", "https://openalex.org/W2021443749", "https://openalex.org/W2028582107", "https://openalex.org/W2029701352", "https://openalex.org/W2030233835", "https://openalex.org/W2033634360", "https://openalex.org/W2036213518", "https://openalex.org/W2036725443", "https://openalex.org/W2045749395", "https://openalex.org/W2047134067", "https://openalex.org/W2050479047", "https://openalex.org/W2058247153", "https://openalex.org/W2058310958", "https://openalex.org/W2062507636", "https://openalex.org/W2063625749", "https://openalex.org/W2064612367", "https://openalex.org/W2067599426", "https://openalex.org/W2067823628", "https://openalex.org/W2067897176", "https://openalex.org/W2069853245", "https://openalex.org/W2073094817", "https://openalex.org/W2074630757", "https://openalex.org/W2076790416", "https://openalex.org/W2077437435", "https://openalex.org/W2077474285", "https://openalex.org/W2082581230", "https://openalex.org/W2084610464", "https://openalex.org/W2088868630", "https://openalex.org/W2091225240", "https://openalex.org/W2091366761", "https://openalex.org/W2092860016", "https://openalex.org/W2099164785", "https://openalex.org/W2102101594", "https://openalex.org/W2104676217", "https://openalex.org/W2107602208", "https://openalex.org/W2108024794", "https://openalex.org/W2113959224", "https://openalex.org/W2120348528", "https://openalex.org/W2122146362", "https://openalex.org/W2125160663", "https://openalex.org/W2128176092", "https://openalex.org/W2131826089", "https://openalex.org/W2134961127", "https://openalex.org/W2155478020", "https://openalex.org/W2156070364", "https://openalex.org/W2162898941", "https://openalex.org/W2163187809", "https://openalex.org/W2165694975", "https://openalex.org/W2169175469", "https://openalex.org/W2178884381", "https://openalex.org/W2207839632", "https://openalex.org/W2217861094", "https://openalex.org/W2232321619", "https://openalex.org/W2258448753", "https://openalex.org/W2271022870", "https://openalex.org/W2273513969", "https://openalex.org/W2304890178", "https://openalex.org/W2313529976", "https://openalex.org/W2319300015", "https://openalex.org/W2323069486", "https://openalex.org/W2325439480", "https://openalex.org/W2344920256", "https://openalex.org/W2346901757", "https://openalex.org/W2419460078", "https://openalex.org/W2438676060", "https://openalex.org/W2472013301", "https://openalex.org/W2503067859", "https://openalex.org/W2510908705", "https://openalex.org/W2520670653", "https://openalex.org/W2550987322", "https://openalex.org/W2576207956", "https://openalex.org/W2586824676", "https://openalex.org/W2589654725", "https://openalex.org/W2593814449", "https://openalex.org/W2595595356", "https://openalex.org/W2605841775", "https://openalex.org/W2606053354", "https://openalex.org/W2610835085", "https://openalex.org/W2612433426", "https://openalex.org/W2615033443", "https://openalex.org/W2619320260", "https://openalex.org/W2619609394", "https://openalex.org/W2626162464", "https://openalex.org/W2651175000", "https://openalex.org/W2743849855", "https://openalex.org/W2744341169", "https://openalex.org/W2744685611", "https://openalex.org/W2747064896", "https://openalex.org/W2751812095", "https://openalex.org/W2761499799", "https://openalex.org/W2762627864", "https://openalex.org/W2762738574", "https://openalex.org/W2765131536", "https://openalex.org/W2773114372", "https://openalex.org/W2773471129", "https://openalex.org/W2774909725", "https://openalex.org/W2780235523", "https://openalex.org/W2782504069", "https://openalex.org/W2782650724", "https://openalex.org/W2782940950", "https://openalex.org/W2783235643", "https://openalex.org/W2786247231", "https://openalex.org/W2786872541", "https://openalex.org/W2786983348", "https://openalex.org/W2787894377", "https://openalex.org/W2788339896", "https://openalex.org/W2789474405", "https://openalex.org/W2790378459", "https://openalex.org/W2791381063", "https://openalex.org/W2791775506", "https://openalex.org/W2791853162", "https://openalex.org/W2800319485", "https://openalex.org/W2800356358", "https://openalex.org/W2803634211", "https://openalex.org/W2805325577", "https://openalex.org/W2810996120", "https://openalex.org/W2811310045", "https://openalex.org/W2878752601", "https://openalex.org/W2884183699", "https://openalex.org/W2885525771", "https://openalex.org/W2885720462", "https://openalex.org/W2889476004", "https://openalex.org/W2890711803", "https://openalex.org/W2894880217", "https://openalex.org/W2913285742", "https://openalex.org/W2922439236", "https://openalex.org/W4240800753"], "related_works": ["https://openalex.org/W2899084033", "https://openalex.org/W2038809418", "https://openalex.org/W2277257395", "https://openalex.org/W2485176123", "https://openalex.org/W4211054287", "https://openalex.org/W2891312418", "https://openalex.org/W2493939882", "https://openalex.org/W2503803213", "https://openalex.org/W2800680006", "https://openalex.org/W2379987675"], "abstract_inverted_index": {"Hydrogels": [0], "are": [1, 117, 161], "the": [2, 22, 57, 88, 97, 110, 150, 156, 166], "most": [3], "relevant": [4, 112, 167], "biochemical": [5], "scaffold": [6], "due": [7], "to": [8, 31, 36, 146], "their": [9], "tunable": [10], "properties,": [11, 81], "inherent": [12, 67], "biocompatibility,": [13], "and": [14, 18, 66, 69, 85, 125, 152], "similarity": [15], "with": [16, 129], "tissue": [17], "cell": [19], "environments.": [20], "Over": [21], "past": [23], "decade,": [24], "hydrogels": [25, 116, 134, 160], "have": [26], "developed": [27], "from": [28, 143], "static": [29], "materials": [30, 34], "\"smart\"": [32], "responsive": [33], "adapting": [35], "various": [37], "stimuli,": [38], "such": [39, 82], "as": [40, 83, 94, 96], "pH,": [41], "temperature,": [42], "chemical,": [43], "electrical,": [44], "or": [45], "light.": [46], "Light": [47], "stimulation": [48], "is": [49, 104], "particularly": [50], "interesting": [51], "for": [52, 107, 120, 137], "many": [53], "applications": [54, 138, 172], "because": [55], "of": [56, 59, 63, 90, 99, 158], "capability": [58], "contact-free": [60], "remote": [61], "manipulation": [62], "biomaterial": [64], "properties": [65], "spatial": [68], "temporal": [70], "control.": [71], "Moreover,": [72], "light": [73, 108, 130], "can": [74], "be": [75], "finely": [76], "adjusted": [77], "in": [78, 109, 139, 155, 173], "its": [79], "intrinsic": [80], "wavelength": [84], "intensity": [86], "(i.e.,": [87], "energy": [89], "an": [91], "individual": [92], "photon": [93], "well": [95], "number": [98], "photons": [100], "over": [101], "time).": [102], "Water": [103], "almost": [105], "transparent": [106], "photochemically": [111], "range": [113], "(NIR-UV),": [114], "thus": [115], "well-suited": [118], "scaffolds": [119], "light-responsive": [121, 159], "functionality.": [122], "Hydrogels'": [123], "chemical": [124], "physical": [126], "variety": [127], "combined": [128], "responsiveness": [131], "makes": [132], "photoresponsive": [133], "ideal": [135], "candidates": [136], "several": [140], "fields,": [141], "ranging": [142], "biomaterials,": [144], "medicine": [145], "soft": [147], "robotics.": [148], "Herein,": [149], "progress": [151], "new": [153], "developments": [154], "field": [157], "elaborated": [162], "by": [163], "first": [164], "introducing": [165], "photochemistries": [168], "before": [169], "discussing": [170], "selected": [171], "detail.": [174]}, "counts_by_year": [{"year": 2026, "cited_by_count": 53}, {"year": 2025, "cited_by_count": 145}, {"year": 2024, "cited_by_count": 150}, {"year": 2023, "cited_by_count": 110}, {"year": 2022, "cited_by_count": 90}, {"year": 2021, "cited_by_count": 80}, {"year": 2020, "cited_by_count": 75}, {"year": 2019, "cited_by_count": 16}], "updated_date": "2026-07-26T07:53:14.480251", "created_date": "2025-10-10T00:00:00"}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/W2285898182", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat4569", "title": "Structured light enables biomimetic swimming and versatile locomotion of photoresponsive soft\u00a0microrobots", "display_name": "Structured light enables biomimetic swimming and versatile locomotion of photoresponsive soft\u00a0microrobots", "relevance_score": 681.82666, "publication_year": 2016, "publication_date": "2016-02-15", "ids": {"openalex": "https://openalex.org/W2285898182", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat4569", "mag": "2285898182", "pmid": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26878315"}, "language": "en", "primary_location": {"id": "doi:10.1038/nmat4569", "is_oa": false, "landing_page_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat4569", "pdf_url": null, "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S103895331", "display_name": "Nature Materials", "issn_l": "1476-1122", "issn": ["1476-1122", "1476-4660"], "is_oa": false, "is_in_doaj": false, "is_core": true, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/P4310319908", "host_organization_name": "Nature Portfolio", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/P4310319908", "https://openalex.org/P4310319965"], "host_organization_lineage_names": ["Nature Portfolio", "Springer Nature"], "type": "journal"}, "license": null, "license_id": null, "version": "publishedVersion", "is_accepted": true, "is_published": true, "raw_source_name": "Nature Materials", "raw_type": "journal-article"}, "type": "article", "indexed_in": ["crossref", "pubmed"], "open_access": {"is_oa": true, "oa_status": "green", "oa_url": "http://hdl.handle.net/2158/1105540", "any_repository_has_fulltext": true}, "authorships": [{"author_position": "first", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5073813465", "display_name": "Stefano Palagi", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7284-0007"}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I4210135521", "display_name": "Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems", "ror": "https://ror.org/04fq9j139", "country_code": "DE", "type": "facility", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I149899117", "https://openalex.org/I4210135521"]}], "countries": ["DE"], "is_corresponding": false, "raw_author_name": "Stefano Palagi", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569\u00a0Stuttgart, Germany"], "raw_orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7284-0007", "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569\u00a0Stuttgart, Germany", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I4210135521"]}]}, {"author_position": "middle", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5033266896", "display_name": "Andrew G. Mark", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6575-3092"}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I4210135521", "display_name": "Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems", "ror": "https://ror.org/04fq9j139", "country_code": "DE", "type": "facility", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I149899117", "https://openalex.org/I4210135521"]}], "countries": ["DE"], "is_corresponding": false, "raw_author_name": "Andrew G. Mark", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569\u00a0Stuttgart, Germany"], "raw_orcid": null, "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569\u00a0Stuttgart, Germany", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I4210135521"]}]}, {"author_position": "middle", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5007938479", "display_name": "Shang Yik Reigh", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2574-763X"}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I241749", "display_name": "University of Cambridge", "ror": "https://ror.org/013meh722", "country_code": "GB", "type": "education", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}], "countries": ["GB"], "is_corresponding": false, "raw_author_name": "Shang Yik Reigh", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge\u00a0CB3\u00a00WA, UK"], "raw_orcid": null, "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge\u00a0CB3\u00a00WA, UK", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]}, {"author_position": "middle", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5088809573", "display_name": "Kai Melde", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7559-9420"}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I4210135521", "display_name": "Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems", "ror": "https://ror.org/04fq9j139", "country_code": "DE", "type": "facility", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I149899117", "https://openalex.org/I4210135521"]}], "countries": ["DE"], "is_corresponding": false, "raw_author_name": "Kai Melde", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569\u00a0Stuttgart, Germany"], "raw_orcid": null, "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569\u00a0Stuttgart, Germany", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I4210135521"]}]}, {"author_position": "middle", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5024395508", "display_name": "Tian Qiu", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0932-5605"}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I4210135521", "display_name": "Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems", "ror": "https://ror.org/04fq9j139", "country_code": "DE", "type": "facility", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I149899117", "https://openalex.org/I4210135521"]}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/I5124864", "display_name": "\u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne", "ror": "https://ror.org/02s376052", "country_code": "CH", "type": "education", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I2799323385", "https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}], "countries": ["CH", "DE"], "is_corresponding": false, "raw_author_name": "Tian Qiu", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015\u00a0Lausanne, Switzerland", "Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569\u00a0Stuttgart, Germany"], "raw_orcid": null, "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015\u00a0Lausanne, Switzerland", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}, {"raw_affiliation_string": "Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569\u00a0Stuttgart, Germany", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I4210135521"]}]}, {"author_position": "middle", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5064480213", "display_name": "Hao Zeng", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9150-214X"}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I45084792", "display_name": "University of Florence", "ror": "https://ror.org/04jr1s763", "country_code": "IT", "type": "education", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I45084792"]}], "countries": ["IT"], "is_corresponding": false, "raw_author_name": "Hao Zeng", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["European Laboratory for Non Linear Spectroscopy (LENS), University of Florence, 50019\u00a0Sesto\u00a0Fiorentino, Italy"], "raw_orcid": null, "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "European Laboratory for Non Linear Spectroscopy (LENS), University of Florence, 50019\u00a0Sesto\u00a0Fiorentino, Italy", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I45084792"]}]}, {"author_position": "middle", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5064580838", "display_name": "Camilla Parmeggiani", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1443-1878"}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I4210092323", "display_name": "Nello Carrara Institute of Applied Physics", "ror": "https://ror.org/00dqega85", "country_code": "IT", "type": "facility", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I4210092323", "https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/I45084792", "display_name": "University of Florence", "ror": "https://ror.org/04jr1s763", "country_code": "IT", "type": "education", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I45084792"]}], "countries": ["IT"], "is_corresponding": false, "raw_author_name": "Camilla Parmeggiani", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["CNR-INO, 50019\u00a0Sesto\u00a0Fiorentino, Italy", "European Laboratory for Non Linear Spectroscopy (LENS), University of Florence, 50019\u00a0Sesto\u00a0Fiorentino, Italy"], "raw_orcid": null, "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "CNR-INO, 50019\u00a0Sesto\u00a0Fiorentino, Italy", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I4210092323"]}, {"raw_affiliation_string": "European Laboratory for Non Linear Spectroscopy (LENS), University of Florence, 50019\u00a0Sesto\u00a0Fiorentino, Italy", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I45084792"]}]}, {"author_position": "middle", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5084434517", "display_name": "Daniele Martella", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8845-0908"}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I45084792", "display_name": "University of Florence", "ror": "https://ror.org/04jr1s763", "country_code": "IT", "type": "education", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I45084792"]}], "countries": ["IT"], "is_corresponding": false, "raw_author_name": "Daniele Martella", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["European Laboratory for Non Linear Spectroscopy (LENS), University of Florence, 50019\u00a0Sesto\u00a0Fiorentino, Italy"], "raw_orcid": null, "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "European Laboratory for Non Linear Spectroscopy (LENS), University of Florence, 50019\u00a0Sesto\u00a0Fiorentino, Italy", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I45084792"]}]}, {"author_position": "middle", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5111666152", "display_name": "Alberto Sanchez-Castillo", "orcid": null}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I4210135521", "display_name": "Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems", "ror": "https://ror.org/04fq9j139", "country_code": "DE", "type": "facility", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I149899117", "https://openalex.org/I4210135521"]}], "countries": ["DE"], "is_corresponding": false, "raw_author_name": "Alberto Sanchez-Castillo", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569\u00a0Stuttgart, Germany"], "raw_orcid": null, "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569\u00a0Stuttgart, Germany", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I4210135521"]}]}, {"author_position": "middle", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5058078770", "display_name": "Nadia Kapernaum", "orcid": null}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I100066346", "display_name": "University of Stuttgart", "ror": "https://ror.org/04vnq7t77", "country_code": "DE", "type": "education", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I100066346"]}], "countries": ["DE"], "is_corresponding": false, "raw_author_name": "Nadia Kapernaum", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["Institut f\u00fcr Physikalische Chemie, Universit\u00e4t Stuttgart, 70569\u00a0Stuttgart, Germany"], "raw_orcid": null, "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "Institut f\u00fcr Physikalische Chemie, Universit\u00e4t Stuttgart, 70569\u00a0Stuttgart, Germany", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I100066346"]}]}, {"author_position": "middle", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5036519994", "display_name": "Frank Gie\u00dfelmann", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9974-9470"}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I100066346", "display_name": "University of Stuttgart", "ror": "https://ror.org/04vnq7t77", "country_code": "DE", "type": "education", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I100066346"]}], "countries": ["DE"], "is_corresponding": false, "raw_author_name": "Frank Giesselmann", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["Institut f\u00fcr Physikalische Chemie, Universit\u00e4t Stuttgart, 70569\u00a0Stuttgart, Germany"], "raw_orcid": null, "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "Institut f\u00fcr Physikalische Chemie, Universit\u00e4t Stuttgart, 70569\u00a0Stuttgart, Germany", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I100066346"]}]}, {"author_position": "middle", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5064419721", "display_name": "Diederik S. Wiersma", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8150-7425"}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I45084792", "display_name": "University of Florence", "ror": "https://ror.org/04jr1s763", "country_code": "IT", "type": "education", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I45084792"]}], "countries": ["IT"], "is_corresponding": false, "raw_author_name": "Diederik S. Wiersma", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["European Laboratory for Non Linear Spectroscopy (LENS), University of Florence, 50019\u00a0Sesto\u00a0Fiorentino, Italy"], "raw_orcid": null, "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "European Laboratory for Non Linear Spectroscopy (LENS), University of Florence, 50019\u00a0Sesto\u00a0Fiorentino, Italy", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I45084792"]}]}, {"author_position": "middle", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5003974917", "display_name": "Eric Lauga", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8916-2545"}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I241749", "display_name": "University of Cambridge", "ror": "https://ror.org/013meh722", "country_code": "GB", "type": "education", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}], "countries": ["GB"], "is_corresponding": false, "raw_author_name": "Eric Lauga", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge\u00a0CB3\u00a00WA, UK"], "raw_orcid": null, "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge\u00a0CB3\u00a00WA, UK", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]}, {"author_position": "last", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5065325931", "display_name": "Peer Fischer", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8600-5958"}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I100066346", "display_name": "University of Stuttgart", "ror": "https://ror.org/04vnq7t77", "country_code": "DE", "type": "education", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I100066346"]}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/I4210135521", "display_name": "Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems", "ror": "https://ror.org/04fq9j139", "country_code": "DE", "type": "facility", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I149899117", "https://openalex.org/I4210135521"]}], "countries": ["DE"], "is_corresponding": true, "raw_author_name": "Peer Fischer", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["Institut f\u00fcr Physikalische Chemie, Universit\u00e4t Stuttgart, 70569\u00a0Stuttgart, Germany", "Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569\u00a0Stuttgart, Germany"], "raw_orcid": null, "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "Institut f\u00fcr Physikalische Chemie, Universit\u00e4t Stuttgart, 70569\u00a0Stuttgart, Germany", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I100066346"]}, {"raw_affiliation_string": "Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569\u00a0Stuttgart, Germany", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I4210135521"]}]}], "institutions": [], "countries_distinct_count": 4, "institutions_distinct_count": 6, "corresponding_author_ids": ["https://openalex.org/A5065325931"], "corresponding_institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I100066346", "https://openalex.org/I4210135521"], "apc_list": {"value": 11690, "currency": "USD", "value_usd": 11690}, "apc_paid": null, "fwci": 71.2581, "has_fulltext": true, "cited_by_count": 965, "citation_normalized_percentile": {"value": 0.9997802, "is_in_top_1_percent": true, "is_in_top_10_percent": true}, "cited_by_percentile_year": {"min": 99, "max": 100}, "biblio": {"volume": "15", "issue": "6", "first_page": "647", "last_page": "653"}, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "is_xpac": false, "primary_topic": {"id": "https://openalex.org/T11486", "display_name": "Micro and Nano Robotics", "score": 1.0, "subfield": {"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/3104", "display_name": "Condensed Matter Physics"}, "field": {"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/31", "display_name": "Physics and Astronomy"}, "domain": {"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3", "display_name": "Physical Sciences"}}, "topics": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/T11486", "display_name": "Micro and Nano Robotics", "score": 1.0, "subfield": {"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/3104", "display_name": "Condensed Matter Physics"}, "field": {"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/31", "display_name": "Physics and Astronomy"}, "domain": {"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3", "display_name": "Physical Sciences"}}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/T12784", "display_name": "Modular Robots and Swarm Intelligence", "score": 0.9991999864578247, "subfield": {"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/2210", "display_name": "Mechanical Engineering"}, "field": {"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/22", "display_name": "Engineering"}, "domain": {"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3", "display_name": "Physical Sciences"}}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/T11737", "display_name": "Advanced Materials and Mechanics", "score": 0.9991000294685364, "subfield": {"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/2210", "display_name": "Mechanical Engineering"}, "field": {"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/22", "display_name": "Engineering"}, "domain": {"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3", "display_name": "Physical Sciences"}}], "keywords": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/microscale-chemistry", "display_name": "Microscale chemistry", "score": 0.8144428133964539}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/biomimetics", "display_name": "Biomimetics", "score": 0.7053781151771545}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/nanotechnology", "display_name": "Nanotechnology", "score": 0.576943576335907}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/soft-robotics", "display_name": "Soft robotics", "score": 0.4929211139678955}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/mesoscopic-physics", "display_name": "Mesoscopic physics", "score": 0.4565619230270386}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science", "display_name": "Materials science", "score": 0.4291382431983948}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science", "display_name": "Computer science", "score": 0.4140087366104126}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/biological-system", "display_name": "Biological system", "score": 0.3483731746673584}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/physics", "display_name": "Physics", "score": 0.26776254177093506}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence", "display_name": "Artificial intelligence", "score": 0.23015782237052917}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/robot", "display_name": "Robot", "score": 0.21675601601600647}], "concepts": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/C179428855", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069216", "display_name": "Microscale chemistry", "level": 2, "score": 0.8144428133964539}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C165062768", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1145644", "display_name": "Biomimetics", "level": 2, "score": 0.7053781151771545}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C171250308", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468", "display_name": "Nanotechnology", "level": 1, "score": 0.576943576335907}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776058767", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q24327151", "display_name": "Soft robotics", "level": 3, "score": 0.4929211139678955}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C177731217", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2622244", "display_name": "Mesoscopic physics", "level": 2, "score": 0.4565619230270386}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C192562407", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736", "display_name": "Materials science", "level": 0, "score": 0.4291382431983948}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198", "display_name": "Computer science", "level": 0, "score": 0.4140087366104126}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C186060115", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30336093", "display_name": "Biological system", "level": 1, "score": 0.3483731746673584}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413", "display_name": "Physics", "level": 0, "score": 0.26776254177093506}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C154945302", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660", "display_name": "Artificial intelligence", "level": 1, "score": 0.23015782237052917}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C90509273", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012", "display_name": "Robot", "level": 2, "score": 0.21675601601600647}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420", "display_name": "Biology", "level": 0, "score": 0.0}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395", "display_name": "Mathematics", "level": 0, "score": 0.0}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C145420912", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077", "display_name": "Mathematics education", "level": 1, "score": 0.0}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C62520636", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944", "display_name": "Quantum mechanics", "level": 1, "score": 0.0}], "mesh": [{"descriptor_ui": "D012371", "descriptor_name": "Robotics", "qualifier_ui": "Q000295", "qualifier_name": "instrumentation", "is_major_topic": true}, {"descriptor_ui": "D012371", "descriptor_name": "Robotics", "qualifier_ui": "Q000295", "qualifier_name": "instrumentation", "is_major_topic": true}, {"descriptor_ui": "D012371", "descriptor_name": "Robotics", "qualifier_ui": "Q000295", "qualifier_name": "instrumentation", "is_major_topic": true}, {"descriptor_ui": "D012371", "descriptor_name": "Robotics", "qualifier_ui": "Q000379", "qualifier_name": "methods", "is_major_topic": true}, {"descriptor_ui": "D012371", "descriptor_name": "Robotics", "qualifier_ui": "Q000379", "qualifier_name": "methods", "is_major_topic": true}, {"descriptor_ui": "D012371", "descriptor_name": "Robotics", "qualifier_ui": "Q000379", "qualifier_name": "methods", "is_major_topic": true}, {"descriptor_ui": "D013550", "descriptor_name": "Swimming", "qualifier_ui": null, "qualifier_name": null, "is_major_topic": true}, {"descriptor_ui": "D013550", "descriptor_name": "Swimming", "qualifier_ui": null, "qualifier_name": null, "is_major_topic": true}, {"descriptor_ui": "D013550", "descriptor_name": "Swimming", "qualifier_ui": null, "qualifier_name": null, "is_major_topic": true}, {"descriptor_ui": "D016798", "descriptor_name": "Ciliophora", "qualifier_ui": null, "qualifier_name": null, "is_major_topic": true}, {"descriptor_ui": "D016798", "descriptor_name": "Ciliophora", "qualifier_ui": null, "qualifier_name": null, "is_major_topic": true}, {"descriptor_ui": "D016798", "descriptor_name": "Ciliophora", "qualifier_ui": null, "qualifier_name": null, "is_major_topic": true}, {"descriptor_ui": "D040761", "descriptor_name": "Biomimetic Materials", "qualifier_ui": null, "qualifier_name": null, "is_major_topic": true}, {"descriptor_ui": "D040761", "descriptor_name": "Biomimetic Materials", "qualifier_ui": null, "qualifier_name": null, "is_major_topic": true}, {"descriptor_ui": "D040761", "descriptor_name": "Biomimetic Materials", "qualifier_ui": null, "qualifier_name": null, "is_major_topic": true}], "locations_count": 9, "locations": [{"id": "doi:10.1038/nmat4569", "is_oa": false, "landing_page_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat4569", "pdf_url": null, "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S103895331", "display_name": "Nature Materials", "issn_l": "1476-1122", "issn": ["1476-1122", "1476-4660"], "is_oa": false, "is_in_doaj": false, "is_core": true, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/P4310319908", "host_organization_name": "Nature Portfolio", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/P4310319908", "https://openalex.org/P4310319965"], "host_organization_lineage_names": ["Nature Portfolio", "Springer Nature"], "type": "journal"}, "license": null, "license_id": null, "version": "publishedVersion", "is_accepted": true, "is_published": true, "raw_source_name": "Nature Materials", "raw_type": "journal-article"}, {"id": "pmid:26878315", "is_oa": false, "landing_page_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26878315", "pdf_url": null, "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036", "display_name": "PubMed", "issn_l": null, "issn": null, "is_oa": false, "is_in_doaj": false, "is_core": false, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/I1299303238", "host_organization_name": "National Institutes of Health", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"], "host_organization_lineage_names": [], "type": "repository"}, "license": null, "license_id": null, "version": "publishedVersion", "is_accepted": true, "is_published": true, "raw_source_name": "Nature materials", "raw_type": null}, {"id": "pmh:oai:www.repository.cam.ac.uk:1810/253886", "is_oa": false, "landing_page_url": "https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/253886", "pdf_url": null, "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306401777", "display_name": "Apollo (University of Cambridge)", "issn_l": null, "issn": null, "is_oa": false, "is_in_doaj": false, "is_core": false, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/I241749", "host_organization_name": "University of Cambridge", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I241749"], "host_organization_lineage_names": [], "type": "repository"}, "license": null, "license_id": null, "version": "acceptedVersion", "is_accepted": true, "is_published": false, "raw_source_name": null, "raw_type": "Article"}, {"id": "pmh:oai:escidoc.org:escidoc:2330018", "is_oa": false, "landing_page_url": "http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-001M-0000-002B-7B6C-C", "pdf_url": null, "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S7407052962", "display_name": "Max Planck Digital Library", "issn_l": null, "issn": null, "is_oa": false, "is_in_doaj": false, "is_core": false, "host_organization": null, "host_organization_name": null, "host_organization_lineage": [], "host_organization_lineage_names": [], "type": "repository"}, "license": null, "license_id": null, "version": "submittedVersion", "is_accepted": false, "is_published": false, "raw_source_name": "", "raw_type": "info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}, {"id": "pmh:oai:flore.unifi.it:2158/1105540", "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "http://hdl.handle.net/2158/1105540", "pdf_url": null, "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306402033", "display_name": "Florence Research (University of Florence)", "issn_l": null, "issn": null, "is_oa": false, "is_in_doaj": false, "is_core": false, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/I45084792", "host_organization_name": "University of Florence", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I45084792"], "host_organization_lineage_names": [], "type": "repository"}, "license": "other-oa", "license_id": "https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa", "version": "submittedVersion", "is_accepted": false, "is_published": false, "raw_source_name": null, "raw_type": "info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}, {"id": "pmh:oai:infoscience.epfl.ch:219634", "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "http://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/219634", "pdf_url": null, "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306400487", "display_name": "Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne)", "issn_l": null, "issn": null, "is_oa": true, "is_in_doaj": false, "is_core": false, "host_organization": null, "host_organization_name": null, "host_organization_lineage": [], "host_organization_lineage_names": [], "type": "repository"}, "license": null, "license_id": null, "version": "submittedVersion", "is_accepted": false, "is_published": false, "raw_source_name": "", "raw_type": "Text"}, {"id": "pmh:oai:infoscience.tind.io:219634", "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "https://infoscience.epfl.ch/handle/20.500.14299/127658", "pdf_url": null, "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306400487", "display_name": "Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne)", "issn_l": null, "issn": null, "is_oa": true, "is_in_doaj": false, "is_core": false, "host_organization": null, "host_organization_name": null, "host_organization_lineage": [], "host_organization_lineage_names": [], "type": "repository"}, "license": "cc-by-nc-nd", "license_id": "https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd", "version": "submittedVersion", "is_accepted": false, "is_published": false, "raw_source_name": "", "raw_type": "research article"}, {"id": "pmh:oai:pure.mpg.de:item_2330018", "is_oa": false, "landing_page_url": "https://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-001M-0000-002B-7B6C-C", "pdf_url": null, "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306400654", "display_name": "MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society)", "issn_l": null, "issn": null, "is_oa": false, "is_in_doaj": false, "is_core": false, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/I149899117", "host_organization_name": "Max Planck Society", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I149899117"], "host_organization_lineage_names": [], "type": "repository"}, "license": null, "license_id": null, "version": "submittedVersion", "is_accepted": false, "is_published": false, "raw_source_name": "Nature Materials", "raw_type": "info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}, {"id": "pmh:oai:www.iris.sssup.it:11382/545993", "is_oa": false, "landing_page_url": "http://hdl.handle.net/11382/545993", "pdf_url": null, "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S4377196376", "display_name": "CINECA IRIS Institutional Research Information System (Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies)", "issn_l": null, "issn": null, "is_oa": false, "is_in_doaj": false, "is_core": false, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/I162290304", "host_organization_name": "Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I162290304"], "host_organization_lineage_names": [], "type": "repository"}, "license": null, "license_id": null, "version": "submittedVersion", "is_accepted": false, "is_published": false, "raw_source_name": "", "raw_type": "info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}], "best_oa_location": {"id": "pmh:oai:flore.unifi.it:2158/1105540", "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "http://hdl.handle.net/2158/1105540", "pdf_url": null, "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306402033", "display_name": "Florence Research (University of Florence)", "issn_l": null, "issn": null, "is_oa": false, "is_in_doaj": false, "is_core": false, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/I45084792", "host_organization_name": "University of Florence", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I45084792"], "host_organization_lineage_names": [], "type": "repository"}, "license": "other-oa", "license_id": "https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa", "version": "submittedVersion", "is_accepted": false, "is_published": false, "raw_source_name": null, "raw_type": "info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}, "sustainable_development_goals": [{"id": "https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14", "score": 0.7799999713897705, "display_name": "Life below water"}], "awards": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/G1490321708", "display_name": null, "funder_award_id": "SPP 1726", "funder_id": "https://openalex.org/F4320320879", "funder_display_name": "Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/G484434199", "display_name": null, "funder_award_id": "FI 1966/1-1", "funder_id": "https://openalex.org/F4320320879", "funder_display_name": "Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"}], "funders": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/F4320320879", "display_name": "Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft", "ror": "https://ror.org/018mejw64"}], "has_content": {"grobid_xml": false, "pdf": false}, "content_urls": null, "referenced_works_count": 53, "referenced_works": ["https://openalex.org/W361401030", "https://openalex.org/W863220843", "https://openalex.org/W1515749184", "https://openalex.org/W1524069151", "https://openalex.org/W1826399803", "https://openalex.org/W1919781749", "https://openalex.org/W1930682875", "https://openalex.org/W1963886848", "https://openalex.org/W1976221960", "https://openalex.org/W1978101331", "https://openalex.org/W1980304178", "https://openalex.org/W1993564806", "https://openalex.org/W2009473947", "https://openalex.org/W2011169498", "https://openalex.org/W2019976059", "https://openalex.org/W2024632900", "https://openalex.org/W2025562104", "https://openalex.org/W2027918995", "https://openalex.org/W2033828618", "https://openalex.org/W2038562245", "https://openalex.org/W2042948267", "https://openalex.org/W2044642975", "https://openalex.org/W2045022361", "https://openalex.org/W2047520959", "https://openalex.org/W2047706052", "https://openalex.org/W2052668819", "https://openalex.org/W2056370235", "https://openalex.org/W2060228405", "https://openalex.org/W2065600020", "https://openalex.org/W2073724560", "https://openalex.org/W2076793335", "https://openalex.org/W2079574144", "https://openalex.org/W2086449302", "https://openalex.org/W2086899841", "https://openalex.org/W2091840858", "https://openalex.org/W2094904022", "https://openalex.org/W2104695884", "https://openalex.org/W2120009988", "https://openalex.org/W2122468689", "https://openalex.org/W2126052881", "https://openalex.org/W2130339488", "https://openalex.org/W2133822509", "https://openalex.org/W2143223970", "https://openalex.org/W2146087399", "https://openalex.org/W2151968342", "https://openalex.org/W2163566443", "https://openalex.org/W2165476647", "https://openalex.org/W2165908894", "https://openalex.org/W2168046319", "https://openalex.org/W2224750552", "https://openalex.org/W3104956129", "https://openalex.org/W4297928774", "https://openalex.org/W4388376381"], "related_works": ["https://openalex.org/W1979808816", "https://openalex.org/W2378045033", "https://openalex.org/W2465699412", "https://openalex.org/W2790535609", "https://openalex.org/W5012203", "https://openalex.org/W2381864073", "https://openalex.org/W2092867183", "https://openalex.org/W3161089714", "https://openalex.org/W9544878", "https://openalex.org/W4312732386"], "abstract_inverted_index": null, "counts_by_year": [{"year": 2026, "cited_by_count": 37}, {"year": 2025, "cited_by_count": 81}, {"year": 2024, "cited_by_count": 93}, {"year": 2023, "cited_by_count": 96}, {"year": 2022, "cited_by_count": 104}, {"year": 2021, "cited_by_count": 137}, {"year": 2020, "cited_by_count": 115}, {"year": 2019, "cited_by_count": 108}, {"year": 2018, "cited_by_count": 95}, {"year": 2017, "cited_by_count": 74}, {"year": 2016, "cited_by_count": 24}], "updated_date": "2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105", "created_date": "2025-10-10T00:00:00"}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/W3092216269", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202002640", "title": "Functional Fibers and Fabrics for Soft Robotics, Wearables, and Human\u2013Robot Interface", "display_name": "Functional Fibers and Fabrics for Soft Robotics, Wearables, and Human\u2013Robot Interface", "relevance_score": 552.5918, "publication_year": 2020, "publication_date": "2020-10-06", "ids": {"openalex": "https://openalex.org/W3092216269", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202002640", "mag": "3092216269", "pmid": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33025662"}, "language": "en", "primary_location": {"id": "doi:10.1002/adma.202002640", "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202002640", "pdf_url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/adma.202002640", "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S99352657", "display_name": "Advanced Materials", "issn_l": "0935-9648", "issn": ["0935-9648", "1521-4095"], "is_oa": false, "is_in_doaj": false, "is_core": true, "host_organization": null, "host_organization_name": null, "host_organization_lineage": [], "host_organization_lineage_names": [], "type": "journal"}, "license": "cc-by-nc", "license_id": "https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc", "version": "publishedVersion", "is_accepted": true, "is_published": true, "raw_source_name": "Advanced Materials", "raw_type": "journal-article"}, "type": "article", "indexed_in": ["crossref", "pubmed"], "open_access": {"is_oa": true, "oa_status": "hybrid", "oa_url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/adma.202002640", "any_repository_has_fulltext": true}, "authorships": [{"author_position": "first", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5002307715", "display_name": "Jiaqing Xiong", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7470-5674"}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I172675005", "display_name": "Nanyang Technological University", "ror": "https://ror.org/02e7b5302", "country_code": "SG", "type": "education", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}], "countries": ["SG"], "is_corresponding": false, "raw_author_name": "Jiaqing Xiong", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["School of Materials Science and Engineering Nanyang Technological University  Singapore 639798 Singapore", "School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798 Singapore"], "raw_orcid": null, "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "School of Materials Science and Engineering Nanyang Technological University  Singapore 639798 Singapore", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}, {"raw_affiliation_string": "School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798 Singapore", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]}, {"author_position": "middle", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5100326440", "display_name": "Jian Chen", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2097-5740"}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I172675005", "display_name": "Nanyang Technological University", "ror": "https://ror.org/02e7b5302", "country_code": "SG", "type": "education", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}], "countries": ["SG"], "is_corresponding": false, "raw_author_name": "Jian Chen", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["School of Materials Science and Engineering Nanyang Technological University  Singapore 639798 Singapore", "School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798 Singapore"], "raw_orcid": null, "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "School of Materials Science and Engineering Nanyang Technological University  Singapore 639798 Singapore", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}, {"raw_affiliation_string": "School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798 Singapore", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]}, {"author_position": "last", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5079813961", "display_name": "Pooi See Lee", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1383-1623"}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I172675005", "display_name": "Nanyang Technological University", "ror": "https://ror.org/02e7b5302", "country_code": "SG", "type": "education", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}], "countries": ["SG"], "is_corresponding": true, "raw_author_name": "Pooi See Lee", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["School of Materials Science and Engineering Nanyang Technological University  Singapore 639798 Singapore", "School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798 Singapore"], "raw_orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1383-1623", "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "School of Materials Science and Engineering Nanyang Technological University  Singapore 639798 Singapore", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}, {"raw_affiliation_string": "School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798 Singapore", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]}], "institutions": [], "countries_distinct_count": 1, "institutions_distinct_count": 1, "corresponding_author_ids": ["https://openalex.org/A5079813961"], "corresponding_institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I172675005"], "apc_list": {"value": 5250, "currency": "USD", "value_usd": 5250}, "apc_paid": {"value": 5250, "currency": "USD", "value_usd": 5250}, "fwci": 20.2601, "has_fulltext": true, "cited_by_count": 617, "citation_normalized_percentile": {"value": 0.99850037, "is_in_top_1_percent": true, "is_in_top_10_percent": true}, "cited_by_percentile_year": {"min": 89, "max": 100}, "biblio": {"volume": "33", "issue": "19", "first_page": "e2002640", "last_page": "e2002640"}, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "is_xpac": false, "primary_topic": {"id": "https://openalex.org/T10338", "display_name": "Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials", "score": 1.0, "subfield": {"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/2204", "display_name": "Biomedical Engineering"}, "field": {"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/22", "display_name": "Engineering"}, "domain": {"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3", "display_name": "Physical Sciences"}}, "topics": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/T10338", "display_name": "Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials", "score": 1.0, "subfield": {"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/2204", "display_name": "Biomedical Engineering"}, "field": {"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/22", "display_name": "Engineering"}, "domain": {"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3", "display_name": "Physical Sciences"}}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/T11737", "display_name": "Advanced Materials and Mechanics", "score": 0.9976000189781189, "subfield": {"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/2210", "display_name": "Mechanical Engineering"}, "field": {"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/22", "display_name": "Engineering"}, "domain": {"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3", "display_name": "Physical Sciences"}}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/T10729", "display_name": "Electrospun Nanofibers in Biomedical Applications", "score": 0.9890000224113464, "subfield": {"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/2502", "display_name": "Biomaterials"}, "field": {"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/25", "display_name": "Materials Science"}, "domain": {"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3", "display_name": "Physical Sciences"}}], "keywords": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/wearable-computer", "display_name": "Wearable computer", "score": 0.700333297252655}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/soft-robotics", "display_name": "Soft robotics", "score": 0.6927195191383362}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/robot", "display_name": "Robot", "score": 0.6134867072105408}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction", "display_name": "Human\u2013computer interaction", "score": 0.5868382453918457}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/robotics", "display_name": "Robotics", "score": 0.5799539089202881}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science", "display_name": "Computer science", "score": 0.5400463342666626}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence", "display_name": "Artificial intelligence", "score": 0.5382980704307556}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/wearable-technology", "display_name": "Wearable technology", "score": 0.5223856568336487}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/yarn", "display_name": "Yarn", "score": 0.4956096410751343}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/soft-materials", "display_name": "Soft materials", "score": 0.46296313405036926}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/clothing", "display_name": "Clothing", "score": 0.4436776340007782}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science", "display_name": "Materials science", "score": 0.3996681571006775}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/nanotechnology", "display_name": "Nanotechnology", "score": 0.343619167804718}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system", "display_name": "Embedded system", "score": 0.2463303804397583}], "concepts": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/C150594956", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1334829", "display_name": "Wearable computer", "level": 2, "score": 0.700333297252655}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776058767", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q24327151", "display_name": "Soft robotics", "level": 3, "score": 0.6927195191383362}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C90509273", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012", "display_name": "Robot", "level": 2, "score": 0.6134867072105408}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C107457646", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434", "display_name": "Human\u2013computer interaction", "level": 1, "score": 0.5868382453918457}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C34413123", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170978", "display_name": "Robotics", "level": 3, "score": 0.5799539089202881}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198", "display_name": "Computer science", "level": 0, "score": 0.5400463342666626}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C154945302", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660", "display_name": "Artificial intelligence", "level": 1, "score": 0.5382980704307556}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C54290928", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4845080", "display_name": "Wearable technology", "level": 3, "score": 0.5223856568336487}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778787235", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49007", "display_name": "Yarn", "level": 2, "score": 0.4956096410751343}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C2982836594", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q902144", "display_name": "Soft materials", "level": 2, "score": 0.46296313405036926}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C530175646", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11460", "display_name": "Clothing", "level": 2, "score": 0.4436776340007782}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C192562407", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736", "display_name": "Materials science", "level": 0, "score": 0.3996681571006775}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C171250308", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468", "display_name": "Nanotechnology", "level": 1, "score": 0.343619167804718}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C149635348", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040", "display_name": "Embedded system", "level": 1, "score": 0.2463303804397583}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C159985019", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790", "display_name": "Composite material", "level": 1, "score": 0.0}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498", "display_name": "Archaeology", "level": 1, "score": 0.0}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309", "display_name": "History", "level": 0, "score": 0.0}], "mesh": [{"descriptor_ui": "D000076251", "descriptor_name": "Wearable Electronic Devices", "qualifier_ui": null, "qualifier_name": null, "is_major_topic": true}, {"descriptor_ui": "D000076251", "descriptor_name": "Wearable Electronic Devices", "qualifier_ui": null, "qualifier_name": null, "is_major_topic": true}, {"descriptor_ui": "D000076251", "descriptor_name": "Wearable Electronic Devices", "qualifier_ui": null, "qualifier_name": null, "is_major_topic": true}, {"descriptor_ui": "D000076251", "descriptor_name": "Wearable Electronic Devices", "qualifier_ui": null, "qualifier_name": null, "is_major_topic": false}, {"descriptor_ui": "D000076251", "descriptor_name": "Wearable Electronic Devices", "qualifier_ui": null, "qualifier_name": null, "is_major_topic": true}, {"descriptor_ui": "D000076251", "descriptor_name": "Wearable Electronic Devices", "qualifier_ui": null, "qualifier_name": null, "is_major_topic": true}, {"descriptor_ui": "D006801", "descriptor_name": "Humans", "qualifier_ui": null, "qualifier_name": null, "is_major_topic": false}, {"descriptor_ui": "D006801", "descriptor_name": "Humans", "qualifier_ui": null, "qualifier_name": null, "is_major_topic": false}, {"descriptor_ui": "D006801", "descriptor_name": "Humans", "qualifier_ui": null, "qualifier_name": null, "is_major_topic": false}, {"descriptor_ui": "D006801", "descriptor_name": "Humans", "qualifier_ui": null, "qualifier_name": null, "is_major_topic": false}, {"descriptor_ui": "D006801", "descriptor_name": "Humans", "qualifier_ui": null, "qualifier_name": null, "is_major_topic": false}, {"descriptor_ui": "D006801", "descriptor_name": "Humans", "qualifier_ui": null, "qualifier_name": null, "is_major_topic": false}, {"descriptor_ui": "D012371", "descriptor_name": "Robotics", "qualifier_ui": null, "qualifier_name": null, "is_major_topic": true}, {"descriptor_ui": "D012371", "descriptor_name": "Robotics", "qualifier_ui": "Q000295", "qualifier_name": "instrumentation", "is_major_topic": true}, {"descriptor_ui": "D012371", "descriptor_name": "Robotics", "qualifier_ui": "Q000295", "qualifier_name": "instrumentation", "is_major_topic": true}, {"descriptor_ui": "D012371", "descriptor_name": "Robotics", "qualifier_ui": "Q000295", "qualifier_name": "instrumentation", "is_major_topic": true}, {"descriptor_ui": "D012371", "descriptor_name": "Robotics", "qualifier_ui": "Q000295", "qualifier_name": "instrumentation", "is_major_topic": true}, {"descriptor_ui": "D012371", "descriptor_name": "Robotics", "qualifier_ui": "Q000295", "qualifier_name": "instrumentation", "is_major_topic": true}, {"descriptor_ui": "D013784", "descriptor_name": "Textiles", "qualifier_ui": null, "qualifier_name": null, "is_major_topic": true}, {"descriptor_ui": "D013784", "descriptor_name": "Textiles", "qualifier_ui": null, "qualifier_name": null, "is_major_topic": true}, {"descriptor_ui": "D013784", "descriptor_name": "Textiles", "qualifier_ui": null, "qualifier_name": null, "is_major_topic": true}, {"descriptor_ui": "D013784", "descriptor_name": "Textiles", "qualifier_ui": null, "qualifier_name": null, "is_major_topic": false}, {"descriptor_ui": "D013784", "descriptor_name": "Textiles", "qualifier_ui": null, "qualifier_name": null, "is_major_topic": true}, {"descriptor_ui": "D013784", "descriptor_name": "Textiles", "qualifier_ui": null, "qualifier_name": null, "is_major_topic": true}], "locations_count": 4, "locations": [{"id": "doi:10.1002/adma.202002640", "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202002640", "pdf_url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/adma.202002640", "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S99352657", "display_name": "Advanced Materials", "issn_l": "0935-9648", "issn": ["0935-9648", "1521-4095"], "is_oa": false, "is_in_doaj": false, "is_core": true, "host_organization": null, "host_organization_name": null, "host_organization_lineage": [], "host_organization_lineage_names": [], "type": "journal"}, "license": "cc-by-nc", "license_id": "https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc", "version": "publishedVersion", "is_accepted": true, "is_published": true, "raw_source_name": "Advanced Materials", "raw_type": "journal-article"}, {"id": "pmid:33025662", "is_oa": false, "landing_page_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33025662", "pdf_url": null, "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036", "display_name": "PubMed", "issn_l": null, "issn": null, "is_oa": false, "is_in_doaj": false, "is_core": false, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/I1299303238", "host_organization_name": "National Institutes of Health", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"], "host_organization_lineage_names": [], "type": "repository"}, "license": null, "license_id": null, "version": "publishedVersion", "is_accepted": true, "is_published": true, "raw_source_name": "Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)", "raw_type": null}, {"id": "pmh:oai:dr.ntu.edu.sg:10356/148771", "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "https://hdl.handle.net/10356/148771", "pdf_url": null, "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306402609", "display_name": "DR-NTU (Nanyang Technological University)", "issn_l": null, "issn": null, "is_oa": false, "is_in_doaj": false, "is_core": false, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/I172675005", "host_organization_name": "Nanyang Technological University", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I172675005"], "host_organization_lineage_names": [], "type": "repository"}, "license": "cc-by", "license_id": "https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by", "version": "submittedVersion", "is_accepted": false, "is_published": false, "raw_source_name": null, "raw_type": "Journal Article"}, {"id": "pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11468729", "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11468729", "pdf_url": null, "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S2764455111", "display_name": "PubMed Central", "issn_l": null, "issn": null, "is_oa": true, "is_in_doaj": false, "is_core": false, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/I1299303238", "host_organization_name": "National Institutes of Health", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"], "host_organization_lineage_names": [], "type": "repository"}, "license": "other-oa", "license_id": "https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa", "version": "submittedVersion", "is_accepted": false, "is_published": false, "raw_source_name": "Adv Mater", "raw_type": "Text"}], "best_oa_location": {"id": "doi:10.1002/adma.202002640", "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202002640", "pdf_url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/adma.202002640", "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S99352657", "display_name": "Advanced Materials", "issn_l": "0935-9648", "issn": ["0935-9648", "1521-4095"], "is_oa": false, "is_in_doaj": false, "is_core": true, "host_organization": null, "host_organization_name": null, "host_organization_lineage": [], "host_organization_lineage_names": [], "type": "journal"}, "license": "cc-by-nc", "license_id": "https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc", "version": "publishedVersion", "is_accepted": true, "is_published": true, "raw_source_name": "Advanced Materials", "raw_type": "journal-article"}, "sustainable_development_goals": [{"id": "https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7", "score": 0.46000000834465027, "display_name": "Affordable and clean energy"}], "awards": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/G4864828542", "display_name": null, "funder_award_id": "NRF\u2010NRFI201605", "funder_id": "https://openalex.org/F4320320671", "funder_display_name": "National Research Foundation"}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/G7774202377", "display_name": null, "funder_award_id": "NRF-NRFI201605", "funder_id": "https://openalex.org/F4320320671", "funder_display_name": "National Research Foundation"}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/G8852999484", "display_name": null, "funder_award_id": "NRF-CRP13-2014-02", "funder_id": "https://openalex.org/F4320320671", "funder_display_name": "National Research Foundation"}], "funders": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/F4320320671", "display_name": "National Research Foundation", "ror": "https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/F4320320709", "display_name": "National Research Foundation Singapore", "ror": "https://ror.org/03cpyc314"}], "has_content": {"grobid_xml": true, "pdf": true}, "content_urls": {"pdf": "https://content.openalex.org/works/W3092216269.pdf", "grobid_xml": "https://content.openalex.org/works/W3092216269.grobid-xml"}, "referenced_works_count": 406, "referenced_works": ["https://openalex.org/W125374", "https://openalex.org/W611430914", "https://openalex.org/W617325668", "https://openalex.org/W1159358749", "https://openalex.org/W1482343016", "https://openalex.org/W1515749184", "https://openalex.org/W1546240788", "https://openalex.org/W1792065635", "https://openalex.org/W1805075489", "https://openalex.org/W1901658528", "https://openalex.org/W1923528021", "https://openalex.org/W1964332147", "https://openalex.org/W1976262507", "https://openalex.org/W1977059864", "https://openalex.org/W1984134993", "https://openalex.org/W1985788808", "https://openalex.org/W1988986426", "https://openalex.org/W1989718315", "https://openalex.org/W1992212399", "https://openalex.org/W1993070126", "https://openalex.org/W1993378267", "https://openalex.org/W1995189334", "https://openalex.org/W1997166311", "https://openalex.org/W1998544072", "https://openalex.org/W2000871568", "https://openalex.org/W2009609643", "https://openalex.org/W2010683549", "https://openalex.org/W2011463210", "https://openalex.org/W2011513227", "https://openalex.org/W2014677332", "https://openalex.org/W2021879653", "https://openalex.org/W2022547570", "https://openalex.org/W2032909421", "https://openalex.org/W2033996942", "https://openalex.org/W2034834428", "https://openalex.org/W2035620276", "https://openalex.org/W2035759727", "https://openalex.org/W2037858115", "https://openalex.org/W2039796586", "https://openalex.org/W2040762698", "https://openalex.org/W2041412382", "https://openalex.org/W2041858567", "https://openalex.org/W2046063521", "https://openalex.org/W2046552435", "https://openalex.org/W2047269087", "https://openalex.org/W2057494508", "https://openalex.org/W2067088777", "https://openalex.org/W2069721077", "https://openalex.org/W2070662831", "https://openalex.org/W2070772121", "https://openalex.org/W2071443429", "https://openalex.org/W2072818335", "https://openalex.org/W2076763166", "https://openalex.org/W2089310057", "https://openalex.org/W2090370960", "https://openalex.org/W2091670031", "https://openalex.org/W2091797644", "https://openalex.org/W2091875228", "https://openalex.org/W2091979097", "https://openalex.org/W2092245417", "https://openalex.org/W2093154391", "https://openalex.org/W2094412577", "https://openalex.org/W2094703892", "https://openalex.org/W2095971821", "https://openalex.org/W2104543975", "https://openalex.org/W2109194996", "https://openalex.org/W2109335856", "https://openalex.org/W2114721754", "https://openalex.org/W2115467748", "https://openalex.org/W2118680464", "https://openalex.org/W2119715237", "https://openalex.org/W2120659809", "https://openalex.org/W2121734342", "https://openalex.org/W2125220173", "https://openalex.org/W2127243703", "https://openalex.org/W2134106575", "https://openalex.org/W2137502775", "https://openalex.org/W2146703650", "https://openalex.org/W2152812611", "https://openalex.org/W2154274398", "https://openalex.org/W2154707832", "https://openalex.org/W2156218502", "https://openalex.org/W2156968230", "https://openalex.org/W2162714029", "https://openalex.org/W2165479823", "https://openalex.org/W2168100296", "https://openalex.org/W2169112538", "https://openalex.org/W2170388428", "https://openalex.org/W2171005488", "https://openalex.org/W2174636528", "https://openalex.org/W2183692555", "https://openalex.org/W2185746927", "https://openalex.org/W2216866721", "https://openalex.org/W2264955570", "https://openalex.org/W2266175888", "https://openalex.org/W2279127686", "https://openalex.org/W2285847257", "https://openalex.org/W2290852131", "https://openalex.org/W2294327715", "https://openalex.org/W2295717681", "https://openalex.org/W2299156582", "https://openalex.org/W2305946569", "https://openalex.org/W2309180211", "https://openalex.org/W2318574195", "https://openalex.org/W2323929404", "https://openalex.org/W2325609638", "https://openalex.org/W2336121591", "https://openalex.org/W2336222967", "https://openalex.org/W2338886149", "https://openalex.org/W2343184180", "https://openalex.org/W2345317090", "https://openalex.org/W2346513456", "https://openalex.org/W2346517120", "https://openalex.org/W2375929800", "https://openalex.org/W2394486935", "https://openalex.org/W2398948000", "https://openalex.org/W2401823338", "https://openalex.org/W2417121290", "https://openalex.org/W2417443422", "https://openalex.org/W2438293582", "https://openalex.org/W2441154483", "https://openalex.org/W2475390876", "https://openalex.org/W2477676808", "https://openalex.org/W2487466241", "https://openalex.org/W2508842581", "https://openalex.org/W2511382772", "https://openalex.org/W2512206117", "https://openalex.org/W2513420033", "https://openalex.org/W2515175659", "https://openalex.org/W2515257718", "https://openalex.org/W2515877100", "https://openalex.org/W2515930553", "https://openalex.org/W2517169793", "https://openalex.org/W2519755042", "https://openalex.org/W2524523767", "https://openalex.org/W2524534740", "https://openalex.org/W2527181701", "https://openalex.org/W2529575783", "https://openalex.org/W2530288547", "https://openalex.org/W2535849056", "https://openalex.org/W2545851061", "https://openalex.org/W2547334714", "https://openalex.org/W2547681326", "https://openalex.org/W2548626271", "https://openalex.org/W2549343875", "https://openalex.org/W2550979959", "https://openalex.org/W2551587838", "https://openalex.org/W2553141329", "https://openalex.org/W2553207667", "https://openalex.org/W2553413222", "https://openalex.org/W2556078315", "https://openalex.org/W2556471409", "https://openalex.org/W2557695132", "https://openalex.org/W2564130887", "https://openalex.org/W2569712415", "https://openalex.org/W2571369012", "https://openalex.org/W2575987011", "https://openalex.org/W2582146061", "https://openalex.org/W2583477346", "https://openalex.org/W2586297008", "https://openalex.org/W2586359021", "https://openalex.org/W2587873066", "https://openalex.org/W2588043576", "https://openalex.org/W2588935519", "https://openalex.org/W2590782323", "https://openalex.org/W2592965354", "https://openalex.org/W2594511419", "https://openalex.org/W2594672651", "https://openalex.org/W2596102766", "https://openalex.org/W2598199358", "https://openalex.org/W2603459303", "https://openalex.org/W2604885268", "https://openalex.org/W2607380958", "https://openalex.org/W2609205766", "https://openalex.org/W2611077133", "https://openalex.org/W2611712345", "https://openalex.org/W2611795949", "https://openalex.org/W2614865624", "https://openalex.org/W2617004171", "https://openalex.org/W2617368064", "https://openalex.org/W2618733545", "https://openalex.org/W2618760525", "https://openalex.org/W2619298608", "https://openalex.org/W2620080387", "https://openalex.org/W2620244975", "https://openalex.org/W2624189007", "https://openalex.org/W2627065233", "https://openalex.org/W2709454349", "https://openalex.org/W2728337827", "https://openalex.org/W2735680319", "https://openalex.org/W2736338745", "https://openalex.org/W2739199800", "https://openalex.org/W2745228172", "https://openalex.org/W2746563869", "https://openalex.org/W2749247702", "https://openalex.org/W2751237349", "https://openalex.org/W2753126158", "https://openalex.org/W2753807109", "https://openalex.org/W2753999661", "https://openalex.org/W2754217340", "https://openalex.org/W2755928480", "https://openalex.org/W2756110931", "https://openalex.org/W2758811157", "https://openalex.org/W2759456784", "https://openalex.org/W2762541018", "https://openalex.org/W2766955747", "https://openalex.org/W2767370820", "https://openalex.org/W2767371672", "https://openalex.org/W2767741619", "https://openalex.org/W2770161173", "https://openalex.org/W2770465776", "https://openalex.org/W2770857793", "https://openalex.org/W2771611118", "https://openalex.org/W2771752469", "https://openalex.org/W2773471129", "https://openalex.org/W2774902947", "https://openalex.org/W2775537410", "https://openalex.org/W2782993182", "https://openalex.org/W2783338612", "https://openalex.org/W2783908655", "https://openalex.org/W2783918321", "https://openalex.org/W2784648116", "https://openalex.org/W2784906225", "https://openalex.org/W2784911769", "https://openalex.org/W2787027541", "https://openalex.org/W2789239468", "https://openalex.org/W2789418330", "https://openalex.org/W2789433790", "https://openalex.org/W2789796916", "https://openalex.org/W2789931018", "https://openalex.org/W2790084889", "https://openalex.org/W2790615739", "https://openalex.org/W2791200096", "https://openalex.org/W2791272065", "https://openalex.org/W2792077123", "https://openalex.org/W2792201897", "https://openalex.org/W2792443838", "https://openalex.org/W2792476767", "https://openalex.org/W2792859848", "https://openalex.org/W2793490631", "https://openalex.org/W2794349367", "https://openalex.org/W2795111082", "https://openalex.org/W2795302203", "https://openalex.org/W2796123888", "https://openalex.org/W2798031270", "https://openalex.org/W2799555070", "https://openalex.org/W2801092030", "https://openalex.org/W2801434406", "https://openalex.org/W2801458905", "https://openalex.org/W2801503867", "https://openalex.org/W2801704144", "https://openalex.org/W2801711032", "https://openalex.org/W2802575094", "https://openalex.org/W2802744981", "https://openalex.org/W2802925906", "https://openalex.org/W2803166075", "https://openalex.org/W2803735436", "https://openalex.org/W2804793953", "https://openalex.org/W2805926569", "https://openalex.org/W2807255937", "https://openalex.org/W2809663983", "https://openalex.org/W2811024345", "https://openalex.org/W2883279767", "https://openalex.org/W2884127347", "https://openalex.org/W2884359380", "https://openalex.org/W2884401273", "https://openalex.org/W2884796804", "https://openalex.org/W2884911462", "https://openalex.org/W2884957107", "https://openalex.org/W2888714402", "https://openalex.org/W2889064295", "https://openalex.org/W2889529934", "https://openalex.org/W2889534476", "https://openalex.org/W2890873885", "https://openalex.org/W2891141735", "https://openalex.org/W2891187036", "https://openalex.org/W2893850663", "https://openalex.org/W2894090929", "https://openalex.org/W2894165269", "https://openalex.org/W2896425955", "https://openalex.org/W2896477480", "https://openalex.org/W2896520174", "https://openalex.org/W2897271998", "https://openalex.org/W2897787348", "https://openalex.org/W2897867692", "https://openalex.org/W2899101165", "https://openalex.org/W2899162977", "https://openalex.org/W2899379279", "https://openalex.org/W2899579543", "https://openalex.org/W2900862004", "https://openalex.org/W2900970864", "https://openalex.org/W2901019607", "https://openalex.org/W2901252645", "https://openalex.org/W2901434305", "https://openalex.org/W2901848858", "https://openalex.org/W2902378563", "https://openalex.org/W2902580699", "https://openalex.org/W2902985912", "https://openalex.org/W2905376763", "https://openalex.org/W2907602342", "https://openalex.org/W2908096149", "https://openalex.org/W2909857791", "https://openalex.org/W2909996990", "https://openalex.org/W2910331699", "https://openalex.org/W2911173768", "https://openalex.org/W2911737149", "https://openalex.org/W2912385388", "https://openalex.org/W2913295257", "https://openalex.org/W2915570700", "https://openalex.org/W2915654077", "https://openalex.org/W2916891039", "https://openalex.org/W2917386416", "https://openalex.org/W2920292158", "https://openalex.org/W2920499309", "https://openalex.org/W2922186702", "https://openalex.org/W2922243917", "https://openalex.org/W2938888883", "https://openalex.org/W2939468488", "https://openalex.org/W2942827744", "https://openalex.org/W2943889223", "https://openalex.org/W2943917838", "https://openalex.org/W2944037907", "https://openalex.org/W2944800629", "https://openalex.org/W2944802031", "https://openalex.org/W2945039038", "https://openalex.org/W2945807482", "https://openalex.org/W2946364559", "https://openalex.org/W2946644113", "https://openalex.org/W2946987563", "https://openalex.org/W2949750251", "https://openalex.org/W2952833947", "https://openalex.org/W2953946828", "https://openalex.org/W2954129390", "https://openalex.org/W2956125650", "https://openalex.org/W2958138252", "https://openalex.org/W2958452288", "https://openalex.org/W2959338391", "https://openalex.org/W2961049121", "https://openalex.org/W2961058932", "https://openalex.org/W2961309955", "https://openalex.org/W2963253342", "https://openalex.org/W2964330964", "https://openalex.org/W2965064051", "https://openalex.org/W2965786352", "https://openalex.org/W2966753388", "https://openalex.org/W2966927412", "https://openalex.org/W2967878274", "https://openalex.org/W2968205373", "https://openalex.org/W2969481592", "https://openalex.org/W2969509786", "https://openalex.org/W2971278234", "https://openalex.org/W2971333784", "https://openalex.org/W2972016669", "https://openalex.org/W2972310391", "https://openalex.org/W2972395679", "https://openalex.org/W2972963309", "https://openalex.org/W2973098377", "https://openalex.org/W2973421415", "https://openalex.org/W2975591033", "https://openalex.org/W2976744589", "https://openalex.org/W2977226092", "https://openalex.org/W2978870774", "https://openalex.org/W2979601545", "https://openalex.org/W2980227422", "https://openalex.org/W2981354153", "https://openalex.org/W2981734138", "https://openalex.org/W2981970519", "https://openalex.org/W2982051194", "https://openalex.org/W2982072179", "https://openalex.org/W2987502195", "https://openalex.org/W2987784730", "https://openalex.org/W2989642213", "https://openalex.org/W2989897422", "https://openalex.org/W2989982684", "https://openalex.org/W2990673041", "https://openalex.org/W2991511554", "https://openalex.org/W2995822171", "https://openalex.org/W2996403478", "https://openalex.org/W2998994764", "https://openalex.org/W2999240275", "https://openalex.org/W3000402619", "https://openalex.org/W3000415953", "https://openalex.org/W3001636146", "https://openalex.org/W3002340625", "https://openalex.org/W3002895191", "https://openalex.org/W3003941756", "https://openalex.org/W3004341866", "https://openalex.org/W3004620775", "https://openalex.org/W3004664655", "https://openalex.org/W3005086951", "https://openalex.org/W3005498642", "https://openalex.org/W3006284129", "https://openalex.org/W3007997929", "https://openalex.org/W3010416779", "https://openalex.org/W3010850830", "https://openalex.org/W3011579125", "https://openalex.org/W3014571920", "https://openalex.org/W3014810758", "https://openalex.org/W3015336004", "https://openalex.org/W3092216269", "https://openalex.org/W3102087418", "https://openalex.org/W3105039460", "https://openalex.org/W4211124276", "https://openalex.org/W4237639082", "https://openalex.org/W4251181231", "https://openalex.org/W4281491881"], "related_works": ["https://openalex.org/W3090300519", "https://openalex.org/W3134474396", "https://openalex.org/W2514492205", "https://openalex.org/W4250401876", "https://openalex.org/W2943851981", "https://openalex.org/W2566526749", "https://openalex.org/W2907667791", "https://openalex.org/W3047461507", "https://openalex.org/W3126390843", "https://openalex.org/W4245880644"], "abstract_inverted_index": {"Soft": [0], "robotics": [1], "inspired": [2], "by": [3, 48], "the": [4, 29, 83, 121, 136, 146, 170, 176, 181, 188], "movement": [5], "of": [6, 86, 128], "living": [7, 154], "organisms,": [8], "with": [9, 26, 149, 161, 180], "excellent": [10], "adaptability": [11], "and": [12, 23, 35, 42, 58, 63, 75, 80, 89, 104, 126, 132, 139, 153, 167, 175, 183, 191], "accuracy": [13], "for": [14, 20, 40, 78, 101, 116, 130, 164, 186], "accomplishing": [15], "tasks,": [16], "are": [17, 38, 65, 96, 109, 141, 197], "highly": [18], "desirable": [19], "efficient": [21], "operations": [22], "safe": [24, 41], "interactions": [25, 166], "human.": [27], "With": [28], "emerging": [30], "wearable": [31], "electronics,": [32], "higher": [33], "tactility": [34], "skin": [36], "affinity": [37], "pursued": [39], "user-friendly": [43], "human-robot": [44, 165], "interactions.": [45], "Fabrics": [46], "interlocked": [47], "fibers": [49, 62], "perform": [50], "traditional": [51], "static": [52], "functions": [53, 127], "such": [54, 72], "as": [55, 73, 111, 113], "warming,": [56], "protection,": [57], "fashion.": [59], "Recently,": [60], "dynamic": [61], "fabrics": [64], "favorable": [66], "to": [67], "deliver": [68], "active": [69], "stimulus": [70], "responses": [71], "sensing": [74, 131], "actuating": [76], "abilities": [77], "soft-robots": [79, 102], "wearables.": [81], "First,": [82], "responsive": [84], "mechanisms": [85], "fiber/fabric": [87], "actuators": [88], "their": [90], "performances": [91], "under": [92], "various": [93], "external": [94, 177], "stimuli": [95], "reviewed.": [97], "Fiber/yarn-based": [98], "artificial": [99], "muscles": [100], "manipulation": [103], "assistance": [105], "in": [106, 193], "human": [107, 118, 137, 151], "motion": [108], "discussed,": [110], "well": [112], "smart": [114], "clothes": [115], "improving": [117], "perception.": [119], "Second,": [120], "geometric": [122], "designs,": [123], "fabrications,": [124], "mechanisms,": [125], "fibers/fabrics": [129, 174, 190], "energy": [133], "harvesting": [134], "from": [135], "body": [138], "environments": [140], "summarized.": [142], "Effective": [143], "integration": [144], "between": [145, 172], "electronic": [147], "components": [148], "garments,": [150], "skin,": [152], "organisms": [155], "is": [156], "illustrated,": [157], "presenting": [158], "multifunctional": [159], "platforms": [160], "self-powered": [162], "potential": [163], "biomedicine.": [168], "Lastly,": [169], "relationships": [171], "robotic/wearable": [173], "stimuli,": [178], "together": [179], "challenges": [182], "possible": [184], "routes": [185], "revolutionizing": [187], "robotic": [189], "wearables": [192], "this": [194], "new": [195], "era": [196], "proposed.": [198]}, "counts_by_year": [{"year": 2026, "cited_by_count": 76}, {"year": 2025, "cited_by_count": 140}, {"year": 2024, "cited_by_count": 125}, {"year": 2023, "cited_by_count": 121}, {"year": 2022, "cited_by_count": 97}, {"year": 2021, "cited_by_count": 53}, {"year": 2020, "cited_by_count": 4}, {"year": 2013, "cited_by_count": 1}], "updated_date": "2026-07-26T07:53:14.480251", "created_date": "2025-10-10T00:00:00"}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/W4382584043", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3390/gels9070523", "title": "Polymer-Based Hydrogels Applied in Drug Delivery: An Overview", "display_name": "Polymer-Based Hydrogels Applied in Drug Delivery: An Overview", "relevance_score": 485.1549, "publication_year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-06-27", "ids": {"openalex": "https://openalex.org/W4382584043", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3390/gels9070523", "pmid": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37504402"}, "language": "en", "primary_location": {"id": "doi:10.3390/gels9070523", "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/gels9070523", "pdf_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2310-2861/9/7/523/pdf?version=1687868557", "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S2737559645", "display_name": "Gels", "issn_l": "2310-2861", "issn": ["2310-2861"], "is_oa": true, "is_in_doaj": true, "is_core": true, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/P4310310987", "host_organization_name": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"], "host_organization_lineage_names": ["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"], "type": "journal"}, "license": "cc-by", "license_id": "https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by", "version": "publishedVersion", "is_accepted": true, "is_published": true, "raw_source_name": "Gels", "raw_type": "journal-article"}, "type": "article", "indexed_in": ["crossref", "doaj", "pubmed"], "open_access": {"is_oa": true, "oa_status": "gold", "oa_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2310-2861/9/7/523/pdf?version=1687868557", "any_repository_has_fulltext": true}, "authorships": [{"author_position": "first", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5027988721", "display_name": "Hoc Thang Nguyen", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2215-8859"}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I4210116271", "display_name": "Ho Chi Minh City University of Industry and Trade", "ror": "https://ror.org/02b2dfs85", "country_code": "VN", "type": "education", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I4210116271"]}], "countries": ["VN"], "is_corresponding": true, "raw_author_name": "Nguyen Hoc Thang", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["Faculty of Chemical Technology, Ho Chi Minh City University of Food Industry, 140 Le Trong Tan, Tan Phu Distrist, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam"], "raw_orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2215-8859", "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "Faculty of Chemical Technology, Ho Chi Minh City University of Food Industry, 140 Le Trong Tan, Tan Phu Distrist, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I4210116271"]}]}, {"author_position": "middle", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5111000796", "display_name": "Truong Bach Chien", "orcid": null}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I4210116271", "display_name": "Ho Chi Minh City University of Industry and Trade", "ror": "https://ror.org/02b2dfs85", "country_code": "VN", "type": "education", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I4210116271"]}], "countries": ["VN"], "is_corresponding": false, "raw_author_name": "Truong Bach Chien", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["Faculty of Chemical Technology, Ho Chi Minh City University of Food Industry, 140 Le Trong Tan, Tan Phu Distrist, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam"], "raw_orcid": null, "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "Faculty of Chemical Technology, Ho Chi Minh City University of Food Industry, 140 Le Trong Tan, Tan Phu Distrist, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I4210116271"]}]}, {"author_position": "last", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5023178095", "display_name": "\u0110\u1eb7ng Xu\u00e2n C\u01b0\u1eddng", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0726-3554"}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I4210116271", "display_name": "Ho Chi Minh City University of Industry and Trade", "ror": "https://ror.org/02b2dfs85", "country_code": "VN", "type": "education", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I4210116271"]}], "countries": ["VN"], "is_corresponding": false, "raw_author_name": "Dang Xuan Cuong", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["Innovation and Entrepreneurship Center, Ho Chi Minh City University of Food Industry, 140 Le Trong Tan, Tan Phu Distrist, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam"], "raw_orcid": null, "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "Innovation and Entrepreneurship Center, Ho Chi Minh City University of Food Industry, 140 Le Trong Tan, Tan Phu Distrist, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I4210116271"]}]}], "institutions": [], "countries_distinct_count": 1, "institutions_distinct_count": 1, "corresponding_author_ids": ["https://openalex.org/A5027988721"], "corresponding_institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I4210116271"], "apc_list": {"value": 1800, "currency": "CHF", "value_usd": 2004}, "apc_paid": {"value": 1800, "currency": "CHF", "value_usd": 2004}, "fwci": 58.7954, "has_fulltext": true, "cited_by_count": 743, "citation_normalized_percentile": {"value": 1.0, "is_in_top_1_percent": true, "is_in_top_10_percent": true}, "cited_by_percentile_year": {"min": 99, "max": 100}, "biblio": {"volume": "9", "issue": "7", "first_page": "523", "last_page": "523"}, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "is_xpac": false, "primary_topic": {"id": "https://openalex.org/T10343", "display_name": "Hydrogels: synthesis, properties, applications", "score": 0.9998999834060669, "subfield": {"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/1313", "display_name": "Molecular Medicine"}, "field": {"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/13", "display_name": "Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"}, "domain": {"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/1", "display_name": "Life Sciences"}}, "topics": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/T10343", "display_name": "Hydrogels: synthesis, properties, applications", "score": 0.9998999834060669, "subfield": {"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/1313", "display_name": "Molecular Medicine"}, "field": {"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/13", "display_name": "Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"}, "domain": {"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/1", "display_name": "Life Sciences"}}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/T10920", "display_name": "Advanced Drug Delivery Systems", "score": 0.9997000098228455, "subfield": {"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/3003", "display_name": "Pharmaceutical Science"}, "field": {"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/30", "display_name": "Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics"}, "domain": {"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/1", "display_name": "Life Sciences"}}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/T10063", "display_name": "Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery", "score": 0.9988999962806702, "subfield": {"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/2502", "display_name": "Biomaterials"}, "field": {"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/25", "display_name": "Materials Science"}, "domain": {"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3", "display_name": "Physical Sciences"}}], "keywords": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/self-healing-hydrogels", "display_name": "Self-healing hydrogels", "score": 0.8821015954017639}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/drug-delivery", "display_name": "Drug delivery", "score": 0.8607847690582275}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/biocompatibility", "display_name": "Biocompatibility", "score": 0.7712215185165405}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/drug", "display_name": "Drug", "score": 0.6807801723480225}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/nanotechnology", "display_name": "Nanotechnology", "score": 0.5790882706642151}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/targeted-drug-delivery", "display_name": "Targeted drug delivery", "score": 0.5258912444114685}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/controlled-release", "display_name": "Controlled release", "score": 0.49656468629837036}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/drug-carrier", "display_name": "Drug carrier", "score": 0.44856923818588257}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science", "display_name": "Materials science", "score": 0.4038923978805542}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/biomedical-engineering", "display_name": "Biomedical engineering", "score": 0.3347070813179016}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/pharmacology", "display_name": "Pharmacology", "score": 0.3100128471851349}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine", "display_name": "Medicine", "score": 0.16900473833084106}], "concepts": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/C108586683", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17164826", "display_name": "Self-healing hydrogels", "level": 2, "score": 0.8821015954017639}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779820397", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1392806", "display_name": "Drug delivery", "level": 2, "score": 0.8607847690582275}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777230088", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864426", "display_name": "Biocompatibility", "level": 2, "score": 0.7712215185165405}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780035454", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8386", "display_name": "Drug", "level": 2, "score": 0.6807801723480225}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C171250308", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468", "display_name": "Nanotechnology", "level": 1, "score": 0.5790882706642151}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C126511603", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1261145", "display_name": "Targeted drug delivery", "level": 3, "score": 0.5258912444114685}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C163588942", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165929", "display_name": "Controlled release", "level": 2, "score": 0.49656468629837036}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C13245373", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3715494", "display_name": "Drug carrier", "level": 3, "score": 0.44856923818588257}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C192562407", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736", "display_name": "Materials science", "level": 0, "score": 0.4038923978805542}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C136229726", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327092", "display_name": "Biomedical engineering", "level": 1, "score": 0.3347070813179016}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C98274493", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128406", "display_name": "Pharmacology", "level": 1, "score": 0.3100128471851349}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190", "display_name": "Medicine", "level": 0, "score": 0.16900473833084106}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C188027245", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750446", "display_name": "Polymer chemistry", "level": 1, "score": 0.0}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C191897082", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11467", "display_name": "Metallurgy", "level": 1, "score": 0.0}], "mesh": [], "locations_count": 5, "locations": [{"id": "doi:10.3390/gels9070523", "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/gels9070523", "pdf_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2310-2861/9/7/523/pdf?version=1687868557", "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S2737559645", "display_name": "Gels", "issn_l": "2310-2861", "issn": ["2310-2861"], "is_oa": true, "is_in_doaj": true, "is_core": true, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/P4310310987", "host_organization_name": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"], "host_organization_lineage_names": ["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"], "type": "journal"}, "license": "cc-by", "license_id": "https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by", "version": "publishedVersion", "is_accepted": true, "is_published": true, "raw_source_name": "Gels", "raw_type": "journal-article"}, {"id": "pmid:37504402", "is_oa": false, "landing_page_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37504402", "pdf_url": null, "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036", "display_name": "PubMed", "issn_l": null, "issn": null, "is_oa": false, "is_in_doaj": false, "is_core": false, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/I1299303238", "host_organization_name": "National Institutes of Health", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"], "host_organization_lineage_names": [], "type": "repository"}, "license": null, "license_id": null, "version": "publishedVersion", "is_accepted": true, "is_published": true, "raw_source_name": "Gels (Basel, Switzerland)", "raw_type": null}, {"id": "pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10379988", "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10379988", "pdf_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10379988/pdf/gels-09-00523.pdf", "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S2764455111", "display_name": "PubMed Central", "issn_l": null, "issn": null, "is_oa": true, "is_in_doaj": false, "is_core": false, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/I1299303238", "host_organization_name": "National Institutes of Health", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"], "host_organization_lineage_names": [], "type": "repository"}, "license": "cc-by", "license_id": "https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by", "version": "submittedVersion", "is_accepted": false, "is_published": false, "raw_source_name": "Gels", "raw_type": "Text"}, {"id": "pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b1acaeccf8d746a39984fd5733990366", "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "https://doaj.org/article/b1acaeccf8d746a39984fd5733990366", "pdf_url": null, "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306401280", "display_name": "DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)", "issn_l": null, "issn": null, "is_oa": false, "is_in_doaj": false, "is_core": false, "host_organization": null, "host_organization_name": null, "host_organization_lineage": [], "host_organization_lineage_names": [], "type": "repository"}, "license": "cc-by-sa", "license_id": "https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa", "version": "submittedVersion", "is_accepted": false, "is_published": false, "raw_source_name": "Gels, Vol 9, Iss 7, p 523 (2023)", "raw_type": "article"}, {"id": "pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2310-2861/9/7/523/", "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels9070523", "pdf_url": null, "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306400947", "display_name": "MDPI (MDPI AG)", "issn_l": null, "issn": null, "is_oa": true, "is_in_doaj": false, "is_core": false, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/I4210097602", "host_organization_name": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"], "host_organization_lineage_names": [], "type": "repository"}, "license": "cc-by", "license_id": "https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by", "version": "submittedVersion", "is_accepted": false, "is_published": false, "raw_source_name": "Gels; Volume 9; Issue 7; Pages: 523", "raw_type": "Text"}], "best_oa_location": {"id": "doi:10.3390/gels9070523", "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/gels9070523", "pdf_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2310-2861/9/7/523/pdf?version=1687868557", "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S2737559645", "display_name": "Gels", "issn_l": "2310-2861", "issn": ["2310-2861"], "is_oa": true, "is_in_doaj": true, "is_core": true, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/P4310310987", "host_organization_name": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"], "host_organization_lineage_names": ["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"], "type": "journal"}, "license": "cc-by", "license_id": "https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by", "version": "publishedVersion", "is_accepted": true, "is_published": true, "raw_source_name": "Gels", "raw_type": "journal-article"}, "sustainable_development_goals": [], "awards": [], "funders": [], "has_content": {"grobid_xml": false, "pdf": true}, "content_urls": {"pdf": "https://content.openalex.org/works/W4382584043.pdf"}, "referenced_works_count": 230, "referenced_works": ["https://openalex.org/W657862629", "https://openalex.org/W1606591506", "https://openalex.org/W1966125363", "https://openalex.org/W1968516916", "https://openalex.org/W1968810582", "https://openalex.org/W1977084624", "https://openalex.org/W1983844422", "https://openalex.org/W1985393355", "https://openalex.org/W1993075655", "https://openalex.org/W1994646124", "https://openalex.org/W1998289682", "https://openalex.org/W2001763531", "https://openalex.org/W2009183907", "https://openalex.org/W2010926909", "https://openalex.org/W2011627863", "https://openalex.org/W2013385548", "https://openalex.org/W2019360034", "https://openalex.org/W2021552233", "https://openalex.org/W2023115337", "https://openalex.org/W2023952099", "https://openalex.org/W2024306244", "https://openalex.org/W2026780757", "https://openalex.org/W2029340155", "https://openalex.org/W2029371948", "https://openalex.org/W2029974417", "https://openalex.org/W2038971221", "https://openalex.org/W2044512869", "https://openalex.org/W2046032852", "https://openalex.org/W2046627126", "https://openalex.org/W2052133821", "https://openalex.org/W2055040491", "https://openalex.org/W2057265077", "https://openalex.org/W2057718253", "https://openalex.org/W2068064088", "https://openalex.org/W2070170630", "https://openalex.org/W2073863465", "https://openalex.org/W2074246262", "https://openalex.org/W2076255801", "https://openalex.org/W2077032511", "https://openalex.org/W2082182581", "https://openalex.org/W2091232977", "https://openalex.org/W2120346745", "https://openalex.org/W2124951530", "https://openalex.org/W2134961336", "https://openalex.org/W2141222486", "https://openalex.org/W2144081123", "https://openalex.org/W2145305994", "https://openalex.org/W2177880129", "https://openalex.org/W2219994541", "https://openalex.org/W2237248201", "https://openalex.org/W2241370686", "https://openalex.org/W2266432409", "https://openalex.org/W2322443154", "https://openalex.org/W2326293303", "https://openalex.org/W2326511859", "https://openalex.org/W2330373241", "https://openalex.org/W2331001028", "https://openalex.org/W2383784224", "https://openalex.org/W2476270110", "https://openalex.org/W2532852614", "https://openalex.org/W2590484780", "https://openalex.org/W2620711380", "https://openalex.org/W2783196030", "https://openalex.org/W2788624561", "https://openalex.org/W2793496437", "https://openalex.org/W2807876330", "https://openalex.org/W2835011473", "https://openalex.org/W2891457650", "https://openalex.org/W2893166049", "https://openalex.org/W2897999456", "https://openalex.org/W2903420655", "https://openalex.org/W2932960870", "https://openalex.org/W2936750428", "https://openalex.org/W2947399260", "https://openalex.org/W2956133825", "https://openalex.org/W2973333192", "https://openalex.org/W2981069919", "https://openalex.org/W2989864192", "https://openalex.org/W2990637356", "https://openalex.org/W2992080594", "https://openalex.org/W2998371488", "https://openalex.org/W3000723959", "https://openalex.org/W3012802014", "https://openalex.org/W3032227208", "https://openalex.org/W3093882933", "https://openalex.org/W3109702014", "https://openalex.org/W3110423116", "https://openalex.org/W3134531697", "https://openalex.org/W3134811295", "https://openalex.org/W3167196736", "https://openalex.org/W3167833126", "https://openalex.org/W3188020360", "https://openalex.org/W3209627144", "https://openalex.org/W4200280721", "https://openalex.org/W4211220444", "https://openalex.org/W4211244579", "https://openalex.org/W4220699893", "https://openalex.org/W4220777792", "https://openalex.org/W4221021595", "https://openalex.org/W4223932124", "https://openalex.org/W4224076593", "https://openalex.org/W4224087057", "https://openalex.org/W4229013573", "https://openalex.org/W4229455785", "https://openalex.org/W4232162394", "https://openalex.org/W4234770568", "https://openalex.org/W4280510760", "https://openalex.org/W4280576970", "https://openalex.org/W4281562136", "https://openalex.org/W4281635308", "https://openalex.org/W4281743802", "https://openalex.org/W4284893315", "https://openalex.org/W4286268930", "https://openalex.org/W4286698624", "https://openalex.org/W4288844085", "https://openalex.org/W4289774655", "https://openalex.org/W4292451686", "https://openalex.org/W4293124800", "https://openalex.org/W4294939112", "https://openalex.org/W4296397611", "https://openalex.org/W4296640347", "https://openalex.org/W4296774056", "https://openalex.org/W4306869504", "https://openalex.org/W4307583532", "https://openalex.org/W4307644749", "https://openalex.org/W4308038017", "https://openalex.org/W4308748738", "https://openalex.org/W4308931679", "https://openalex.org/W4309236912", "https://openalex.org/W4309420765", "https://openalex.org/W4309642863", "https://openalex.org/W4310070066", "https://openalex.org/W4310122238", "https://openalex.org/W4310277599", "https://openalex.org/W4310704071", "https://openalex.org/W4311235969", "https://openalex.org/W4311271648", "https://openalex.org/W4311289498", "https://openalex.org/W4311765976", "https://openalex.org/W4311796447", "https://openalex.org/W4311887280", "https://openalex.org/W4312084999", "https://openalex.org/W4312110870", "https://openalex.org/W4312160317", "https://openalex.org/W4312204873", "https://openalex.org/W4313238120", "https://openalex.org/W4313454378", "https://openalex.org/W4313463437", "https://openalex.org/W4313479611", "https://openalex.org/W4313488262", "https://openalex.org/W4313562399", "https://openalex.org/W4313571259", "https://openalex.org/W4313572533", "https://openalex.org/W4313639473", "https://openalex.org/W4313647470", "https://openalex.org/W4313650235", "https://openalex.org/W4313650668", "https://openalex.org/W4313655901", "https://openalex.org/W4313907604", "https://openalex.org/W4315484210", "https://openalex.org/W4316036243", "https://openalex.org/W4316464102", "https://openalex.org/W4316465024", "https://openalex.org/W4317254341", "https://openalex.org/W4317357988", "https://openalex.org/W4317436248", "https://openalex.org/W4317508815", "https://openalex.org/W4317624642", "https://openalex.org/W4317708792", "https://openalex.org/W4317726051", "https://openalex.org/W4317797601", "https://openalex.org/W4317809688", "https://openalex.org/W4317939390", "https://openalex.org/W4318203709", "https://openalex.org/W4318473868", "https://openalex.org/W4318542583", "https://openalex.org/W4318618890", "https://openalex.org/W4318954134", "https://openalex.org/W4319063240", "https://openalex.org/W4319159341", "https://openalex.org/W4319264624", "https://openalex.org/W4319302850", "https://openalex.org/W4319303572", "https://openalex.org/W4319440350", "https://openalex.org/W4319772624", "https://openalex.org/W4320487989", "https://openalex.org/W4320491429", "https://openalex.org/W4321205983", "https://openalex.org/W4321374248", "https://openalex.org/W4321377448", "https://openalex.org/W4321380093", "https://openalex.org/W4321495804", "https://openalex.org/W4321498084", "https://openalex.org/W4321503367", "https://openalex.org/W4321596845", "https://openalex.org/W4321611417", "https://openalex.org/W4321768705", "https://openalex.org/W4322502629", "https://openalex.org/W4322721394", "https://openalex.org/W4323041510", "https://openalex.org/W4323276472", "https://openalex.org/W4323306246", "https://openalex.org/W4323313441", "https://openalex.org/W4323342003", "https://openalex.org/W4324020276", "https://openalex.org/W4324032821", "https://openalex.org/W4324316671", "https://openalex.org/W4324335398", "https://openalex.org/W4327685808", "https://openalex.org/W4327704764", "https://openalex.org/W4327747840", "https://openalex.org/W4327921248", "https://openalex.org/W4327956433", "https://openalex.org/W4361004820", "https://openalex.org/W4362506111", "https://openalex.org/W4362574871", "https://openalex.org/W4362635706", "https://openalex.org/W4362664402", "https://openalex.org/W4364355764", "https://openalex.org/W4372194363", "https://openalex.org/W4372199024", "https://openalex.org/W4375857282", "https://openalex.org/W4375947208", "https://openalex.org/W4376639831", "https://openalex.org/W4377245441", "https://openalex.org/W4378515082", "https://openalex.org/W4379384586", "https://openalex.org/W4379985138", "https://openalex.org/W6710407015", "https://openalex.org/W7015692085"], "related_works": ["https://openalex.org/W2561873657", "https://openalex.org/W3029738095", "https://openalex.org/W2031978009", "https://openalex.org/W143761460", "https://openalex.org/W3004578377", "https://openalex.org/W3121574256", "https://openalex.org/W4226035572", "https://openalex.org/W2186763223", "https://openalex.org/W2080630976", "https://openalex.org/W2790856884"], "abstract_inverted_index": {"Polymer-based": [0], "hydrogels": [1, 111, 129, 169], "are": [2, 84, 170], "hydrophilic": [3], "polymer": [4], "networks": [5], "with": [6], "crosslinks": [7], "widely": [8], "applied": [9], "for": [10, 65, 74, 116, 188], "drug": [11, 29, 46, 67, 89, 104, 119, 149, 190, 193, 196, 218], "delivery": [12, 47, 68, 105, 150, 155, 219], "applications": [13], "because": [14, 177], "of": [15, 22, 44, 52, 109, 144, 178, 199], "their": [16, 33, 179], "ability": [17, 180], "to": [18, 56, 70, 181, 184], "hold": [19], "large": [20], "amounts": [21], "water": [23], "and": [24, 27, 37, 69, 87, 112, 121, 137, 156, 203, 216], "biological": [25], "fluids": [26], "control": [28], "release": [30, 51, 90, 122, 135, 191], "based": [31, 162], "on": [32, 163], "unique": [34], "physicochemical": [35], "properties": [36], "biocompatibility.": [38], "Current": [39], "trends": [40], "in": [41, 54, 102, 174, 221], "the": [42, 50, 72, 107, 145, 222], "development": [43, 126], "hydrogel": [45, 81, 103, 208], "systems": [48, 151, 220], "involve": [49], "drugs": [53], "response": [55], "specific": [57, 186], "triggers": [58], "such": [59, 152], "as": [60, 141, 153], "pH,": [61], "temperature,": [62], "or": [63], "enzymes": [64], "targeted": [66, 118], "reduce": [71], "potential": [73], "systemic": [75], "toxicity.": [76], "In": [77, 166], "addition,": [78, 167], "developing": [79, 140], "injectable": [80], "formulations": [82], "that": [83], "easily": [85], "used": [86], "sustain": [88], "during": [91], "this": [92], "extended": [93], "time": [94], "is": [95, 106, 139, 210], "a": [96, 142, 185], "growing": [97], "interest.": [98], "Another": [99], "emerging": [100], "trend": [101], "synthesis": [108], "nano": [110], "other": [113], "functional": [114], "substances": [115], "improving": [117], "loading": [120], "efficacy.": [123], "Following": [124], "these": [125, 164], "trends,": [127], "advanced": [128], "possessing": [130], "mechanically": [131], "improved": [132], "properties,": [133], "controlled": [134], "rates,": [136, 192], "biocompatibility": [138], "focus": [143], "field.": [146], "More": [147], "complex": [148], "multi-drug": [154], "combination": [157], "therapies": [158], "will": [159], "be": [160, 182], "developed": [161], "advancements.": [165], "polymer-based": [168], "gaining": [171], "increasing": [172], "attention": [173], "personalized": [175], "medicine": [176], "tailored": [183], "patient,": [187], "example,": [189], "combinations,": [194], "target-specific": [195], "delivery,": [197], "improvement": [198], "disease": [200], "treatment": [201], "effectiveness,": [202], "healthcare": [204], "cost": [205], "reduction.": [206], "Overall,": [207], "application": [209], "advancing": [211], "rapidly,": [212], "towards": [213], "more": [214], "efficient": [215], "effective": [217], "future.": [223]}, "counts_by_year": [{"year": 2026, "cited_by_count": 196}, {"year": 2025, "cited_by_count": 329}, {"year": 2024, "cited_by_count": 201}, {"year": 2023, "cited_by_count": 17}], "updated_date": "2026-07-25T15:57:00.446498", "created_date": "2025-10-10T00:00:00"}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/W4385476004", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.3c04089", "title": "Sensing in Soft Robotics", "display_name": "Sensing in Soft Robotics", "relevance_score": 470.60547, "publication_year": 2023, "publication_date": "2023-08-02", "ids": {"openalex": "https://openalex.org/W4385476004", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.3c04089", "pmid": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37530475"}, "language": "en", "primary_location": {"id": "doi:10.1021/acsnano.3c04089", "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.3c04089", "pdf_url": null, "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S145476921", "display_name": "ACS Nano", "issn_l": "1936-0851", "issn": ["1936-0851", "1936-086X"], "is_oa": false, "is_in_doaj": false, "is_core": true, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/P4310320006", "host_organization_name": "American Chemical Society", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/P4310320006"], "host_organization_lineage_names": ["American Chemical Society"], "type": "journal"}, "license": "cc-by", "license_id": "https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by", "version": "publishedVersion", "is_accepted": true, "is_published": true, "raw_source_name": "ACS Nano", "raw_type": "journal-article"}, "type": "article", "indexed_in": ["crossref", "pubmed"], "open_access": {"is_oa": true, "oa_status": "hybrid", "oa_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.3c04089", "any_repository_has_fulltext": true}, "authorships": [{"author_position": "first", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5035068125", "display_name": "Chidanand Hegde", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2392-6060"}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I172675005", "display_name": "Nanyang Technological University", "ror": "https://ror.org/02e7b5302", "country_code": "SG", "type": "education", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/I4210086881", "display_name": "Singapore-HUJ Alliance for Research and Enterprise", "ror": "https://ror.org/002pnw495", "country_code": "SG", "type": "nonprofit", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I4210086881"]}], "countries": ["SG"], "is_corresponding": false, "raw_author_name": "Chidanand Hegde", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore", "Singapore-HUJ alliance for Research and Enterprise (SHARE), Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE) Singapore 138602, Singapore"], "raw_orcid": null, "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}, {"raw_affiliation_string": "Singapore-HUJ alliance for Research and Enterprise (SHARE), Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE) Singapore 138602, Singapore", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I4210086881"]}]}, {"author_position": "middle", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5102358355", "display_name": "Jiangtao Su", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0864-6791"}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I172675005", "display_name": "Nanyang Technological University", "ror": "https://ror.org/02e7b5302", "country_code": "SG", "type": "education", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/I4210086881", "display_name": "Singapore-HUJ Alliance for Research and Enterprise", "ror": "https://ror.org/002pnw495", "country_code": "SG", "type": "nonprofit", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I4210086881"]}], "countries": ["SG"], "is_corresponding": false, "raw_author_name": "Jiangtao Su", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore", "Singapore-HUJ alliance for Research and Enterprise (SHARE), Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE) Singapore 138602, Singapore"], "raw_orcid": null, "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}, {"raw_affiliation_string": "Singapore-HUJ alliance for Research and Enterprise (SHARE), Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE) Singapore 138602, Singapore", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I4210086881"]}]}, {"author_position": "middle", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5086647029", "display_name": "Joel Ming Rui Tan", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7418-5565"}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I172675005", "display_name": "Nanyang Technological University", "ror": "https://ror.org/02e7b5302", "country_code": "SG", "type": "education", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/I4210086881", "display_name": "Singapore-HUJ Alliance for Research and Enterprise", "ror": "https://ror.org/002pnw495", "country_code": "SG", "type": "nonprofit", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I4210086881"]}], "countries": ["SG"], "is_corresponding": false, "raw_author_name": "Joel Ming Rui Tan", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore", "Singapore-HUJ alliance for Research and Enterprise (SHARE), Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE) Singapore 138602, Singapore"], "raw_orcid": "https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7418-5565", "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}, {"raw_affiliation_string": "Singapore-HUJ alliance for Research and Enterprise (SHARE), Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE) Singapore 138602, Singapore", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I4210086881"]}]}, {"author_position": "middle", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5101887052", "display_name": "Ke He", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1937-1760"}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I172675005", "display_name": "Nanyang Technological University", "ror": "https://ror.org/02e7b5302", "country_code": "SG", "type": "education", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/I4210086881", "display_name": "Singapore-HUJ Alliance for Research and Enterprise", "ror": "https://ror.org/002pnw495", "country_code": "SG", "type": "nonprofit", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I4210086881"]}], "countries": ["SG"], "is_corresponding": false, "raw_author_name": "Ke He", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore", "Singapore-HUJ alliance for Research and Enterprise (SHARE), Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE) Singapore 138602, Singapore"], "raw_orcid": null, "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}, {"raw_affiliation_string": "Singapore-HUJ alliance for Research and Enterprise (SHARE), Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE) Singapore 138602, Singapore", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I4210086881"]}]}, {"author_position": "middle", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5100373719", "display_name": "Xiaodong Chen", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3312-1664"}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I172675005", "display_name": "Nanyang Technological University", "ror": "https://ror.org/02e7b5302", "country_code": "SG", "type": "education", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/I4210086881", "display_name": "Singapore-HUJ Alliance for Research and Enterprise", "ror": "https://ror.org/002pnw495", "country_code": "SG", "type": "nonprofit", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I4210086881"]}], "countries": ["SG"], "is_corresponding": true, "raw_author_name": "Xiaodong Chen", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore", "Singapore-HUJ alliance for Research and Enterprise (SHARE), Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE) Singapore 138602, Singapore"], "raw_orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3312-1664", "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}, {"raw_affiliation_string": "Singapore-HUJ alliance for Research and Enterprise (SHARE), Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE) Singapore 138602, Singapore", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I4210086881"]}]}, {"author_position": "last", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5001377522", "display_name": "Shlomo Magdassi", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6794-0553"}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I197251160", "display_name": "Hebrew University of Jerusalem", "ror": "https://ror.org/03qxff017", "country_code": "IL", "type": "education", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I197251160"]}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/I4210086881", "display_name": "Singapore-HUJ Alliance for Research and Enterprise", "ror": "https://ror.org/002pnw495", "country_code": "SG", "type": "nonprofit", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I4210086881"]}], "countries": ["IL", "SG"], "is_corresponding": true, "raw_author_name": "Shlomo Magdassi", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["Casali Center for Applied Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel", "Singapore-HUJ alliance for Research and Enterprise (SHARE), Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE) Singapore 138602, Singapore"], "raw_orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6794-0553", "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "Casali Center for Applied Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I197251160"]}, {"raw_affiliation_string": "Singapore-HUJ alliance for Research and Enterprise (SHARE), Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE) Singapore 138602, Singapore", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I4210086881"]}]}], "institutions": [], "countries_distinct_count": 2, "institutions_distinct_count": 3, "corresponding_author_ids": ["https://openalex.org/A5001377522", "https://openalex.org/A5100373719"], "corresponding_institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I172675005", "https://openalex.org/I197251160", "https://openalex.org/I4210086881"], "apc_list": null, "apc_paid": null, "fwci": 27.0948, "has_fulltext": true, "cited_by_count": 335, "citation_normalized_percentile": {"value": 0.9994959, "is_in_top_1_percent": true, "is_in_top_10_percent": true}, "cited_by_percentile_year": {"min": 99, "max": 100}, "biblio": {"volume": "17", "issue": "16", "first_page": "15277", "last_page": "15307"}, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "is_xpac": false, "primary_topic": {"id": "https://openalex.org/T10338", "display_name": "Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials", "score": 0.9998000264167786, "subfield": {"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/2204", "display_name": "Biomedical Engineering"}, "field": {"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/22", "display_name": "Engineering"}, "domain": {"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3", "display_name": "Physical Sciences"}}, "topics": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/T10338", "display_name": "Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials", "score": 0.9998000264167786, "subfield": {"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/2204", "display_name": "Biomedical Engineering"}, "field": {"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/22", "display_name": "Engineering"}, "domain": {"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3", "display_name": "Physical Sciences"}}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/T10868", "display_name": "Soft Robotics and Applications", "score": 0.9973999857902527, "subfield": {"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/2204", "display_name": "Biomedical Engineering"}, "field": {"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/22", "display_name": "Engineering"}, "domain": {"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3", "display_name": "Physical Sciences"}}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/T11472", "display_name": "Analytical Chemistry and Sensors", "score": 0.9914000034332275, "subfield": {"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/1502", "display_name": "Bioengineering"}, "field": {"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/15", "display_name": "Chemical Engineering"}, "domain": {"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3", "display_name": "Physical Sciences"}}], "keywords": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/robotics", "display_name": "Robotics", "score": 0.8178362846374512}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/soft-robotics", "display_name": "Soft robotics", "score": 0.7803996205329895}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/robot", "display_name": "Robot", "score": 0.7688965797424316}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence", "display_name": "Artificial intelligence", "score": 0.7337942123413086}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science", "display_name": "Computer science", "score": 0.5648086071014404}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/field", "display_name": "Field (mathematics)", "score": 0.5364803075790405}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction", "display_name": "Human\u2013computer interaction", "score": 0.5344772934913635}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/soft-materials", "display_name": "Soft materials", "score": 0.48297539353370667}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/nanotechnology", "display_name": "Nanotechnology", "score": 0.13597220182418823}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science", "display_name": "Materials science", "score": 0.06660845875740051}], "concepts": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/C34413123", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170978", "display_name": "Robotics", "level": 3, "score": 0.8178362846374512}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776058767", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q24327151", "display_name": "Soft robotics", "level": 3, "score": 0.7803996205329895}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C90509273", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012", "display_name": "Robot", "level": 2, "score": 0.7688965797424316}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C154945302", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660", "display_name": "Artificial intelligence", "level": 1, "score": 0.7337942123413086}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198", "display_name": "Computer science", "level": 0, "score": 0.5648086071014404}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C9652623", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109", "display_name": "Field (mathematics)", "level": 2, "score": 0.5364803075790405}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C107457646", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434", "display_name": "Human\u2013computer interaction", "level": 1, "score": 0.5344772934913635}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C2982836594", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q902144", "display_name": "Soft materials", "level": 2, "score": 0.48297539353370667}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C171250308", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468", "display_name": "Nanotechnology", "level": 1, "score": 0.13597220182418823}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C192562407", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736", "display_name": "Materials science", "level": 0, "score": 0.06660845875740051}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C33923547", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395", "display_name": "Mathematics", "level": 0, "score": 0.0}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C202444582", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863", "display_name": "Pure mathematics", "level": 1, "score": 0.0}], "mesh": [], "locations_count": 3, "locations": [{"id": "doi:10.1021/acsnano.3c04089", "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.3c04089", "pdf_url": null, "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S145476921", "display_name": "ACS Nano", "issn_l": "1936-0851", "issn": ["1936-0851", "1936-086X"], "is_oa": false, "is_in_doaj": false, "is_core": true, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/P4310320006", "host_organization_name": "American Chemical Society", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/P4310320006"], "host_organization_lineage_names": ["American Chemical Society"], "type": "journal"}, "license": "cc-by", "license_id": "https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by", "version": "publishedVersion", "is_accepted": true, "is_published": true, "raw_source_name": "ACS Nano", "raw_type": "journal-article"}, {"id": "pmid:37530475", "is_oa": false, "landing_page_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37530475", "pdf_url": null, "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036", "display_name": "PubMed", "issn_l": null, "issn": null, "is_oa": false, "is_in_doaj": false, "is_core": false, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/I1299303238", "host_organization_name": "National Institutes of Health", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"], "host_organization_lineage_names": [], "type": "repository"}, "license": null, "license_id": null, "version": "publishedVersion", "is_accepted": true, "is_published": true, "raw_source_name": "ACS nano", "raw_type": null}, {"id": "pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10448757", "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10448757", "pdf_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10448757/pdf/nn3c04089.pdf", "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S2764455111", "display_name": "PubMed Central", "issn_l": null, "issn": null, "is_oa": true, "is_in_doaj": false, "is_core": false, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/I1299303238", "host_organization_name": "National Institutes of Health", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"], "host_organization_lineage_names": [], "type": "repository"}, "license": "cc-by", "license_id": "https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by", "version": "submittedVersion", "is_accepted": false, "is_published": false, "raw_source_name": "ACS Nano", "raw_type": "Text"}], "best_oa_location": {"id": "doi:10.1021/acsnano.3c04089", "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.3c04089", "pdf_url": null, "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S145476921", "display_name": "ACS Nano", "issn_l": "1936-0851", "issn": ["1936-0851", "1936-086X"], "is_oa": false, "is_in_doaj": false, "is_core": true, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/P4310320006", "host_organization_name": "American Chemical Society", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/P4310320006"], "host_organization_lineage_names": ["American Chemical Society"], "type": "journal"}, "license": "cc-by", "license_id": "https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by", "version": "publishedVersion", "is_accepted": true, "is_published": true, "raw_source_name": "ACS Nano", "raw_type": "journal-article"}, "sustainable_development_goals": [{"id": "https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9", "score": 0.6299999952316284, "display_name": "Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}], "awards": [], "funders": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/F4320320671", "display_name": "National Research Foundation", "ror": "https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/F4320320709", "display_name": "National Research Foundation Singapore", "ror": "https://ror.org/03cpyc314"}], "has_content": {"grobid_xml": false, "pdf": false}, "content_urls": null, "referenced_works_count": 192, "referenced_works": ["https://openalex.org/W1515749184", "https://openalex.org/W1545301666", "https://openalex.org/W1552625989", "https://openalex.org/W1826399803", "https://openalex.org/W1998863328", "https://openalex.org/W2047124601", "https://openalex.org/W2057546441", "https://openalex.org/W2062227830", "https://openalex.org/W2071837176", "https://openalex.org/W2076131235", "https://openalex.org/W2090252028", "https://openalex.org/W2114682092", "https://openalex.org/W2122701995", "https://openalex.org/W2133644836", "https://openalex.org/W2141655728", "https://openalex.org/W2144113061", "https://openalex.org/W2146136286", "https://openalex.org/W2160587660", "https://openalex.org/W2161854898", "https://openalex.org/W2163566443", "https://openalex.org/W2167287337", "https://openalex.org/W2169410184", "https://openalex.org/W2216138881", "https://openalex.org/W2219286031", "https://openalex.org/W2220495251", "https://openalex.org/W2264955570", "https://openalex.org/W2281127276", "https://openalex.org/W2296718990", "https://openalex.org/W2315563763", "https://openalex.org/W2323956509", "https://openalex.org/W2346308105", "https://openalex.org/W2463052324", "https://openalex.org/W2468965001", "https://openalex.org/W2469432005", "https://openalex.org/W2488753705", "https://openalex.org/W2507460368", "https://openalex.org/W2511626655", "https://openalex.org/W2560704029", "https://openalex.org/W2584350454", "https://openalex.org/W2587341100", "https://openalex.org/W2587632990", "https://openalex.org/W2588052119", "https://openalex.org/W2589847876", "https://openalex.org/W2606611963", "https://openalex.org/W2610150749", "https://openalex.org/W2614107499", "https://openalex.org/W2618733545", "https://openalex.org/W2737156933", "https://openalex.org/W2738266212", "https://openalex.org/W2765935070", "https://openalex.org/W2783338612", "https://openalex.org/W2784648116", "https://openalex.org/W2785110060", "https://openalex.org/W2790084889", "https://openalex.org/W2790090269", "https://openalex.org/W2790751302", "https://openalex.org/W2791180667", "https://openalex.org/W2795210588", "https://openalex.org/W2803735436", "https://openalex.org/W2805371216", "https://openalex.org/W2805926569", "https://openalex.org/W2806506062", "https://openalex.org/W2807138734", "https://openalex.org/W2883279767", "https://openalex.org/W2889408963", "https://openalex.org/W2890684140", "https://openalex.org/W2892067018", "https://openalex.org/W2893554200", "https://openalex.org/W2893780659", "https://openalex.org/W2899207968", "https://openalex.org/W2901110287", "https://openalex.org/W2901920378", "https://openalex.org/W2902068390", "https://openalex.org/W2903854300", "https://openalex.org/W2909857791", "https://openalex.org/W2910176568", "https://openalex.org/W2910569940", "https://openalex.org/W2911132217", "https://openalex.org/W2911887105", "https://openalex.org/W2913446864", "https://openalex.org/W2915014656", "https://openalex.org/W2935192927", "https://openalex.org/W2943347435", "https://openalex.org/W2943828763", "https://openalex.org/W2944393950", "https://openalex.org/W2945957160", "https://openalex.org/W2946031578", "https://openalex.org/W2946073846", "https://openalex.org/W2947323496", "https://openalex.org/W2947409955", "https://openalex.org/W2947418453", "https://openalex.org/W2955061729", "https://openalex.org/W2955678149", "https://openalex.org/W2957613877", "https://openalex.org/W2967066431", "https://openalex.org/W2975562707", "https://openalex.org/W2979267887", "https://openalex.org/W2985633827", "https://openalex.org/W2990510362", "https://openalex.org/W2990673778", "https://openalex.org/W2993350993", "https://openalex.org/W2996185064", "https://openalex.org/W2999148010", "https://openalex.org/W3004813995", "https://openalex.org/W3006855440", "https://openalex.org/W3009055730", "https://openalex.org/W3010675348", "https://openalex.org/W3012773280", "https://openalex.org/W3014355215", "https://openalex.org/W3016907484", "https://openalex.org/W3018423233", "https://openalex.org/W3024757840", "https://openalex.org/W3025986385", "https://openalex.org/W3031418419", "https://openalex.org/W3031483795", "https://openalex.org/W3033650662", "https://openalex.org/W3088802095", "https://openalex.org/W3089403702", "https://openalex.org/W3092216269", "https://openalex.org/W3094212051", "https://openalex.org/W3099447764", "https://openalex.org/W3102764831", "https://openalex.org/W3102971418", "https://openalex.org/W3106385947", "https://openalex.org/W3112665924", "https://openalex.org/W3115599775", "https://openalex.org/W3121824134", "https://openalex.org/W3124307484", "https://openalex.org/W3135893899", "https://openalex.org/W3137005655", "https://openalex.org/W3139158567", "https://openalex.org/W3145216650", "https://openalex.org/W3161047998", "https://openalex.org/W3164403436", "https://openalex.org/W3177722432", "https://openalex.org/W3178313748", "https://openalex.org/W3191404863", "https://openalex.org/W3193898702", "https://openalex.org/W3199147371", "https://openalex.org/W3202348803", "https://openalex.org/W3203160804", "https://openalex.org/W3204719635", "https://openalex.org/W3206105843", "https://openalex.org/W3207787055", "https://openalex.org/W3208964187", "https://openalex.org/W3213189848", "https://openalex.org/W3214582440", "https://openalex.org/W3217380699", "https://openalex.org/W4200043976", "https://openalex.org/W4200085394", "https://openalex.org/W4200280016", "https://openalex.org/W4205418242", "https://openalex.org/W4205674440", "https://openalex.org/W4211124276", "https://openalex.org/W4211208493", "https://openalex.org/W4214644029", "https://openalex.org/W4220786088", "https://openalex.org/W4220822444", "https://openalex.org/W4226284093", "https://openalex.org/W4281832672", "https://openalex.org/W4281900509", "https://openalex.org/W4282912956", "https://openalex.org/W4283261272", "https://openalex.org/W4283701398", "https://openalex.org/W4284708922", "https://openalex.org/W4286239308", "https://openalex.org/W4291019722", "https://openalex.org/W4292774987", "https://openalex.org/W4293182219", "https://openalex.org/W4296741331", "https://openalex.org/W4308945982", "https://openalex.org/W4309012502", "https://openalex.org/W4309327250", "https://openalex.org/W4309492674", "https://openalex.org/W4311069543", "https://openalex.org/W4311628271", "https://openalex.org/W4312065141", "https://openalex.org/W4312594827", "https://openalex.org/W4319461915", "https://openalex.org/W4319602300", "https://openalex.org/W4319985213", "https://openalex.org/W4321617995", "https://openalex.org/W4323653529", "https://openalex.org/W4365146726", "https://openalex.org/W4365814887", "https://openalex.org/W4376868238", "https://openalex.org/W4377013998", "https://openalex.org/W4378191513", "https://openalex.org/W4378191855", "https://openalex.org/W4378192004", "https://openalex.org/W4381488338", "https://openalex.org/W4383108888"], "related_works": ["https://openalex.org/W4386058203", "https://openalex.org/W3175143761", "https://openalex.org/W3000010690", "https://openalex.org/W1575455118", "https://openalex.org/W2560099732", "https://openalex.org/W2944234327", "https://openalex.org/W1975952257", "https://openalex.org/W2616595808", "https://openalex.org/W1963553362", "https://openalex.org/W4379534435"], "abstract_inverted_index": {"Soft": [0, 19], "robotics": [1, 146, 182], "is": [2, 147], "an": [3, 102, 115], "exciting": [4], "field": [5], "of": [6, 44, 54, 59, 73, 118, 121, 129, 140, 158, 180], "science": [7], "and": [8, 30, 41, 57, 80, 107, 126, 134, 183], "technology": [9], "that": [10], "enables": [11], "robots": [12, 20, 46, 64], "to": [13, 104, 153, 176], "manipulate": [14], "objects": [15, 24], "with": [16, 25, 48, 68, 101], "human-like": [17], "dexterity.": [18], "can": [21], "handle": [22], "delicate": [23], "care,": [26], "access": [27], "remote": [28], "areas,": [29], "offer": [31], "realistic": [32], "feedback": [33, 93, 168], "on": [34], "their": [35, 74, 123], "handling": [36], "performance.": [37], "However,": [38], "increased": [39], "dexterity": [40], "mechanical": [42], "compliance": [43], "soft": [45, 63, 96, 111, 145, 171, 181], "come": [47], "the": [49, 55, 127, 151, 155, 163, 178, 187], "need": [50], "for": [51, 70, 83, 95, 170], "accurate": [52], "control": [53, 135], "position": [56], "shape": [58], "these": [60], "robots.": [61], "Therefore,": [62], "must": [65], "be": [66], "equipped": [67], "sensors": [69], "better": [71], "perception": [72], "surroundings,": [75], "location,": [76], "force,": [77], "temperature,": [78], "shape,": [79], "other": [81], "stimuli": [82], "effective": [84], "usage.": [85], "This": [86], "review": [87, 152, 174], "highlights": [88], "recent": [89], "progress": [90], "in": [91, 110, 144, 150, 166, 186], "sensing": [92, 167], "technologies": [94, 106, 169], "robotic": [97], "applications.": [98], "It": [99], "begins": [100], "introduction": [103], "actuation": [105], "material": [108], "selection": [109], "robotics,": [112], "followed": [113], "by": [114], "in-depth": [116], "exploration": [117], "various": [119], "types": [120], "sensors,": [122], "integration": [124], "methods,": [125], "benefits": [128], "multimodal": [130], "sensing,": [131], "signal": [132], "processing,": [133], "strategies.": [136], "A": [137], "short": [138], "description": [139], "current": [141], "market": [142], "leaders": [143], "also": [148], "included": [149], "illustrate": [154], "growing": [156], "demands": [157], "this": [159, 173], "technology.": [160], "By": [161], "examining": [162], "latest": [164], "advancements": [165], "robots,": [172], "aims": [175], "highlight": [177], "potential": [179], "inspire": [184], "innovation": [185], "field.": [188]}, "counts_by_year": [{"year": 2026, "cited_by_count": 84}, {"year": 2025, "cited_by_count": 146}, {"year": 2024, "cited_by_count": 97}, {"year": 2023, "cited_by_count": 8}], "updated_date": "2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105", "created_date": "2025-10-10T00:00:00"}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/W4200064246", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-021-00830-x", "title": "Current hydrogel advances in physicochemical and biological response-driven biomedical application diversity", "display_name": "Current hydrogel advances in physicochemical and biological response-driven biomedical application diversity", "relevance_score": 463.9094, "publication_year": 2021, "publication_date": "2021-12-16", "ids": {"openalex": "https://openalex.org/W4200064246", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-021-00830-x", "pmid": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34916490"}, "language": "en", "primary_location": {"id": "doi:10.1038/s41392-021-00830-x", "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-021-00830-x", "pdf_url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41392-021-00830-x.pdf", "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S2739142469", "display_name": "Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy", "issn_l": "2059-3635", "issn": ["2059-3635", "2095-9907"], "is_oa": true, "is_in_doaj": true, "is_core": true, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/P4310319965", "host_organization_name": "Springer Nature", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"], "host_organization_lineage_names": ["Springer Nature"], "type": "journal"}, "license": "cc-by", "license_id": "https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by", "version": "publishedVersion", "is_accepted": true, "is_published": true, "raw_source_name": "Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy", "raw_type": "journal-article"}, "type": "article", "indexed_in": ["crossref", "doaj", "pubmed"], "open_access": {"is_oa": true, "oa_status": "gold", "oa_url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41392-021-00830-x.pdf", "any_repository_has_fulltext": true}, "authorships": [{"author_position": "first", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5079132263", "display_name": "Hu\u1ea5n Cao", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9540-4734"}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I116953780", "display_name": "Tongji University", "ror": "https://ror.org/03rc6as71", "country_code": "CN", "type": "education", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/I172675005", "display_name": "Nanyang Technological University", "ror": "https://ror.org/02e7b5302", "country_code": "SG", "type": "education", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/I24185976", "display_name": "Sichuan University", "ror": "https://ror.org/011ashp19", "country_code": "CN", "type": "education", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/I4210132741", "display_name": "Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital", "ror": "https://ror.org/03vjkf643", "country_code": "CN", "type": "healthcare", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I4210132741"]}], "countries": ["CN", "SG"], "is_corresponding": false, "raw_author_name": "Huan Cao", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["Department of Medical Ultrasound and Central Laboratory, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No. 301 Yan-chang-zhong Road, 200072, Shanghai, People's Republic of China", "Department of Nuclear Medicine, West China Hospital, and National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, 610064, Chengdu, P. R. China", "School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore"], "raw_orcid": null, "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "Department of Medical Ultrasound and Central Laboratory, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No. 301 Yan-chang-zhong Road, 200072, Shanghai, People's Republic of China", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I116953780", "https://openalex.org/I4210132741"]}, {"raw_affiliation_string": "Department of Nuclear Medicine, West China Hospital, and National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, 610064, Chengdu, P. R. China", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]}, {"raw_affiliation_string": "School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]}, {"author_position": "middle", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5055192122", "display_name": "Lixia Duan", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1239-5313"}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I116953780", "display_name": "Tongji University", "ror": "https://ror.org/03rc6as71", "country_code": "CN", "type": "education", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/I4210132741", "display_name": "Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital", "ror": "https://ror.org/03vjkf643", "country_code": "CN", "type": "healthcare", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I4210132741"]}], "countries": ["CN"], "is_corresponding": false, "raw_author_name": "Lixia Duan", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["Department of Medical Ultrasound and Central Laboratory, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No. 301 Yan-chang-zhong Road, 200072, Shanghai, People's Republic of China"], "raw_orcid": null, "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "Department of Medical Ultrasound and Central Laboratory, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No. 301 Yan-chang-zhong Road, 200072, Shanghai, People's Republic of China", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I116953780", "https://openalex.org/I4210132741"]}]}, {"author_position": "middle", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5100456395", "display_name": "Yan Zhang", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2281-7807"}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I116953780", "display_name": "Tongji University", "ror": "https://ror.org/03rc6as71", "country_code": "CN", "type": "education", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/I4210132741", "display_name": "Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital", "ror": "https://ror.org/03vjkf643", "country_code": "CN", "type": "healthcare", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I4210132741"]}], "countries": ["CN"], "is_corresponding": false, "raw_author_name": "Yan Zhang", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["Department of Medical Ultrasound and Central Laboratory, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No. 301 Yan-chang-zhong Road, 200072, Shanghai, People's Republic of China"], "raw_orcid": null, "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "Department of Medical Ultrasound and Central Laboratory, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No. 301 Yan-chang-zhong Road, 200072, Shanghai, People's Republic of China", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I116953780", "https://openalex.org/I4210132741"]}]}, {"author_position": "middle", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5074519834", "display_name": "Jun Cao", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5591-2299"}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I24185976", "display_name": "Sichuan University", "ror": "https://ror.org/011ashp19", "country_code": "CN", "type": "education", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]}], "countries": ["CN"], "is_corresponding": false, "raw_author_name": "Jun Cao", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["Department of Nuclear Medicine, West China Hospital, and National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, 610064, Chengdu, P. R. China. caojun@scu.edu.cn", "Department of Nuclear Medicine, West China Hospital, and National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, 610064, Chengdu, P. R. China"], "raw_orcid": null, "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "Department of Nuclear Medicine, West China Hospital, and National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, 610064, Chengdu, P. R. China. caojun@scu.edu.cn", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]}, {"raw_affiliation_string": "Department of Nuclear Medicine, West China Hospital, and National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, 610064, Chengdu, P. R. China", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]}]}, {"author_position": "last", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5100342355", "display_name": "Kun Zhang", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6971-1164"}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I116953780", "display_name": "Tongji University", "ror": "https://ror.org/03rc6as71", "country_code": "CN", "type": "education", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/I4210132741", "display_name": "Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital", "ror": "https://ror.org/03vjkf643", "country_code": "CN", "type": "healthcare", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I4210132741"]}], "countries": ["CN"], "is_corresponding": false, "raw_author_name": "Kun Zhang", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["Department of Medical Ultrasound and Central Laboratory, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No. 301 Yan-chang-zhong Road, 200072, Shanghai, People's Republic of China. zhang1986kun@126.com", "Department of Medical Ultrasound and Central Laboratory, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No. 301 Yan-chang-zhong Road, 200072, Shanghai, People's Republic of China"], "raw_orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6971-1164", "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "Department of Medical Ultrasound and Central Laboratory, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No. 301 Yan-chang-zhong Road, 200072, Shanghai, People's Republic of China. zhang1986kun@126.com", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I4210132741"]}, {"raw_affiliation_string": "Department of Medical Ultrasound and Central Laboratory, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No. 301 Yan-chang-zhong Road, 200072, Shanghai, People's Republic of China", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I116953780", "https://openalex.org/I4210132741"]}]}], "institutions": [], "countries_distinct_count": 2, "institutions_distinct_count": 4, "corresponding_author_ids": [], "corresponding_institution_ids": [], "apc_list": {"value": 3190, "currency": "USD", "value_usd": 3190}, "apc_paid": {"value": 3190, "currency": "USD", "value_usd": 3190}, "fwci": 38.9832, "has_fulltext": true, "cited_by_count": 1198, "citation_normalized_percentile": {"value": 0.99979642, "is_in_top_1_percent": true, "is_in_top_10_percent": true}, "cited_by_percentile_year": {"min": 99, "max": 100}, "biblio": {"volume": "6", "issue": "1", "first_page": "426", "last_page": "426"}, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "is_xpac": false, "primary_topic": {"id": "https://openalex.org/T11190", "display_name": "3D Printing in Biomedical Research", "score": 0.9997000098228455, "subfield": {"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/2204", "display_name": "Biomedical Engineering"}, "field": {"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/22", "display_name": "Engineering"}, "domain": {"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3", "display_name": "Physical Sciences"}}, "topics": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/T11190", "display_name": "3D Printing in Biomedical Research", "score": 0.9997000098228455, "subfield": {"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/2204", "display_name": "Biomedical Engineering"}, "field": {"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/22", "display_name": "Engineering"}, "domain": {"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3", "display_name": "Physical Sciences"}}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/T10343", "display_name": "Hydrogels: synthesis, properties, applications", "score": 0.9991999864578247, "subfield": {"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/1313", "display_name": "Molecular Medicine"}, "field": {"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/13", "display_name": "Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"}, "domain": {"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/1", "display_name": "Life Sciences"}}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/T10729", "display_name": "Electrospun Nanofibers in Biomedical Applications", "score": 0.9973000288009644, "subfield": {"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/2502", "display_name": "Biomaterials"}, "field": {"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/25", "display_name": "Materials Science"}, "domain": {"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3", "display_name": "Physical Sciences"}}], "keywords": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/current", "display_name": "Current (fluid)", "score": 0.44139859080314636}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/nanotechnology", "display_name": "Nanotechnology", "score": 0.3770676851272583}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/chemistry", "display_name": "Chemistry", "score": 0.32672905921936035}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science", "display_name": "Materials science", "score": 0.25615453720092773}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering", "display_name": "Engineering", "score": 0.12498480081558228}], "concepts": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/C148043351", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4456944", "display_name": "Current (fluid)", "level": 2, "score": 0.44139859080314636}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C171250308", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468", "display_name": "Nanotechnology", "level": 1, "score": 0.3770676851272583}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329", "display_name": "Chemistry", "level": 0, "score": 0.32672905921936035}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C192562407", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736", "display_name": "Materials science", "level": 0, "score": 0.25615453720092773}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023", "display_name": "Engineering", "level": 0, "score": 0.12498480081558228}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C119599485", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035", "display_name": "Electrical engineering", "level": 1, "score": 0.0}], "mesh": [{"descriptor_ui": "D004337", "descriptor_name": "Drug Carriers", "qualifier_ui": "Q000627", "qualifier_name": "therapeutic use", "is_major_topic": false}, {"descriptor_ui": "D004337", "descriptor_name": "Drug Carriers", "qualifier_ui": "Q000627", "qualifier_name": "therapeutic use", "is_major_topic": false}, {"descriptor_ui": "D004337", "descriptor_name": "Drug Carriers", "qualifier_ui": "Q000627", "qualifier_name": "therapeutic use", "is_major_topic": false}, {"descriptor_ui": "D004337", "descriptor_name": "Drug Carriers", "qualifier_ui": "Q000627", "qualifier_name": "therapeutic use", "is_major_topic": false}, {"descriptor_ui": "D004337", "descriptor_name": "Drug Carriers", "qualifier_ui": "Q000737", "qualifier_name": "chemistry", "is_major_topic": false}, {"descriptor_ui": "D004337", "descriptor_name": "Drug Carriers", "qualifier_ui": "Q000737", "qualifier_name": "chemistry", "is_major_topic": false}, {"descriptor_ui": "D004337", "descriptor_name": "Drug Carriers", "qualifier_ui": "Q000737", "qualifier_name": "chemistry", "is_major_topic": false}, {"descriptor_ui": "D004337", "descriptor_name": "Drug Carriers", "qualifier_ui": "Q000737", "qualifier_name": "chemistry", "is_major_topic": false}, {"descriptor_ui": "D006801", "descriptor_name": "Humans", "qualifier_ui": null, "qualifier_name": null, "is_major_topic": false}, {"descriptor_ui": "D006801", "descriptor_name": "Humans", "qualifier_ui": null, "qualifier_name": null, "is_major_topic": false}, {"descriptor_ui": "D006801", "descriptor_name": "Humans", "qualifier_ui": null, "qualifier_name": null, "is_major_topic": false}, {"descriptor_ui": "D006801", "descriptor_name": "Humans", "qualifier_ui": null, "qualifier_name": null, "is_major_topic": false}, {"descriptor_ui": "D020100", "descriptor_name": "Hydrogels", "qualifier_ui": "Q000627", "qualifier_name": "therapeutic use", "is_major_topic": false}, {"descriptor_ui": "D020100", "descriptor_name": "Hydrogels", "qualifier_ui": "Q000627", "qualifier_name": "therapeutic use", "is_major_topic": false}, {"descriptor_ui": "D020100", "descriptor_name": "Hydrogels", "qualifier_ui": "Q000627", "qualifier_name": "therapeutic use", "is_major_topic": false}, {"descriptor_ui": "D020100", "descriptor_name": "Hydrogels", "qualifier_ui": "Q000627", "qualifier_name": "therapeutic use", "is_major_topic": false}, {"descriptor_ui": "D020100", "descriptor_name": "Hydrogels", "qualifier_ui": "Q000737", "qualifier_name": "chemistry", "is_major_topic": false}, {"descriptor_ui": "D020100", "descriptor_name": "Hydrogels", "qualifier_ui": "Q000737", "qualifier_name": "chemistry", "is_major_topic": false}, {"descriptor_ui": "D020100", "descriptor_name": "Hydrogels", "qualifier_ui": "Q000737", "qualifier_name": "chemistry", "is_major_topic": false}, {"descriptor_ui": "D020100", "descriptor_name": "Hydrogels", "qualifier_ui": "Q000737", "qualifier_name": "chemistry", "is_major_topic": false}], "locations_count": 4, "locations": [{"id": "doi:10.1038/s41392-021-00830-x", "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-021-00830-x", "pdf_url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41392-021-00830-x.pdf", "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S2739142469", "display_name": "Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy", "issn_l": "2059-3635", "issn": ["2059-3635", "2095-9907"], "is_oa": true, "is_in_doaj": true, "is_core": true, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/P4310319965", "host_organization_name": "Springer Nature", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"], "host_organization_lineage_names": ["Springer Nature"], "type": "journal"}, "license": "cc-by", "license_id": "https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by", "version": "publishedVersion", "is_accepted": true, "is_published": true, "raw_source_name": "Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy", "raw_type": "journal-article"}, {"id": "pmid:34916490", "is_oa": false, "landing_page_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34916490", "pdf_url": null, "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036", "display_name": "PubMed", "issn_l": null, "issn": null, "is_oa": false, "is_in_doaj": false, "is_core": false, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/I1299303238", "host_organization_name": "National Institutes of Health", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"], "host_organization_lineage_names": [], "type": "repository"}, "license": null, "license_id": null, "version": "publishedVersion", "is_accepted": true, "is_published": true, "raw_source_name": "Signal transduction and targeted therapy", "raw_type": null}, {"id": "pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:5f84f8fdf0934f1ba0aa4b913a628469", "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "https://doaj.org/article/5f84f8fdf0934f1ba0aa4b913a628469", "pdf_url": null, "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306401280", "display_name": "DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)", "issn_l": null, "issn": null, "is_oa": false, "is_in_doaj": false, "is_core": false, "host_organization": null, "host_organization_name": null, "host_organization_lineage": [], "host_organization_lineage_names": [], "type": "repository"}, "license": "cc-by-sa", "license_id": "https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa", "version": "submittedVersion", "is_accepted": false, "is_published": false, "raw_source_name": "Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, Vol 6, Iss 1, Pp 1-31 (2021)", "raw_type": "article"}, {"id": "pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8674418", "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8674418", "pdf_url": null, "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S2764455111", "display_name": "PubMed Central", "issn_l": null, "issn": null, "is_oa": true, "is_in_doaj": false, "is_core": false, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/I1299303238", "host_organization_name": "National Institutes of Health", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"], "host_organization_lineage_names": [], "type": "repository"}, "license": "cc-by", "license_id": "https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by", "version": "submittedVersion", "is_accepted": false, "is_published": false, "raw_source_name": "Signal Transduct Target Ther", "raw_type": "Text"}], "best_oa_location": {"id": "doi:10.1038/s41392-021-00830-x", "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-021-00830-x", "pdf_url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41392-021-00830-x.pdf", "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S2739142469", "display_name": "Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy", "issn_l": "2059-3635", "issn": ["2059-3635", "2095-9907"], "is_oa": true, "is_in_doaj": true, "is_core": true, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/P4310319965", "host_organization_name": "Springer Nature", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"], "host_organization_lineage_names": ["Springer Nature"], "type": "journal"}, "license": "cc-by", "license_id": "https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by", "version": "publishedVersion", "is_accepted": true, "is_published": true, "raw_source_name": "Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy", "raw_type": "journal-article"}, "sustainable_development_goals": [{"id": "https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17", "score": 0.4099999964237213, "display_name": "Partnerships for the goals"}], "awards": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/G1094207160", "display_name": null, "funder_award_id": "19QA1406800", "funder_id": "https://openalex.org/F4320327803", "funder_display_name": "Shanghai Rising-Star Program"}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/G1347097983", "display_name": null, "funder_award_id": "2019040", "funder_id": "https://openalex.org/F4320321001", "funder_display_name": "National Natural Science Foundation of China"}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/G3934673225", "display_name": null, "funder_award_id": "2018YQ31", "funder_id": "https://openalex.org/F4320324283", "funder_display_name": "Shanghai Municipal Health Bureau"}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/G4847757183", "display_name": null, "funder_award_id": "2018YQ31", "funder_id": "https://openalex.org/F4320317789", "funder_display_name": "Shanghai Municipal Health Commission"}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/G6994614875", "display_name": null, "funder_award_id": "2019040", "funder_id": "https://openalex.org/F4320335777", "funder_display_name": "National Key Research and Development Program of China"}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/G7269679208", "display_name": null, "funder_award_id": "19QA1406800", "funder_id": "https://openalex.org/F4320335777", "funder_display_name": "National Key Research and Development Program of China"}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/G7448985263", "display_name": null, "funder_award_id": "82022033", "funder_id": "https://openalex.org/F4320321001", "funder_display_name": "National Natural Science Foundation of China"}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/G7499859248", "display_name": null, "funder_award_id": "81771836", "funder_id": "https://openalex.org/F4320321001", "funder_display_name": "National Natural Science Foundation of China"}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/G8021238119", "display_name": null, "funder_award_id": "2018YFC1106103", "funder_id": "https://openalex.org/F4320335777", "funder_display_name": "National Key Research and Development Program of China"}], "funders": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/F4320317789", "display_name": "Shanghai Municipal Health Commission", "ror": null}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/F4320321001", "display_name": "National Natural Science Foundation of China", "ror": "https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/F4320324283", "display_name": "Shanghai Municipal Health Bureau", "ror": "https://ror.org/03at7w331"}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/F4320327803", "display_name": "Shanghai Rising-Star Program", "ror": null}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/F4320335777", "display_name": "National Key Research and Development Program of China", "ror": null}], "has_content": {"grobid_xml": true, "pdf": true}, "content_urls": {"pdf": "https://content.openalex.org/works/W4200064246.pdf", "grobid_xml": "https://content.openalex.org/works/W4200064246.grobid-xml"}, "referenced_works_count": 420, "referenced_works": ["https://openalex.org/W221386278", "https://openalex.org/W641954586", "https://openalex.org/W1124643713", "https://openalex.org/W1162470753", "https://openalex.org/W1426710699", "https://openalex.org/W1539945441", "https://openalex.org/W1566703732", "https://openalex.org/W1818943734", "https://openalex.org/W1887589455", "https://openalex.org/W1916854011", "https://openalex.org/W1939469511", "https://openalex.org/W1952100030", "https://openalex.org/W1964681850", "https://openalex.org/W1966691544", "https://openalex.org/W1968269253", "https://openalex.org/W1969015369", "https://openalex.org/W1969568402", "https://openalex.org/W1969599616", "https://openalex.org/W1971500643", "https://openalex.org/W1972081065", "https://openalex.org/W1972158838", "https://openalex.org/W1973997155", "https://openalex.org/W1974600311", "https://openalex.org/W1974730295", "https://openalex.org/W1975019120", "https://openalex.org/W1975401165", "https://openalex.org/W1976842528", "https://openalex.org/W1977942890", "https://openalex.org/W1980324695", "https://openalex.org/W1981266770", "https://openalex.org/W1981677139", "https://openalex.org/W1982447134", "https://openalex.org/W1989695840", "https://openalex.org/W1991808150", "https://openalex.org/W1993966058", "https://openalex.org/W1994423139", "https://openalex.org/W1994952188", "https://openalex.org/W1995030669", "https://openalex.org/W1999133016", "https://openalex.org/W2000880710", "https://openalex.org/W2003216601", "https://openalex.org/W2005235577", "https://openalex.org/W2005334224", "https://openalex.org/W2006595175", "https://openalex.org/W2010623552", "https://openalex.org/W2011126577", "https://openalex.org/W2012119502", "https://openalex.org/W2012938917", "https://openalex.org/W2015067611", "https://openalex.org/W2015503499", "https://openalex.org/W2016126437", "https://openalex.org/W2016375794", "https://openalex.org/W2018306178", "https://openalex.org/W2023859559", "https://openalex.org/W2029061676", "https://openalex.org/W2029326558", "https://openalex.org/W2029378715", "https://openalex.org/W2029855144", "https://openalex.org/W2030094330", "https://openalex.org/W2030233835", "https://openalex.org/W2030557341", "https://openalex.org/W2033627257", "https://openalex.org/W2034942332", "https://openalex.org/W2036145275", "https://openalex.org/W2037606355", "https://openalex.org/W2040670359", "https://openalex.org/W2041651184", "https://openalex.org/W2042057474", "https://openalex.org/W2042992678", "https://openalex.org/W2044512869", "https://openalex.org/W2048014435", "https://openalex.org/W2053040340", "https://openalex.org/W2053809735", "https://openalex.org/W2056351479", "https://openalex.org/W2056450190", "https://openalex.org/W2057538329", "https://openalex.org/W2057917964", "https://openalex.org/W2060627231", "https://openalex.org/W2062116473", "https://openalex.org/W2062218754", "https://openalex.org/W2062400133", "https://openalex.org/W2062573090", "https://openalex.org/W2063988435", "https://openalex.org/W2064237606", "https://openalex.org/W2065221593", "https://openalex.org/W2065389930", "https://openalex.org/W2067813258", "https://openalex.org/W2068427400", "https://openalex.org/W2069450151", "https://openalex.org/W2069977719", "https://openalex.org/W2071612886", "https://openalex.org/W2074630757", "https://openalex.org/W2074996103", "https://openalex.org/W2077428167", "https://openalex.org/W2078332350", "https://openalex.org/W2079576328", "https://openalex.org/W2080020959", "https://openalex.org/W2081022154", "https://openalex.org/W2081741743", "https://openalex.org/W2081803565", "https://openalex.org/W2082325781", "https://openalex.org/W2082659819", "https://openalex.org/W2085309528", "https://openalex.org/W2085515189", "https://openalex.org/W2085857412", "https://openalex.org/W2086612840", "https://openalex.org/W2088868630", "https://openalex.org/W2089485530", "https://openalex.org/W2089916581", "https://openalex.org/W2089990682", "https://openalex.org/W2090827542", "https://openalex.org/W2092421389", "https://openalex.org/W2092497369", "https://openalex.org/W2092577537", "https://openalex.org/W2093660394", "https://openalex.org/W2098918253", "https://openalex.org/W2101380987", "https://openalex.org/W2107642756", "https://openalex.org/W2110144974", "https://openalex.org/W2110947634", "https://openalex.org/W2112401372", "https://openalex.org/W2112841392", "https://openalex.org/W2113024234", "https://openalex.org/W2116351792", "https://openalex.org/W2125397014", "https://openalex.org/W2127053176", "https://openalex.org/W2127145280", "https://openalex.org/W2129949046", "https://openalex.org/W2130838656", "https://openalex.org/W2131489888", "https://openalex.org/W2131817737", "https://openalex.org/W2132035766", "https://openalex.org/W2132936019", "https://openalex.org/W2133028832", "https://openalex.org/W2134208433", "https://openalex.org/W2139615023", "https://openalex.org/W2140125749", "https://openalex.org/W2140542478", "https://openalex.org/W2141738357", "https://openalex.org/W2142042013", "https://openalex.org/W2143468862", "https://openalex.org/W2146337514", "https://openalex.org/W2146755613", "https://openalex.org/W2147924290", "https://openalex.org/W2148328620", "https://openalex.org/W2152054207", "https://openalex.org/W2152773911", "https://openalex.org/W2154025980", "https://openalex.org/W2154536586", "https://openalex.org/W2154604772", "https://openalex.org/W2156472431", "https://openalex.org/W2165291363", "https://openalex.org/W2167243609", "https://openalex.org/W2168072233", "https://openalex.org/W2168243900", "https://openalex.org/W2168545077", "https://openalex.org/W2169992315", "https://openalex.org/W2171283890", "https://openalex.org/W2183054839", "https://openalex.org/W2190176700", "https://openalex.org/W2191633664", "https://openalex.org/W2217037651", "https://openalex.org/W2221267861", "https://openalex.org/W2225592990", "https://openalex.org/W2230606086", "https://openalex.org/W2239208312", "https://openalex.org/W2260141621", "https://openalex.org/W2261310019", "https://openalex.org/W2267604970", "https://openalex.org/W2270498673", "https://openalex.org/W2280422486", "https://openalex.org/W2290648886", "https://openalex.org/W2294005449", "https://openalex.org/W2295187802", "https://openalex.org/W2296196708", "https://openalex.org/W2298349456", "https://openalex.org/W2305154056", "https://openalex.org/W2316426285", "https://openalex.org/W2320593878", "https://openalex.org/W2322375144", "https://openalex.org/W2322521081", "https://openalex.org/W2323309508", "https://openalex.org/W2324855605", "https://openalex.org/W2327958006", "https://openalex.org/W2335692117", "https://openalex.org/W2336782981", "https://openalex.org/W2336978545", "https://openalex.org/W2344920256", "https://openalex.org/W2346458254", "https://openalex.org/W2348656062", "https://openalex.org/W2401482619", "https://openalex.org/W2411612648", "https://openalex.org/W2416263050", "https://openalex.org/W2417135829", "https://openalex.org/W2418721353", "https://openalex.org/W2420403948", "https://openalex.org/W2510973356", "https://openalex.org/W2513094786", "https://openalex.org/W2514731382", "https://openalex.org/W2526266802", "https://openalex.org/W2530373995", "https://openalex.org/W2539107597", "https://openalex.org/W2539909336", "https://openalex.org/W2547645779", "https://openalex.org/W2549070824", "https://openalex.org/W2554650020", "https://openalex.org/W2557034876", "https://openalex.org/W2560174230", "https://openalex.org/W2577286195", "https://openalex.org/W2577758672", "https://openalex.org/W2584071924", "https://openalex.org/W2587326174", "https://openalex.org/W2591999454", "https://openalex.org/W2593739141", "https://openalex.org/W2594719311", "https://openalex.org/W2596730625", "https://openalex.org/W2608308037", "https://openalex.org/W2611285098", "https://openalex.org/W2613243236", "https://openalex.org/W2614669617", "https://openalex.org/W2734617308", "https://openalex.org/W2739391947", "https://openalex.org/W2739541068", "https://openalex.org/W2748662798", "https://openalex.org/W2750997001", "https://openalex.org/W2751340119", "https://openalex.org/W2752873907", "https://openalex.org/W2753857336", "https://openalex.org/W2755539654", "https://openalex.org/W2757408745", "https://openalex.org/W2762429861", "https://openalex.org/W2763095717", "https://openalex.org/W2765609903", "https://openalex.org/W2765939774", "https://openalex.org/W2766048879", "https://openalex.org/W2766728579", "https://openalex.org/W2767618823", "https://openalex.org/W2768256145", "https://openalex.org/W2770796566", "https://openalex.org/W2771305057", "https://openalex.org/W2771661752", "https://openalex.org/W2773408954", "https://openalex.org/W2775116549", "https://openalex.org/W2781977682", "https://openalex.org/W2782749788", "https://openalex.org/W2783878221", "https://openalex.org/W2784632870", "https://openalex.org/W2791017844", "https://openalex.org/W2791229556", "https://openalex.org/W2792360188", "https://openalex.org/W2793029785", "https://openalex.org/W2793759682", "https://openalex.org/W2794388557", "https://openalex.org/W2797929885", "https://openalex.org/W2802082717", "https://openalex.org/W2803409738", "https://openalex.org/W2805052976", "https://openalex.org/W2806562939", "https://openalex.org/W2808870773", "https://openalex.org/W2811025402", "https://openalex.org/W2811290140", "https://openalex.org/W2820932019", "https://openalex.org/W2887809182", "https://openalex.org/W2888209447", "https://openalex.org/W2891647598", "https://openalex.org/W2892020474", "https://openalex.org/W2895293517", "https://openalex.org/W2895321850", "https://openalex.org/W2895422828", "https://openalex.org/W2898585678", "https://openalex.org/W2901618471", "https://openalex.org/W2901798218", "https://openalex.org/W2902101577", "https://openalex.org/W2902414453", "https://openalex.org/W2903854289", "https://openalex.org/W2904501357", "https://openalex.org/W2905702550", "https://openalex.org/W2909394322", "https://openalex.org/W2911420162", "https://openalex.org/W2912446700", "https://openalex.org/W2914311347", "https://openalex.org/W2914394385", "https://openalex.org/W2914936371", "https://openalex.org/W2916717555", "https://openalex.org/W2918853872", "https://openalex.org/W2927585292", "https://openalex.org/W2929722587", "https://openalex.org/W2930360562", "https://openalex.org/W2932542918", "https://openalex.org/W2938801784", "https://openalex.org/W2942172826", "https://openalex.org/W2944112528", "https://openalex.org/W2945009035", "https://openalex.org/W2947948620", "https://openalex.org/W2951686210", "https://openalex.org/W2953678388", "https://openalex.org/W2954064367", "https://openalex.org/W2958369963", "https://openalex.org/W2963075010", "https://openalex.org/W2964719257", "https://openalex.org/W2966883708", "https://openalex.org/W2970083543", "https://openalex.org/W2970985089", "https://openalex.org/W2972231987", "https://openalex.org/W2972287266", "https://openalex.org/W2972319909", "https://openalex.org/W2973099177", "https://openalex.org/W2973590593", "https://openalex.org/W2974381971", "https://openalex.org/W2975902664", "https://openalex.org/W2977099277", "https://openalex.org/W2980250176", "https://openalex.org/W2980271827", "https://openalex.org/W2981197192", "https://openalex.org/W2981619990", "https://openalex.org/W2982568361", "https://openalex.org/W2982585803", "https://openalex.org/W2982654239", "https://openalex.org/W2983143476", "https://openalex.org/W2983460953", "https://openalex.org/W2990565271", "https://openalex.org/W2991434999", "https://openalex.org/W2995068087", "https://openalex.org/W2998126919", "https://openalex.org/W2998439440", "https://openalex.org/W2998795668", "https://openalex.org/W2999061546", "https://openalex.org/W2999827205", "https://openalex.org/W3000509016", "https://openalex.org/W3000548087", "https://openalex.org/W3005576772", "https://openalex.org/W3007025289", "https://openalex.org/W3010409416", "https://openalex.org/W3010423729", "https://openalex.org/W3010749666", "https://openalex.org/W3011767547", "https://openalex.org/W3011813593", "https://openalex.org/W3013059604", "https://openalex.org/W3014145034", "https://openalex.org/W3014664585", "https://openalex.org/W3014666004", "https://openalex.org/W3015824084", "https://openalex.org/W3021466718", "https://openalex.org/W3022929117", "https://openalex.org/W3024071290", "https://openalex.org/W3024970588", "https://openalex.org/W3025095915", "https://openalex.org/W3025949689", "https://openalex.org/W3028921940", "https://openalex.org/W3031857732", "https://openalex.org/W3033458160", "https://openalex.org/W3033755050", "https://openalex.org/W3034137502", "https://openalex.org/W3036212095", "https://openalex.org/W3036319245", "https://openalex.org/W3038560696", "https://openalex.org/W3042331411", "https://openalex.org/W3045925491", "https://openalex.org/W3046310934", "https://openalex.org/W3047744552", "https://openalex.org/W3048369596", "https://openalex.org/W3048800198", "https://openalex.org/W3049124952", "https://openalex.org/W3076678262", "https://openalex.org/W3080122460", "https://openalex.org/W3080362910", "https://openalex.org/W3081601252", "https://openalex.org/W3083699809", "https://openalex.org/W3084144173", "https://openalex.org/W3084155200", "https://openalex.org/W3084416777", "https://openalex.org/W3084429358", "https://openalex.org/W3086220523", "https://openalex.org/W3089189923", "https://openalex.org/W3089400224", "https://openalex.org/W3090570519", "https://openalex.org/W3090971852", "https://openalex.org/W3092735877", "https://openalex.org/W3093122780", "https://openalex.org/W3093204259", "https://openalex.org/W3093839679", "https://openalex.org/W3094054958", "https://openalex.org/W3094767163", "https://openalex.org/W3098521947", "https://openalex.org/W3101960347", "https://openalex.org/W3104716618", "https://openalex.org/W3109584735", "https://openalex.org/W3110597157", "https://openalex.org/W3120059743", "https://openalex.org/W3121514015", "https://openalex.org/W3121568033", "https://openalex.org/W3121977863", "https://openalex.org/W3122296567", "https://openalex.org/W3123287105", "https://openalex.org/W3124872632", "https://openalex.org/W3125105289", "https://openalex.org/W3126743042", "https://openalex.org/W3127021983", "https://openalex.org/W3128418566", "https://openalex.org/W3129596738", "https://openalex.org/W3131787143", "https://openalex.org/W3133794548", "https://openalex.org/W3133890957", "https://openalex.org/W3134968358", "https://openalex.org/W3136125550", "https://openalex.org/W3136248097", "https://openalex.org/W3136294944", "https://openalex.org/W3138900617", "https://openalex.org/W3143419205", "https://openalex.org/W3144547627", "https://openalex.org/W3155469955", "https://openalex.org/W3157425701", "https://openalex.org/W3160000883", "https://openalex.org/W3160444072", "https://openalex.org/W3163524768", "https://openalex.org/W3165334654", "https://openalex.org/W3168331743", "https://openalex.org/W3171547459", "https://openalex.org/W4211157329", "https://openalex.org/W4244485403"], "related_works": ["https://openalex.org/W4387497383", "https://openalex.org/W2948807893", "https://openalex.org/W2899084033", "https://openalex.org/W2778153218", "https://openalex.org/W2748952813", "https://openalex.org/W1531601525", "https://openalex.org/W4391375266", "https://openalex.org/W2078814861", "https://openalex.org/W2527526854", "https://openalex.org/W1976181487"], "abstract_inverted_index": {"Hydrogel": [0], "is": [1], "a": [2, 51, 273], "type": [3], "of": [4, 53, 78, 90, 109, 215, 249, 276], "versatile": [5], "platform": [6], "with": [7, 220], "various": [8, 182], "biomedical": [9, 251, 277], "applications": [10, 176], "after": [11], "rational": [12], "structure": [13], "and": [14, 39, 44, 65, 92, 101, 116, 134, 141, 154, 172, 189, 197, 205, 213, 225, 236, 255, 270], "functional": [15], "design": [16, 247, 269], "that": [17, 177], "leverages": [18], "on": [19, 113, 167, 245], "material": [20], "engineering": [21], "to": [22, 59, 74, 253], "modulate": [23, 256], "its": [24], "physicochemical": [25, 88], "properties": [26, 89, 112], "(e.g.,": [27, 143, 159], "stiffness,": [28], "pore": [29], "size,": [30], "viscoelasticity,": [31], "microarchitecture,": [32], "degradability,": [33], "ligand": [34], "presentation,": [35], "stimulus-responsive": [36], "properties,": [37], "etc.)": [38], "influence": [40], "cell": [41, 114, 156, 183], "signaling": [42, 118], "cascades": [43], "fate.": [45], "In": [46, 81], "the": [47, 61, 68, 72, 75, 87, 98, 107, 209, 222, 234, 246], "past": [48], "few": [49], "decades,": [50], "plethora": [52], "pioneering": [54], "studies": [55], "have": [56], "been": [57], "implemented": [58], "explore": [60], "cell-hydrogel": [62], "matrix": [63], "interactions": [64], "figure": [66], "out": [67], "underlying": [69], "mechanisms,": [70], "paving": [71], "way": [73], "lab-to-clinic": [76], "translation": [77, 211], "hydrogel-based": [79], "therapies.": [80], "this": [82, 229, 240], "review,": [83], "we": [84], "first": [85], "introduced": [86], "hydrogels": [91, 111, 216, 252], "their": [93], "fabrication": [94], "approaches": [95], "concisely.": [96], "Subsequently,": [97], "comprehensive": [99, 235], "description": [100], "deep": [102, 237], "discussion": [103], "were": [104, 120, 202, 217, 231], "elucidated,": [105], "wherein": [106], "influences": [108], "different": [110], "behaviors": [115, 123], "cellular": [117, 149, 257], "events": [119, 125], "highlighted.": [121], "These": [122], "or": [124], "included": [126], "integrin": [127], "clustering,": [128], "focal": [129], "adhesion": [130], "(FA)": [131], "complex": [132], "accumulation": [133], "activation,": [135], "cytoskeleton": [136], "rearrangement,": [137], "protein": [138, 145], "cyto-nuclei": [139], "shuttling": [140], "activation": [142], "Yes-associated": [144], "(YAP),": [146], "catenin,": [147], "etc.),": [148], "compartment": [150], "reorganization,": [151], "gene": [152], "expression,": [153], "further": [155, 203], "biology": [157], "modulation": [158], "spreading,": [160], "migration,": [161], "proliferation,": [162], "lineage": [163], "commitment,": [164], "etc.).": [165], "Based": [166], "them,": [168], "current": [169], "in": [170, 173, 228, 239], "vitro": [171], "vivo": [174], "hydrogel": [175, 268], "mainly": [178], "covered": [179], "diseases": [180], "models,": [181], "delivery": [184], "protocols": [185], "for": [186, 262, 266, 272], "tissue": [187], "regeneration": [188], "disease": [190], "therapy,": [191], "smart": [192], "drug": [193], "carrier,": [194], "bioimaging,": [195], "biosensor,": [196], "conductive": [198], "wearable/implantable": [199], "biodevices,": [200], "etc.": [201], "summarized": [204], "discussed.": [206], "More": [207], "significantly,": [208], "clinical": [210], "potential": [212], "trials": [214], "presented,": [218], "accompanied": [219], "which": [221, 259], "remaining": [223], "challenges": [224], "future": [226, 267], "perspectives": [227], "field": [230], "emphasized.": [232], "Collectively,": [233], "insights": [238], "review": [241], "will": [242], "shed": [243], "light": [244], "principles": [248], "new": [250], "understand": [254], "processes,": [258], "are": [260], "available": [261], "providing": [263], "significant": [264], "indications": [265], "serving": [271], "broad": [274], "range": [275], "applications.": [278]}, "counts_by_year": [{"year": 2026, "cited_by_count": 232}, {"year": 2025, "cited_by_count": 429}, {"year": 2024, "cited_by_count": 294}, {"year": 2023, "cited_by_count": 187}, {"year": 2022, "cited_by_count": 56}], "updated_date": "2026-07-26T07:53:14.480251", "created_date": "2025-10-10T00:00:00"}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/W4212805852", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202110384", "title": "Bistable and Multistable Actuators for Soft Robots: Structures, Materials, and Functionalities", "display_name": "Bistable and Multistable Actuators for Soft Robots: Structures, Materials, and Functionalities", "relevance_score": 460.11826, "publication_year": 2022, "publication_date": "2022-02-16", "ids": {"openalex": "https://openalex.org/W4212805852", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202110384", "pmid": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35172026"}, "language": "en", "primary_location": {"id": "doi:10.1002/adma.202110384", "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202110384", "pdf_url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/adma.202110384", "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S99352657", "display_name": "Advanced Materials", "issn_l": "0935-9648", "issn": ["0935-9648", "1521-4095"], "is_oa": false, "is_in_doaj": false, "is_core": true, "host_organization": null, "host_organization_name": null, "host_organization_lineage": [], "host_organization_lineage_names": [], "type": "journal"}, "license": "cc-by", "license_id": "https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by", "version": "publishedVersion", "is_accepted": true, "is_published": true, "raw_source_name": "Advanced Materials", "raw_type": "journal-article"}, "type": "article", "indexed_in": ["crossref", "pubmed"], "open_access": {"is_oa": true, "oa_status": "hybrid", "oa_url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/adma.202110384", "any_repository_has_fulltext": false}, "authorships": [{"author_position": "first", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5054873465", "display_name": "Yinding Chi", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2674-721X"}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I137902535", "display_name": "North Carolina State University", "ror": "https://ror.org/04tj63d06", "country_code": "US", "type": "education", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}], "countries": ["US"], "is_corresponding": false, "raw_author_name": "Yinding Chi", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering North Carolina State University  Raleigh NC 27695 USA", "Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695 USA"], "raw_orcid": null, "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering North Carolina State University  Raleigh NC 27695 USA", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}, {"raw_affiliation_string": "Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695 USA", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]}, {"author_position": "middle", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5100771502", "display_name": "Yanbin Li", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0870-4507"}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I137902535", "display_name": "North Carolina State University", "ror": "https://ror.org/04tj63d06", "country_code": "US", "type": "education", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}], "countries": ["US"], "is_corresponding": false, "raw_author_name": "Yanbin Li", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering North Carolina State University  Raleigh NC 27695 USA", "Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695 USA"], "raw_orcid": null, "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering North Carolina State University  Raleigh NC 27695 USA", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}, {"raw_affiliation_string": "Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695 USA", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]}, {"author_position": "middle", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5068603530", "display_name": "Yao Zhao", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8997-9670"}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I137902535", "display_name": "North Carolina State University", "ror": "https://ror.org/04tj63d06", "country_code": "US", "type": "education", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}], "countries": ["US"], "is_corresponding": false, "raw_author_name": "Yao Zhao", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering North Carolina State University  Raleigh NC 27695 USA", "Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695 USA"], "raw_orcid": null, "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering North Carolina State University  Raleigh NC 27695 USA", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}, {"raw_affiliation_string": "Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695 USA", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]}, {"author_position": "middle", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5021701998", "display_name": "Yaoye Hong", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9671-9508"}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I137902535", "display_name": "North Carolina State University", "ror": "https://ror.org/04tj63d06", "country_code": "US", "type": "education", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}], "countries": ["US"], "is_corresponding": false, "raw_author_name": "Yaoye Hong", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering North Carolina State University  Raleigh NC 27695 USA", "Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695 USA"], "raw_orcid": null, "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering North Carolina State University  Raleigh NC 27695 USA", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}, {"raw_affiliation_string": "Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695 USA", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]}, {"author_position": "middle", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5061806566", "display_name": "Yichao Tang", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6032-5558"}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I116953780", "display_name": "Tongji University", "ror": "https://ror.org/03rc6as71", "country_code": "CN", "type": "education", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}], "countries": ["CN"], "is_corresponding": false, "raw_author_name": "Yichao Tang", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["School of Mechanical Engineering Tongji University  Shanghai 200092 China", "School of Mechanical Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092 China"], "raw_orcid": null, "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "School of Mechanical Engineering Tongji University  Shanghai 200092 China", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}, {"raw_affiliation_string": "School of Mechanical Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092 China", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]}, {"author_position": "last", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5065498915", "display_name": "Jie Yin", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6297-1262"}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I137902535", "display_name": "North Carolina State University", "ror": "https://ror.org/04tj63d06", "country_code": "US", "type": "education", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}], "countries": ["US"], "is_corresponding": true, "raw_author_name": "Jie Yin", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering North Carolina State University  Raleigh NC 27695 USA", "Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695 USA"], "raw_orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6297-1262", "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering North Carolina State University  Raleigh NC 27695 USA", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}, {"raw_affiliation_string": "Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695 USA", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]}], "institutions": [], "countries_distinct_count": 2, "institutions_distinct_count": 2, "corresponding_author_ids": ["https://openalex.org/A5065498915"], "corresponding_institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I137902535"], "apc_list": {"value": 5250, "currency": "USD", "value_usd": 5250}, "apc_paid": {"value": 5250, "currency": "USD", "value_usd": 5250}, "fwci": 38.7985, "has_fulltext": true, "cited_by_count": 552, "citation_normalized_percentile": {"value": 0.99980536, "is_in_top_1_percent": true, "is_in_top_10_percent": true}, "cited_by_percentile_year": {"min": 99, "max": 100}, "biblio": {"volume": "34", "issue": "19", "first_page": "e2110384", "last_page": "e2110384"}, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "is_xpac": false, "primary_topic": {"id": "https://openalex.org/T11737", "display_name": "Advanced Materials and Mechanics", "score": 0.9998000264167786, "subfield": {"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/2210", "display_name": "Mechanical Engineering"}, "field": {"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/22", "display_name": "Engineering"}, "domain": {"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3", "display_name": "Physical Sciences"}}, "topics": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/T11737", "display_name": "Advanced Materials and Mechanics", "score": 0.9998000264167786, "subfield": {"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/2210", "display_name": "Mechanical Engineering"}, "field": {"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/22", "display_name": "Engineering"}, "domain": {"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3", "display_name": "Physical Sciences"}}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/T10868", "display_name": "Soft Robotics and Applications", "score": 0.9994999766349792, "subfield": {"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/2204", "display_name": "Biomedical Engineering"}, "field": {"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/22", "display_name": "Engineering"}, "domain": {"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3", "display_name": "Physical Sciences"}}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/T10338", "display_name": "Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials", "score": 0.9987000226974487, "subfield": {"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/2204", "display_name": "Biomedical Engineering"}, "field": {"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/22", "display_name": "Engineering"}, "domain": {"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3", "display_name": "Physical Sciences"}}], "keywords": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/bistability", "display_name": "Bistability", "score": 0.928451418876648}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science", "display_name": "Materials science", "score": 0.8539668917655945}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/actuator", "display_name": "Actuator", "score": 0.7634000778198242}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/robot", "display_name": "Robot", "score": 0.6004457473754883}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/nanotechnology", "display_name": "Nanotechnology", "score": 0.5903477668762207}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/soft-materials", "display_name": "Soft materials", "score": 0.5650901794433594}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/soft-robotics", "display_name": "Soft robotics", "score": 0.5011875629425049}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-material", "display_name": "Smart material", "score": 0.41765716671943665}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics", "display_name": "Optoelectronics", "score": 0.19502288103103638}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science", "display_name": "Computer science", "score": 0.17235514521598816}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence", "display_name": "Artificial intelligence", "score": 0.12279108166694641}], "concepts": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/C97292510", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2304620", "display_name": "Bistability", "level": 2, "score": 0.928451418876648}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C192562407", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736", "display_name": "Materials science", "level": 0, "score": 0.8539668917655945}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C172707124", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q423488", "display_name": "Actuator", "level": 2, "score": 0.7634000778198242}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C90509273", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012", "display_name": "Robot", "level": 2, "score": 0.6004457473754883}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C171250308", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468", "display_name": "Nanotechnology", "level": 1, "score": 0.5903477668762207}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C2982836594", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q902144", "display_name": "Soft materials", "level": 2, "score": 0.5650901794433594}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776058767", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q24327151", "display_name": "Soft robotics", "level": 3, "score": 0.5011875629425049}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C88484716", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1474679", "display_name": "Smart material", "level": 2, "score": 0.41765716671943665}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C49040817", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091", "display_name": "Optoelectronics", "level": 1, "score": 0.19502288103103638}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198", "display_name": "Computer science", "level": 0, "score": 0.17235514521598816}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C154945302", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660", "display_name": "Artificial intelligence", "level": 1, "score": 0.12279108166694641}], "mesh": [], "locations_count": 2, "locations": [{"id": "doi:10.1002/adma.202110384", "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202110384", "pdf_url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/adma.202110384", "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S99352657", "display_name": "Advanced Materials", "issn_l": "0935-9648", "issn": ["0935-9648", "1521-4095"], "is_oa": false, "is_in_doaj": false, "is_core": true, "host_organization": null, "host_organization_name": null, "host_organization_lineage": [], "host_organization_lineage_names": [], "type": "journal"}, "license": "cc-by", "license_id": "https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by", "version": "publishedVersion", "is_accepted": true, "is_published": true, "raw_source_name": "Advanced Materials", "raw_type": "journal-article"}, {"id": "pmid:35172026", "is_oa": false, "landing_page_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35172026", "pdf_url": null, "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036", "display_name": "PubMed", "issn_l": null, "issn": null, "is_oa": false, "is_in_doaj": false, "is_core": false, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/I1299303238", "host_organization_name": "National Institutes of Health", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"], "host_organization_lineage_names": [], "type": "repository"}, "license": null, "license_id": null, "version": "publishedVersion", "is_accepted": true, "is_published": true, "raw_source_name": "Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)", "raw_type": null}], "best_oa_location": {"id": "doi:10.1002/adma.202110384", "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202110384", "pdf_url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/adma.202110384", "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S99352657", "display_name": "Advanced Materials", "issn_l": "0935-9648", "issn": ["0935-9648", "1521-4095"], "is_oa": false, "is_in_doaj": false, "is_core": true, "host_organization": null, "host_organization_name": null, "host_organization_lineage": [], "host_organization_lineage_names": [], "type": "journal"}, "license": "cc-by", "license_id": "https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by", "version": "publishedVersion", "is_accepted": true, "is_published": true, "raw_source_name": "Advanced Materials", "raw_type": "journal-article"}, "sustainable_development_goals": [], "awards": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/G5577920832", "display_name": null, "funder_award_id": "2126072", "funder_id": "https://openalex.org/F4320332170", "funder_display_name": "Directorate for Engineering"}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/G7843414560", "display_name": "Collaborative Research: Adaptive, Rapid, and Multifunctional Soft  Robots (ARM SoRo) with Reconfigurable Shapes and Motions Enabled by Tunable  Elastic Instabilities", "funder_award_id": "2126072", "funder_id": "https://openalex.org/F4320306076", "funder_display_name": "National Science Foundation"}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/G7994899880", "display_name": null, "funder_award_id": "CMMI\u20102126072", "funder_id": "https://openalex.org/F4320306076", "funder_display_name": "National Science Foundation"}], "funders": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/F4320306076", "display_name": "National Science Foundation", "ror": "https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/F4320310013", "display_name": "North Carolina State University", "ror": "https://ror.org/04tj63d06"}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/F4320332170", "display_name": "Directorate for Engineering", "ror": "https://ror.org/00b6sbb32"}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/F4320337391", "display_name": "Division of Civil, Mechanical and Manufacturing Innovation", "ror": "https://ror.org/028yd4c30"}], "has_content": {"grobid_xml": true, "pdf": true}, "content_urls": {"pdf": "https://content.openalex.org/works/W4212805852.pdf", "grobid_xml": "https://content.openalex.org/works/W4212805852.grobid-xml"}, "referenced_works_count": 266, "referenced_works": ["https://openalex.org/W1507175205", "https://openalex.org/W1515749184", "https://openalex.org/W1612624539", "https://openalex.org/W1614964691", "https://openalex.org/W1696514235", "https://openalex.org/W1727672048", "https://openalex.org/W1803936640", "https://openalex.org/W1826399803", "https://openalex.org/W1888892744", "https://openalex.org/W1900860620", "https://openalex.org/W1902605501", "https://openalex.org/W1921712862", "https://openalex.org/W1965390904", "https://openalex.org/W1966090125", "https://openalex.org/W1967139855", "https://openalex.org/W1970404992", "https://openalex.org/W1973053699", "https://openalex.org/W1974132604", "https://openalex.org/W1974751475", "https://openalex.org/W1978201146", "https://openalex.org/W1981602625", "https://openalex.org/W1984022509", "https://openalex.org/W1984187759", "https://openalex.org/W1987193865", "https://openalex.org/W1987649249", "https://openalex.org/W1990633676", "https://openalex.org/W1994776532", "https://openalex.org/W2006207961", "https://openalex.org/W2006577731", "https://openalex.org/W2007924815", "https://openalex.org/W2010486587", "https://openalex.org/W2012458690", "https://openalex.org/W2014405635", "https://openalex.org/W2023229791", "https://openalex.org/W2023412496", "https://openalex.org/W2025613329", "https://openalex.org/W2027454283", "https://openalex.org/W2031201429", "https://openalex.org/W2031951629", "https://openalex.org/W2032458303", "https://openalex.org/W2033300014", "https://openalex.org/W2034996900", "https://openalex.org/W2036105802", "https://openalex.org/W2036699948", "https://openalex.org/W2040243778", "https://openalex.org/W2041065548", "https://openalex.org/W2041675282", "https://openalex.org/W2043686875", "https://openalex.org/W2048401675", "https://openalex.org/W2050614907", "https://openalex.org/W2052671832", "https://openalex.org/W2054628872", "https://openalex.org/W2058972944", "https://openalex.org/W2066354530", "https://openalex.org/W2068234850", "https://openalex.org/W2070662831", "https://openalex.org/W2073470977", "https://openalex.org/W2074207981", "https://openalex.org/W2074374155", "https://openalex.org/W2079574144", "https://openalex.org/W2087876384", "https://openalex.org/W2088580200", "https://openalex.org/W2091797644", "https://openalex.org/W2092860016", "https://openalex.org/W2099006292", "https://openalex.org/W2099045194", "https://openalex.org/W2099541542", "https://openalex.org/W2106567248", "https://openalex.org/W2109996627", "https://openalex.org/W2112384797", "https://openalex.org/W2112997501", "https://openalex.org/W2113375047", "https://openalex.org/W2114304634", "https://openalex.org/W2115762942", "https://openalex.org/W2118177844", "https://openalex.org/W2122203566", "https://openalex.org/W2124992704", "https://openalex.org/W2127361122", "https://openalex.org/W2133722181", "https://openalex.org/W2134165475", "https://openalex.org/W2135807906", "https://openalex.org/W2137711693", "https://openalex.org/W2149010019", "https://openalex.org/W2150782951", "https://openalex.org/W2154338513", "https://openalex.org/W2163566443", "https://openalex.org/W2169021452", "https://openalex.org/W2171995939", "https://openalex.org/W2179173139", "https://openalex.org/W2224750552", "https://openalex.org/W2285898182", "https://openalex.org/W2296718990", "https://openalex.org/W2306156266", "https://openalex.org/W2336222967", "https://openalex.org/W2409926740", "https://openalex.org/W2461024470", "https://openalex.org/W2481841738", "https://openalex.org/W2505183111", "https://openalex.org/W2506964106", "https://openalex.org/W2515888324", "https://openalex.org/W2515930553", "https://openalex.org/W2517713314", "https://openalex.org/W2519530030", "https://openalex.org/W2520705323", "https://openalex.org/W2526011581", "https://openalex.org/W2529126989", "https://openalex.org/W2560730116", "https://openalex.org/W2561609334", "https://openalex.org/W2563431504", "https://openalex.org/W2564130887", "https://openalex.org/W2576246534", "https://openalex.org/W2582609323", "https://openalex.org/W2596604653", "https://openalex.org/W2596957564", "https://openalex.org/W2597699272", "https://openalex.org/W2614107499", "https://openalex.org/W2618150712", "https://openalex.org/W2618609747", "https://openalex.org/W2621263557", "https://openalex.org/W2625379055", "https://openalex.org/W2725448720", "https://openalex.org/W2737491236", "https://openalex.org/W2738259110", "https://openalex.org/W2746520979", "https://openalex.org/W2748389366", "https://openalex.org/W2748785478", "https://openalex.org/W2749452471", "https://openalex.org/W2752165401", "https://openalex.org/W2784911769", "https://openalex.org/W2785110060", "https://openalex.org/W2788127870", "https://openalex.org/W2790084889", "https://openalex.org/W2790246068", "https://openalex.org/W2791239448", "https://openalex.org/W2792903561", "https://openalex.org/W2797394941", "https://openalex.org/W2801704144", "https://openalex.org/W2803735436", "https://openalex.org/W2804340326", "https://openalex.org/W2806506062", "https://openalex.org/W2809633875", "https://openalex.org/W2810345776", "https://openalex.org/W2811152080", "https://openalex.org/W2883279767", "https://openalex.org/W2889529934", "https://openalex.org/W2891089476", "https://openalex.org/W2891513476", "https://openalex.org/W2893780659", "https://openalex.org/W2896050657", "https://openalex.org/W2899318310", "https://openalex.org/W2901252645", "https://openalex.org/W2901995390", "https://openalex.org/W2903661297", "https://openalex.org/W2904532819", "https://openalex.org/W2905335417", "https://openalex.org/W2905880610", "https://openalex.org/W2908553400", "https://openalex.org/W2909857791", "https://openalex.org/W2909996990", "https://openalex.org/W2917154560", "https://openalex.org/W2924252827", "https://openalex.org/W2937368875", "https://openalex.org/W2939171770", "https://openalex.org/W2943492352", "https://openalex.org/W2945129832", "https://openalex.org/W2945701414", "https://openalex.org/W2954129390", "https://openalex.org/W2957257771", "https://openalex.org/W2960914149", "https://openalex.org/W2961049121", "https://openalex.org/W2961309955", "https://openalex.org/W2962472492", "https://openalex.org/W2963118783", "https://openalex.org/W2966493068", "https://openalex.org/W2966665557", "https://openalex.org/W2967066431", "https://openalex.org/W2969890034", "https://openalex.org/W2970642377", "https://openalex.org/W2972065438", "https://openalex.org/W2972391986", "https://openalex.org/W2977674090", "https://openalex.org/W2980723962", "https://openalex.org/W2981795224", "https://openalex.org/W2982500903", "https://openalex.org/W2988645098", "https://openalex.org/W2990475871", "https://openalex.org/W2991891865", "https://openalex.org/W2995167177", "https://openalex.org/W2998200609", "https://openalex.org/W2998863624", "https://openalex.org/W2998901272", "https://openalex.org/W3001636146", "https://openalex.org/W3007162068", "https://openalex.org/W3008886629", "https://openalex.org/W3010722790", "https://openalex.org/W3016347899", "https://openalex.org/W3017151982", "https://openalex.org/W3018423233", "https://openalex.org/W3021947263", "https://openalex.org/W3023786610", "https://openalex.org/W3026249315", "https://openalex.org/W3033034702", "https://openalex.org/W3036370809", "https://openalex.org/W3039986021", "https://openalex.org/W3047411995", "https://openalex.org/W3048787826", "https://openalex.org/W3078154952", "https://openalex.org/W3080675481", "https://openalex.org/W3080972094", "https://openalex.org/W3087615154", "https://openalex.org/W3088304488", "https://openalex.org/W3089403702", "https://openalex.org/W3090837803", "https://openalex.org/W3092032021", "https://openalex.org/W3092100281", "https://openalex.org/W3094550415", "https://openalex.org/W3096062443", "https://openalex.org/W3098128465", "https://openalex.org/W3099274860", "https://openalex.org/W3100014578", "https://openalex.org/W3107437201", "https://openalex.org/W3113404812", "https://openalex.org/W3121278036", "https://openalex.org/W3125779320", "https://openalex.org/W3127876604", "https://openalex.org/W3127987722", "https://openalex.org/W3129294316", "https://openalex.org/W3134168363", "https://openalex.org/W3135941974", "https://openalex.org/W3139257454", "https://openalex.org/W3145834777", "https://openalex.org/W3145917579", "https://openalex.org/W3153533145", "https://openalex.org/W3154918475", "https://openalex.org/W3155187091", "https://openalex.org/W3158837367", "https://openalex.org/W3163220727", "https://openalex.org/W3163443358", "https://openalex.org/W3165095226", "https://openalex.org/W3165399698", "https://openalex.org/W3167030446", "https://openalex.org/W3173563814", "https://openalex.org/W3184770643", "https://openalex.org/W3186216889", "https://openalex.org/W3187680382", "https://openalex.org/W3193322351", "https://openalex.org/W3193722108", "https://openalex.org/W3194786616", "https://openalex.org/W3196359252", "https://openalex.org/W3198476225", "https://openalex.org/W3198695819", "https://openalex.org/W3206990743", "https://openalex.org/W3208462011", "https://openalex.org/W3208947599", "https://openalex.org/W3209955306", "https://openalex.org/W4200040721", "https://openalex.org/W4200082215", "https://openalex.org/W4210330146", "https://openalex.org/W4211248062", "https://openalex.org/W4213028169", "https://openalex.org/W4231879557", "https://openalex.org/W4243986048", "https://openalex.org/W4244367163", "https://openalex.org/W4244569713", "https://openalex.org/W4246904535", "https://openalex.org/W4247701493"], "related_works": ["https://openalex.org/W2004196108", "https://openalex.org/W3134474396", "https://openalex.org/W4385439013", "https://openalex.org/W4296449477", "https://openalex.org/W2110618792", "https://openalex.org/W1515749184", "https://openalex.org/W4367041227", "https://openalex.org/W2806506062", "https://openalex.org/W4285221039", "https://openalex.org/W3190856263"], "abstract_inverted_index": {"Snap-through": [0], "bistability": [1, 26], "is": [2, 97], "often": [3], "observed": [4], "in": [5, 29, 53, 194], "nature": [6], "(e.g.,": [7, 18], "fast": [8, 64], "snapping": [9], "to": [10, 113], "closure": [11], "of": [12, 80, 107, 124, 141, 170], "Venus": [13], "flytrap)": [14], "and": [15, 21, 27, 32, 43, 50, 58, 63, 74, 83, 94, 129, 132, 149, 158, 176, 179, 192], "the": [16, 190], "life": [17], "bottle": [19], "caps": [20], "hair": [22], "clippers).": [23], "Recently,": [24], "harnessing": [25], "multistability": [28], "different": [30], "structures": [31, 85], "soft": [33, 41, 44, 87, 92, 143, 165, 174], "materials": [34, 89, 145, 151, 166], "has": [35], "attracted": [36], "growing": [37], "interest": [38], "for": [39, 90, 104, 173], "high-performance": [40], "actuators": [42, 93, 178], "robots.": [45], "They": [46], "have": [47], "demonstrated": [48], "broad": [49], "unique": [51], "applications": [52, 183], "high-speed": [54], "locomotion": [55], "on": [56, 189], "land": [57], "under": [59], "water,": [60], "adaptive": [61], "sensing": [62], "grasping,": [65], "shape": [66], "reconfiguration,": [67], "electronics-free": [68], "controls": [69], "with": [70, 86, 126, 167], "a": [71], "single": [72], "input,": [73], "logic": [75], "computation.": [76], "Here,": [77], "an": [78], "overview": [79], "integrating": [81, 163], "bistable": [82, 109, 171, 175], "multistable": [84, 177], "actuating": [88, 144], "diverse": [91, 181], "soft/flexible": [95], "robots": [96], "given.": [98], "The": [99], "mechanics-guided": [100], "structural": [101], "design": [102], "principles": [103], "five": [105], "categories": [106], "basic": [108], "elements": [110, 172], "from": [111], "1D": [112], "3D": [114], "(i.e.,": [115, 146], "constrained": [116], "beams,": [117], "curved": [118], "plates,": [119], "dome": [120], "shells,": [121], "compliant": [122], "mechanisms": [123], "linkages": [125], "flexible": [127], "hinges": [128], "deformable": [130], "origami,": [131], "balloon": [133], "structures)": [134], "are": [135, 184, 198], "first": [136], "presented,": [137], "alongside": [138], "brief": [139], "discussions": [140], "typical": [142], "fluidic": [147], "elastomers": [148], "stimuli-responsive": [150], "such": [152], "as": [153], "electro-,": [154], "photo-,": [155], "thermo-,": [156], "magnetic-,": [157], "hydro-responsive": [159], "polymers).": [160], "Following": [161], "that,": [162], "these": [164], "each": [168], "category": [169], "their": [180], "robotic": [182], "discussed.": [185], "To": [186], "conclude,": [187], "perspectives": [188], "challenges": [191], "opportunities": [193], "this": [195], "emerging": [196], "field": [197], "considered.": [199]}, "counts_by_year": [{"year": 2026, "cited_by_count": 102}, {"year": 2025, "cited_by_count": 184}, {"year": 2024, "cited_by_count": 152}, {"year": 2023, "cited_by_count": 89}, {"year": 2022, "cited_by_count": 25}], "updated_date": "2026-07-25T15:57:00.446498", "created_date": "2022-02-24T00:00:00"}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/W2979675549", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12203323", "title": "Smart Hydrogels in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine", "display_name": "Smart Hydrogels in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine", "relevance_score": 447.07462, "publication_year": 2019, "publication_date": "2019-10-12", "ids": {"openalex": "https://openalex.org/W2979675549", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12203323", "mag": "2979675549", "pmid": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31614735"}, "language": "en", "primary_location": {"id": "doi:10.3390/ma12203323", "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12203323", "pdf_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/12/20/3323/pdf?version=1570861239", "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S18714766", "display_name": "Materials", "issn_l": "1996-1944", "issn": ["1996-1944"], "is_oa": true, "is_in_doaj": false, "is_core": true, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/P4310310987", "host_organization_name": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"], "host_organization_lineage_names": ["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"], "type": "journal"}, "license": "cc-by", "license_id": "https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by", "version": "publishedVersion", "is_accepted": true, "is_published": true, "raw_source_name": "Materials", "raw_type": "journal-article"}, "type": "article", "indexed_in": ["crossref", "doaj", "pubmed"], "open_access": {"is_oa": true, "oa_status": "gold", "oa_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/12/20/3323/pdf?version=1570861239", "any_repository_has_fulltext": true}, "authorships": [{"author_position": "first", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5058681395", "display_name": "Somasundar Mantha", "orcid": null}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I5023651", "display_name": "McGill University", "ror": "https://ror.org/01pxwe438", "country_code": "CA", "type": "education", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}], "countries": ["CA"], "is_corresponding": false, "raw_author_name": "Somasundar Mantha", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["McGill Craniofacial Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, 3640 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada"], "raw_orcid": null, "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "McGill Craniofacial Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, 3640 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}]}, {"author_position": "middle", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5081997464", "display_name": "Sangeeth Pillai", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4475-984X"}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I5023651", "display_name": "McGill University", "ror": "https://ror.org/01pxwe438", "country_code": "CA", "type": "education", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}], "countries": ["CA"], "is_corresponding": false, "raw_author_name": "Sangeeth Pillai", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["McGill Craniofacial Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, 3640 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada"], "raw_orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4475-984X", "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "McGill Craniofacial Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, 3640 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}]}, {"author_position": "middle", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5048746549", "display_name": "Parisa Khayambashi", "orcid": null}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I5023651", "display_name": "McGill University", "ror": "https://ror.org/01pxwe438", "country_code": "CA", "type": "education", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}], "countries": ["CA"], "is_corresponding": false, "raw_author_name": "Parisa Khayambashi", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["McGill Craniofacial Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, 3640 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada"], "raw_orcid": null, "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "McGill Craniofacial Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, 3640 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}]}, {"author_position": "middle", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5039565151", "display_name": "Akshaya Upadhyay", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8790-8502"}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I5023651", "display_name": "McGill University", "ror": "https://ror.org/01pxwe438", "country_code": "CA", "type": "education", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}], "countries": ["CA"], "is_corresponding": false, "raw_author_name": "Akshaya Upadhyay", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["McGill Craniofacial Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, 3640 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada"], "raw_orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8790-8502", "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "McGill Craniofacial Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, 3640 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}]}, {"author_position": "middle", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5101851956", "display_name": "Yuli Zhang", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9060-9933"}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I5023651", "display_name": "McGill University", "ror": "https://ror.org/01pxwe438", "country_code": "CA", "type": "education", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}], "countries": ["CA"], "is_corresponding": false, "raw_author_name": "Yuli Zhang", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["McGill Craniofacial Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, 3640 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada"], "raw_orcid": null, "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "McGill Craniofacial Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, 3640 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}]}, {"author_position": "middle", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5067888480", "display_name": "Owen Tao", "orcid": null}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I5023651", "display_name": "McGill University", "ror": "https://ror.org/01pxwe438", "country_code": "CA", "type": "education", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}], "countries": ["CA"], "is_corresponding": false, "raw_author_name": "Owen Tao", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["McGill Craniofacial Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, 3640 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada"], "raw_orcid": null, "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "McGill Craniofacial Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, 3640 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}]}, {"author_position": "middle", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5023226555", "display_name": "Hieu M. Pham", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6854-0148"}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I5023651", "display_name": "McGill University", "ror": "https://ror.org/01pxwe438", "country_code": "CA", "type": "education", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}], "countries": ["CA"], "is_corresponding": false, "raw_author_name": "Hieu M. Pham", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["McGill Craniofacial Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, 3640 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada"], "raw_orcid": null, "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "McGill Craniofacial Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, 3640 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}]}, {"author_position": "last", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5072523216", "display_name": "Simon D. Tran", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5594-359X"}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I5023651", "display_name": "McGill University", "ror": "https://ror.org/01pxwe438", "country_code": "CA", "type": "education", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}], "countries": ["CA"], "is_corresponding": true, "raw_author_name": "Simon D. Tran", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["McGill Craniofacial Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, 3640 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada"], "raw_orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5594-359X", "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "McGill Craniofacial Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, 3640 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}]}], "institutions": [], "countries_distinct_count": 1, "institutions_distinct_count": 1, "corresponding_author_ids": ["https://openalex.org/A5072523216"], "corresponding_institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I5023651"], "apc_list": {"value": 2300, "currency": "CHF", "value_usd": 2561}, "apc_paid": {"value": 2300, "currency": "CHF", "value_usd": 2561}, "fwci": 25.0336, "has_fulltext": true, "cited_by_count": 857, "citation_normalized_percentile": {"value": 0.99914574, "is_in_top_1_percent": true, "is_in_top_10_percent": true}, "cited_by_percentile_year": {"min": 90, "max": 100}, "biblio": {"volume": "12", "issue": "20", "first_page": "3323", "last_page": "3323"}, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "is_xpac": false, "primary_topic": {"id": "https://openalex.org/T11190", "display_name": "3D Printing in Biomedical Research", "score": 0.9997000098228455, "subfield": {"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/2204", "display_name": "Biomedical Engineering"}, "field": {"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/22", "display_name": "Engineering"}, "domain": {"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3", "display_name": "Physical Sciences"}}, "topics": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/T11190", "display_name": "3D Printing in Biomedical Research", "score": 0.9997000098228455, "subfield": {"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/2204", "display_name": "Biomedical Engineering"}, "field": {"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/22", "display_name": "Engineering"}, "domain": {"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3", "display_name": "Physical Sciences"}}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/T10343", "display_name": "Hydrogels: synthesis, properties, applications", "score": 0.9994000196456909, "subfield": {"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/1313", "display_name": "Molecular Medicine"}, "field": {"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/13", "display_name": "Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"}, "domain": {"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/1", "display_name": "Life Sciences"}}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/T10729", "display_name": "Electrospun Nanofibers in Biomedical Applications", "score": 0.9983999729156494, "subfield": {"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/2502", "display_name": "Biomaterials"}, "field": {"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/25", "display_name": "Materials Science"}, "domain": {"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3", "display_name": "Physical Sciences"}}], "keywords": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/self-healing-hydrogels", "display_name": "Self-healing hydrogels", "score": 0.9278550148010254}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/regenerative-medicine", "display_name": "Regenerative medicine", "score": 0.8785163164138794}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/tissue-engineering", "display_name": "Tissue engineering", "score": 0.8287842273712158}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/regeneration", "display_name": "Regeneration (biology)", "score": 0.6702203154563904}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/extracellular-matrix", "display_name": "Extracellular matrix", "score": 0.6036117076873779}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/nanotechnology", "display_name": "Nanotechnology", "score": 0.5439637899398804}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/biomedical-engineering", "display_name": "Biomedical engineering", "score": 0.46674686670303345}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science", "display_name": "Materials science", "score": 0.4494546949863434}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/stem-cell", "display_name": "Stem cell", "score": 0.22477519512176514}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering", "display_name": "Engineering", "score": 0.22192752361297607}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/cell-biology", "display_name": "Cell biology", "score": 0.18038102984428406}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/biology", "display_name": "Biology", "score": 0.1509278118610382}], "concepts": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/C108586683", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17164826", "display_name": "Self-healing hydrogels", "level": 2, "score": 0.9278550148010254}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C10854531", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061415", "display_name": "Regenerative medicine", "level": 3, "score": 0.8785163164138794}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C49892992", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540285", "display_name": "Tissue engineering", "level": 2, "score": 0.8287842273712158}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C171056886", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193119", "display_name": "Regeneration (biology)", "level": 2, "score": 0.6702203154563904}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C189165786", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193825", "display_name": "Extracellular matrix", "level": 2, "score": 0.6036117076873779}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C171250308", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468", "display_name": "Nanotechnology", "level": 1, "score": 0.5439637899398804}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C136229726", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327092", "display_name": "Biomedical engineering", "level": 1, "score": 0.46674686670303345}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C192562407", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736", "display_name": "Materials science", "level": 0, "score": 0.4494546949863434}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C28328180", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48196", "display_name": "Stem cell", "level": 2, "score": 0.22477519512176514}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023", "display_name": "Engineering", "level": 0, "score": 0.22192752361297607}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C95444343", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7141", "display_name": "Cell biology", "level": 1, "score": 0.18038102984428406}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420", "display_name": "Biology", "level": 0, "score": 0.1509278118610382}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C188027245", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750446", "display_name": "Polymer chemistry", "level": 1, "score": 0.0}], "mesh": [], "locations_count": 5, "locations": [{"id": "doi:10.3390/ma12203323", "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12203323", "pdf_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/12/20/3323/pdf?version=1570861239", "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S18714766", "display_name": "Materials", "issn_l": "1996-1944", "issn": ["1996-1944"], "is_oa": true, "is_in_doaj": false, "is_core": true, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/P4310310987", "host_organization_name": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"], "host_organization_lineage_names": ["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"], "type": "journal"}, "license": "cc-by", "license_id": "https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by", "version": "publishedVersion", "is_accepted": true, "is_published": true, "raw_source_name": "Materials", "raw_type": "journal-article"}, {"id": "pmid:31614735", "is_oa": false, "landing_page_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31614735", "pdf_url": null, "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036", "display_name": "PubMed", "issn_l": null, "issn": null, "is_oa": false, "is_in_doaj": false, "is_core": false, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/I1299303238", "host_organization_name": "National Institutes of Health", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"], "host_organization_lineage_names": [], "type": "repository"}, "license": null, "license_id": null, "version": "publishedVersion", "is_accepted": true, "is_published": true, "raw_source_name": "Materials (Basel, Switzerland)", "raw_type": null}, {"id": "pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4bd666a92a29469ea1278e82679da703", "is_oa": false, "landing_page_url": "https://doaj.org/article/4bd666a92a29469ea1278e82679da703", "pdf_url": null, "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306401280", "display_name": "DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)", "issn_l": null, "issn": null, "is_oa": false, "is_in_doaj": false, "is_core": false, "host_organization": null, "host_organization_name": null, "host_organization_lineage": [], "host_organization_lineage_names": [], "type": "repository"}, "license": null, "license_id": null, "version": "submittedVersion", "is_accepted": false, "is_published": false, "raw_source_name": "Materials, Vol 12, Iss 20, p 3323 (2019)", "raw_type": "article"}, {"id": "pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1996-1944/12/20/3323/", "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12203323", "pdf_url": null, "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306400947", "display_name": "MDPI (MDPI AG)", "issn_l": null, "issn": null, "is_oa": true, "is_in_doaj": false, "is_core": false, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/I4210097602", "host_organization_name": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"], "host_organization_lineage_names": [], "type": "repository"}, "license": "cc-by", "license_id": "https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by", "version": "submittedVersion", "is_accepted": false, "is_published": false, "raw_source_name": "Materials", "raw_type": "Text"}, {"id": "pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:6829293", "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6829293", "pdf_url": null, "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S2764455111", "display_name": "PubMed Central", "issn_l": null, "issn": null, "is_oa": true, "is_in_doaj": false, "is_core": false, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/I1299303238", "host_organization_name": "National Institutes of Health", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"], "host_organization_lineage_names": [], "type": "repository"}, "license": "cc-by", "license_id": "https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by", "version": "submittedVersion", "is_accepted": false, "is_published": false, "raw_source_name": "Materials (Basel)", "raw_type": "Text"}], "best_oa_location": {"id": "doi:10.3390/ma12203323", "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12203323", "pdf_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/12/20/3323/pdf?version=1570861239", "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S18714766", "display_name": "Materials", "issn_l": "1996-1944", "issn": ["1996-1944"], "is_oa": true, "is_in_doaj": false, "is_core": true, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/P4310310987", "host_organization_name": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"], "host_organization_lineage_names": ["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"], "type": "journal"}, "license": "cc-by", "license_id": "https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by", "version": "publishedVersion", "is_accepted": true, "is_published": true, "raw_source_name": "Materials", "raw_type": "journal-article"}, "sustainable_development_goals": [{"id": "https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6", "score": 0.5799999833106995, "display_name": "Clean water and sanitation"}], "awards": [], "funders": [], "has_content": {"grobid_xml": true, "pdf": true}, "content_urls": {"pdf": "https://content.openalex.org/works/W2979675549.pdf", "grobid_xml": "https://content.openalex.org/works/W2979675549.grobid-xml"}, "referenced_works_count": 166, "referenced_works": ["https://openalex.org/W88536064", "https://openalex.org/W161344952", "https://openalex.org/W175730447", "https://openalex.org/W208525513", "https://openalex.org/W639563462", "https://openalex.org/W1494300026", "https://openalex.org/W1548610964", "https://openalex.org/W1673689713", "https://openalex.org/W1814006636", "https://openalex.org/W1889128648", "https://openalex.org/W1902652719", "https://openalex.org/W1966090583", "https://openalex.org/W1968918493", "https://openalex.org/W1971618454", "https://openalex.org/W1974008634", "https://openalex.org/W1978474838", "https://openalex.org/W1980334226", "https://openalex.org/W1983706639", "https://openalex.org/W1988019117", "https://openalex.org/W1988741595", "https://openalex.org/W1989298707", "https://openalex.org/W1991221583", "https://openalex.org/W1991606527", "https://openalex.org/W1997119204", "https://openalex.org/W1997978522", "https://openalex.org/W1999018816", "https://openalex.org/W2000935683", "https://openalex.org/W2003246922", "https://openalex.org/W2014068204", "https://openalex.org/W2021019932", "https://openalex.org/W2022938456", "https://openalex.org/W2024306244", "https://openalex.org/W2025844500", "https://openalex.org/W2026780757", "https://openalex.org/W2026977595", "https://openalex.org/W2029061676", "https://openalex.org/W2029255146", "https://openalex.org/W2030557341", "https://openalex.org/W2031096930", "https://openalex.org/W2031462648", "https://openalex.org/W2032461413", "https://openalex.org/W2033955228", "https://openalex.org/W2041780028", "https://openalex.org/W2042218516", "https://openalex.org/W2042992678", "https://openalex.org/W2047961352", "https://openalex.org/W2049444377", "https://openalex.org/W2051583571", "https://openalex.org/W2051920559", "https://openalex.org/W2055037957", "https://openalex.org/W2058450446", "https://openalex.org/W2060239018", "https://openalex.org/W2061073729", "https://openalex.org/W2069908372", "https://openalex.org/W2073089708", "https://openalex.org/W2077002347", "https://openalex.org/W2077648791", "https://openalex.org/W2082602763", "https://openalex.org/W2084515183", "https://openalex.org/W2084610464", "https://openalex.org/W2085103363", "https://openalex.org/W2089344482", "https://openalex.org/W2089773350", "https://openalex.org/W2109464227", "https://openalex.org/W2112404993", "https://openalex.org/W2113398396", "https://openalex.org/W2118866416", "https://openalex.org/W2125364971", "https://openalex.org/W2126956733", "https://openalex.org/W2135607345", "https://openalex.org/W2137346096", "https://openalex.org/W2137788739", "https://openalex.org/W2139025050", "https://openalex.org/W2144081123", "https://openalex.org/W2144971839", "https://openalex.org/W2147712516", "https://openalex.org/W2149029601", "https://openalex.org/W2152013004", "https://openalex.org/W2153173722", "https://openalex.org/W2153320120", "https://openalex.org/W2154272596", "https://openalex.org/W2157220384", "https://openalex.org/W2158943366", "https://openalex.org/W2162294498", "https://openalex.org/W2164536751", "https://openalex.org/W2165694975", "https://openalex.org/W2168245102", "https://openalex.org/W2170280588", "https://openalex.org/W2171311487", "https://openalex.org/W2171553018", "https://openalex.org/W2176504862", "https://openalex.org/W2184059503", "https://openalex.org/W2208351504", "https://openalex.org/W2213205057", "https://openalex.org/W2223271283", "https://openalex.org/W2258787251", "https://openalex.org/W2278568714", "https://openalex.org/W2281730706", "https://openalex.org/W2290208967", "https://openalex.org/W2316031239", "https://openalex.org/W2317277893", "https://openalex.org/W2317607677", "https://openalex.org/W2346541234", "https://openalex.org/W2484575058", "https://openalex.org/W2493581639", "https://openalex.org/W2503228908", "https://openalex.org/W2508681071", "https://openalex.org/W2511878937", "https://openalex.org/W2533134431", "https://openalex.org/W2539107597", "https://openalex.org/W2556003776", "https://openalex.org/W2560663806", "https://openalex.org/W2565771368", "https://openalex.org/W2571361314", "https://openalex.org/W2581108109", "https://openalex.org/W2583026089", "https://openalex.org/W2586995817", "https://openalex.org/W2589988169", "https://openalex.org/W2606251873", "https://openalex.org/W2610784388", "https://openalex.org/W2613542188", "https://openalex.org/W2620435339", "https://openalex.org/W2622357666", "https://openalex.org/W2726727523", "https://openalex.org/W2729309989", "https://openalex.org/W2736785778", "https://openalex.org/W2762752232", "https://openalex.org/W2765757776", "https://openalex.org/W2767086944", "https://openalex.org/W2774129686", "https://openalex.org/W2774700626", "https://openalex.org/W2774855676", "https://openalex.org/W2781881109", "https://openalex.org/W2793339714", "https://openalex.org/W2794739249", "https://openalex.org/W2797705634", "https://openalex.org/W2800228637", "https://openalex.org/W2804602311", "https://openalex.org/W2810770042", "https://openalex.org/W2883793236", "https://openalex.org/W2889615210", "https://openalex.org/W2895247957", "https://openalex.org/W2896029297", "https://openalex.org/W2896152849", "https://openalex.org/W2896402971", "https://openalex.org/W2900985931", "https://openalex.org/W2904373562", "https://openalex.org/W2905604137", "https://openalex.org/W2906020898", "https://openalex.org/W2921889657", "https://openalex.org/W2922439236", "https://openalex.org/W2923422505", "https://openalex.org/W2924689355", "https://openalex.org/W2939489039", "https://openalex.org/W2952264427", "https://openalex.org/W2963683233", "https://openalex.org/W4211088965", "https://openalex.org/W4211261407", "https://openalex.org/W4233734140", "https://openalex.org/W4242428555", "https://openalex.org/W4246439909", "https://openalex.org/W4250492799", "https://openalex.org/W6606549794", "https://openalex.org/W6607091769", "https://openalex.org/W6731900642", "https://openalex.org/W7073767498"], "related_works": ["https://openalex.org/W2809376314", "https://openalex.org/W1966288407", "https://openalex.org/W1458672946", "https://openalex.org/W3215530055", "https://openalex.org/W2287501499", "https://openalex.org/W2435286860", "https://openalex.org/W2467205692", "https://openalex.org/W3014163099", "https://openalex.org/W3112371506", "https://openalex.org/W2545305293"], "abstract_inverted_index": {"The": [0, 26, 127], "field": [1], "of": [2, 28, 38, 52, 74, 87, 131, 170, 182], "regenerative": [3], "medicine": [4, 53], "has": [5, 13], "tremendous": [6], "potential": [7], "for": [8, 113, 138, 157], "improved": [9], "treatment": [10], "outcomes": [11], "and": [12, 31, 41, 45, 54, 63, 120, 141, 160, 175, 179], "been": [14, 83, 151], "stimulated": [15], "by": [16], "advances": [17], "made": [18], "in": [19, 70, 116, 185], "bioengineering": [20], "over": [21, 94], "the": [22, 49, 72, 88, 95, 114, 117, 123, 145, 171], "last": [23], "few": [24], "decades.": [25], "strategies": [27], "engineering": [29, 92], "tissues": [30, 44, 76], "assembling": [32], "functional": [33], "constructs": [34], "that": [35], "are": [36], "capable": [37], "restoring,": [39], "retaining,": [40], "revitalizing": [42], "lost": [43], "organs": [46], "have": [47, 82, 150], "impacted": [48], "whole": [50], "spectrum": [51], "health": [55], "care.": [56], "Techniques": [57], "to": [58, 100, 103, 109, 121], "combine": [59], "biomimetic": [60], "materials,": [61], "cells,": [62], "bioactive": [64], "molecules": [65], "play": [66], "a": [67, 105, 154, 167], "decisive": [68], "role": [69], "promoting": [71], "regeneration": [73], "damaged": [75], "or": [77], "as": [78, 85, 153], "therapeutic": [79], "systems.": [80], "Hydrogels": [81], "used": [84], "one": [86], "most": [89], "common": [90], "tissue": [91, 186], "scaffolds": [93], "past": [96], "two": [97], "decades": [98], "due": [99], "their": [101], "ability": [102], "maintain": [104], "distinct": [106], "3D": [107], "structure,": [108, 173], "provide": [110, 134], "mechanical": [111], "support": [112], "cells": [115], "engineered": [118], "tissues,": [119], "simulate": [122], "native": [124, 146], "extracellular": [125], "matrix.": [126], "high": [128], "water": [129], "content": [130], "hydrogels": [132, 184], "can": [133], "an": [135], "ideal": [136], "environment": [137], "cell": [139, 158], "survival,": [140], "structure": [142], "which": [143], "mimics": [144], "tissues.": [147], "Hydrogel": [148], "systems": [149], "serving": [152], "supportive": [155], "matrix": [156], "immobilization": [159], "growth": [161], "factor": [162], "delivery.": [163], "This": [164], "review": [165], "outlines": [166], "brief": [168], "description": [169], "properties,": [172], "synthesis": [174], "fabrication": [176], "methods,": [177], "applications,": [178], "future": [180], "perspectives": [181], "smart": [183], "engineering.": [187]}, "counts_by_year": [{"year": 2026, "cited_by_count": 51}, {"year": 2025, "cited_by_count": 146}, {"year": 2024, "cited_by_count": 193}, {"year": 2023, "cited_by_count": 163}, {"year": 2022, "cited_by_count": 151}, {"year": 2021, "cited_by_count": 109}, {"year": 2020, "cited_by_count": 43}, {"year": 2019, "cited_by_count": 1}], "updated_date": "2026-07-25T09:21:30.201066", "created_date": "2025-10-10T00:00:00"}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/W2890014534", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40204-018-0095-0", "title": "Cellulose-based hydrogel materials: chemistry, properties and their prospective applications", "display_name": "Cellulose-based hydrogel materials: chemistry, properties and their prospective applications", "relevance_score": 415.62152, "publication_year": 2018, "publication_date": "2018-09-01", "ids": {"openalex": "https://openalex.org/W2890014534", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40204-018-0095-0", "mag": "2890014534", "pmid": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30182344"}, "language": "en", "primary_location": {"id": "doi:10.1007/s40204-018-0095-0", "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40204-018-0095-0", "pdf_url": "https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40204-018-0095-0.pdf", "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S2737522682", "display_name": "Progress in Biomaterials", "issn_l": "2194-0509", "issn": ["2194-0509", "2194-0517"], "is_oa": false, "is_in_doaj": false, "is_core": true, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/P4310319965", "host_organization_name": "Springer Nature", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"], "host_organization_lineage_names": ["Springer Nature"], "type": "journal"}, "license": "cc-by", "license_id": "https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by", "version": "publishedVersion", "is_accepted": true, "is_published": true, "raw_source_name": "Progress in Biomaterials", "raw_type": "journal-article"}, "type": "article", "indexed_in": ["crossref", "doaj", "pubmed"], "open_access": {"is_oa": true, "oa_status": "hybrid", "oa_url": "https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40204-018-0095-0.pdf", "any_repository_has_fulltext": true}, "authorships": [{"author_position": "first", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5039937794", "display_name": "S M Fijul Kabir", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9354-2022"}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I121820613", "display_name": "Louisiana State University", "ror": "https://ror.org/05ect4e57", "country_code": "US", "type": "education", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I121820613"]}], "countries": ["US"], "is_corresponding": true, "raw_author_name": "S M Fijul Kabir", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["Department of Textiles, Apparel Design and Merchandising, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA. mahin.tex.7393@gmail.com", "Department of Textiles, Apparel Design and Merchandising, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA"], "raw_orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9354-2022", "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "Department of Textiles, Apparel Design and Merchandising, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA. mahin.tex.7393@gmail.com", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I121820613"]}, {"raw_affiliation_string": "Department of Textiles, Apparel Design and Merchandising, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I121820613"]}]}, {"author_position": "middle", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5010612422", "display_name": "Partha Sikdar", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6866-1073"}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I165733156", "display_name": "University of Georgia", "ror": "https://ror.org/00te3t702", "country_code": "US", "type": "education", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]}], "countries": ["US"], "is_corresponding": false, "raw_author_name": "Partha P. Sikdar", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["Department of Textiles, Merchandising and Interiors, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA"], "raw_orcid": null, "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "Department of Textiles, Merchandising and Interiors, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]}]}, {"author_position": "middle", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5064242856", "display_name": "Bazle Z. Haque", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0836-3864"}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I894293524", "display_name": "University of Chittagong", "ror": "https://ror.org/01173vs27", "country_code": "BD", "type": "education", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I894293524"]}], "countries": ["BD"], "is_corresponding": false, "raw_author_name": "B. Haque", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["College of Textile Engineering, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, 4331, Bangladesh"], "raw_orcid": null, "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "College of Textile Engineering, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, 4331, Bangladesh", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I894293524"]}]}, {"author_position": "middle", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5051703913", "display_name": "M. A. Rahman Bhuiyan", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1743-2729"}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I4210144275", "display_name": "Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology", "ror": "https://ror.org/03qxvyy35", "country_code": "BD", "type": "education", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I4210144275"]}], "countries": ["BD"], "is_corresponding": false, "raw_author_name": "M. A. Rahman Bhuiyan", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["Department of Textile Engineering, Dhaka University of Engineering and Technology, DUET, Gazipur, 1700, Bangladesh"], "raw_orcid": null, "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "Department of Textile Engineering, Dhaka University of Engineering and Technology, DUET, Gazipur, 1700, Bangladesh", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I4210144275"]}]}, {"author_position": "middle", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5073133747", "display_name": "Ayub Ali", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2767-553X"}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I4210144275", "display_name": "Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology", "ror": "https://ror.org/03qxvyy35", "country_code": "BD", "type": "education", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I4210144275"]}], "countries": ["BD"], "is_corresponding": false, "raw_author_name": "A. Ali", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["Department of Textile Engineering, Dhaka University of Engineering and Technology, DUET, Gazipur, 1700, Bangladesh"], "raw_orcid": null, "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "Department of Textile Engineering, Dhaka University of Engineering and Technology, DUET, Gazipur, 1700, Bangladesh", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I4210144275"]}]}, {"author_position": "last", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5111352210", "display_name": "Md. Nurul Islam", "orcid": null}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I4210144275", "display_name": "Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology", "ror": "https://ror.org/03qxvyy35", "country_code": "BD", "type": "education", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I4210144275"]}], "countries": ["BD"], "is_corresponding": false, "raw_author_name": "M. N. Islam", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["Department of Chemistry, Dhaka University of Engineering and Technology, DUET, Gazipur, 1700, Bangladesh"], "raw_orcid": null, "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "Department of Chemistry, Dhaka University of Engineering and Technology, DUET, Gazipur, 1700, Bangladesh", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I4210144275"]}]}], "institutions": [], "countries_distinct_count": 2, "institutions_distinct_count": 4, "corresponding_author_ids": ["https://openalex.org/A5039937794"], "corresponding_institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I121820613"], "apc_list": {"value": 2990, "currency": "USD", "value_usd": 2990}, "apc_paid": {"value": 2990, "currency": "USD", "value_usd": 2990}, "fwci": 13.2147, "has_fulltext": true, "cited_by_count": 559, "citation_normalized_percentile": {"value": 0.99580878, "is_in_top_1_percent": true, "is_in_top_10_percent": true}, "cited_by_percentile_year": {"min": 94, "max": 100}, "biblio": {"volume": "7", "issue": "3", "first_page": "153", "last_page": "174"}, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "is_xpac": false, "primary_topic": {"id": "https://openalex.org/T10343", "display_name": "Hydrogels: synthesis, properties, applications", "score": 0.9997000098228455, "subfield": {"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/1313", "display_name": "Molecular Medicine"}, "field": {"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/13", "display_name": "Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"}, "domain": {"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/1", "display_name": "Life Sciences"}}, "topics": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/T10343", "display_name": "Hydrogels: synthesis, properties, applications", "score": 0.9997000098228455, "subfield": {"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/1313", "display_name": "Molecular Medicine"}, "field": {"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/13", "display_name": "Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"}, "domain": {"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/1", "display_name": "Life Sciences"}}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/T10729", "display_name": "Electrospun Nanofibers in Biomedical Applications", "score": 0.9854999780654907, "subfield": {"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/2502", "display_name": "Biomaterials"}, "field": {"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/25", "display_name": "Materials Science"}, "domain": {"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3", "display_name": "Physical Sciences"}}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/T10610", "display_name": "Advanced Cellulose Research Studies", "score": 0.9836000204086304, "subfield": {"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/2502", "display_name": "Biomaterials"}, "field": {"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/25", "display_name": "Materials Science"}, "domain": {"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3", "display_name": "Physical Sciences"}}], "keywords": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/self-healing-hydrogels", "display_name": "Self-healing hydrogels", "score": 0.9264286756515503}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/biopolymer", "display_name": "Biopolymer", "score": 0.6982508897781372}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/cellulose", "display_name": "Cellulose", "score": 0.6914764046669006}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/biocompatible-material", "display_name": "Biocompatible material", "score": 0.6247832775115967}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/biocompatibility", "display_name": "Biocompatibility", "score": 0.5578144788742065}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/nanotechnology", "display_name": "Nanotechnology", "score": 0.5487178564071655}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science", "display_name": "Materials science", "score": 0.543371856212616}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/nanocellulose", "display_name": "Nanocellulose", "score": 0.540598452091217}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/tissue-engineering", "display_name": "Tissue engineering", "score": 0.4816681146621704}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/drug-delivery", "display_name": "Drug delivery", "score": 0.4723038673400879}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/biodegradation", "display_name": "Biodegradation", "score": 0.45542922616004944}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/chitosan", "display_name": "Chitosan", "score": 0.42174601554870605}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/polymer", "display_name": "Polymer", "score": 0.38823607563972473}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/polymer-science", "display_name": "Polymer science", "score": 0.3795546889305115}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/chemical-engineering", "display_name": "Chemical engineering", "score": 0.2905063331127167}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/biomedical-engineering", "display_name": "Biomedical engineering", "score": 0.2528102397918701}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/chemistry", "display_name": "Chemistry", "score": 0.21981894969940186}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/composite-material", "display_name": "Composite material", "score": 0.16962727904319763}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/organic-chemistry", "display_name": "Organic chemistry", "score": 0.14331862330436707}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/polymer-chemistry", "display_name": "Polymer chemistry", "score": 0.11278218030929565}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering", "display_name": "Engineering", "score": 0.11018556356430054}], "concepts": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/C108586683", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17164826", "display_name": "Self-healing hydrogels", "level": 2, "score": 0.9264286756515503}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778636629", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422649", "display_name": "Biopolymer", "level": 3, "score": 0.6982508897781372}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779251873", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80294", "display_name": "Cellulose", "level": 2, "score": 0.6914764046669006}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C1318750", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865663", "display_name": "Biocompatible material", "level": 2, "score": 0.6247832775115967}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777230088", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864426", "display_name": "Biocompatibility", "level": 2, "score": 0.5578144788742065}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C171250308", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468", "display_name": "Nanotechnology", "level": 1, "score": 0.5487178564071655}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C192562407", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736", "display_name": "Materials science", "level": 0, "score": 0.543371856212616}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777968448", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6964006", "display_name": "Nanocellulose", "level": 3, "score": 0.540598452091217}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C49892992", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540285", "display_name": "Tissue engineering", "level": 2, "score": 0.4816681146621704}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779820397", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1392806", "display_name": "Drug delivery", "level": 2, "score": 0.4723038673400879}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C157021035", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q696715", "display_name": "Biodegradation", "level": 2, "score": 0.45542922616004944}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779732960", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408510", "display_name": "Chitosan", "level": 2, "score": 0.42174601554870605}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C521977710", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81163", "display_name": "Polymer", "level": 2, "score": 0.38823607563972473}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C126348684", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3456979", "display_name": "Polymer science", "level": 1, "score": 0.3795546889305115}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C42360764", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83588", "display_name": "Chemical engineering", "level": 1, "score": 0.2905063331127167}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C136229726", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327092", "display_name": "Biomedical engineering", "level": 1, "score": 0.2528102397918701}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329", "display_name": "Chemistry", "level": 0, "score": 0.21981894969940186}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C159985019", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790", "display_name": "Composite material", "level": 1, "score": 0.16962727904319763}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C178790620", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351", "display_name": "Organic chemistry", "level": 1, "score": 0.14331862330436707}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C188027245", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750446", "display_name": "Polymer chemistry", "level": 1, "score": 0.11278218030929565}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023", "display_name": "Engineering", "level": 0, "score": 0.11018556356430054}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C191897082", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11467", "display_name": "Metallurgy", "level": 1, "score": 0.0}], "mesh": [], "locations_count": 4, "locations": [{"id": "doi:10.1007/s40204-018-0095-0", "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40204-018-0095-0", "pdf_url": "https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40204-018-0095-0.pdf", "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S2737522682", "display_name": "Progress in Biomaterials", "issn_l": "2194-0509", "issn": ["2194-0509", "2194-0517"], "is_oa": false, "is_in_doaj": false, "is_core": true, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/P4310319965", "host_organization_name": "Springer Nature", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"], "host_organization_lineage_names": ["Springer Nature"], "type": "journal"}, "license": "cc-by", "license_id": "https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by", "version": "publishedVersion", "is_accepted": true, "is_published": true, "raw_source_name": "Progress in Biomaterials", "raw_type": "journal-article"}, {"id": "pmid:30182344", "is_oa": false, "landing_page_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30182344", "pdf_url": null, "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036", "display_name": "PubMed", "issn_l": null, "issn": null, "is_oa": false, "is_in_doaj": false, "is_core": false, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/I1299303238", "host_organization_name": "National Institutes of Health", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"], "host_organization_lineage_names": [], "type": "repository"}, "license": null, "license_id": null, "version": "publishedVersion", "is_accepted": true, "is_published": true, "raw_source_name": "Progress in biomaterials", "raw_type": null}, {"id": "pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:05ab7e7d229546b18e5e6b28193a5465", "is_oa": false, "landing_page_url": "https://doaj.org/article/05ab7e7d229546b18e5e6b28193a5465", "pdf_url": null, "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306401280", "display_name": "DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)", "issn_l": null, "issn": null, "is_oa": false, "is_in_doaj": false, "is_core": false, "host_organization": null, "host_organization_name": null, "host_organization_lineage": [], "host_organization_lineage_names": [], "type": "repository"}, "license": null, "license_id": null, "version": "submittedVersion", "is_accepted": false, "is_published": false, "raw_source_name": "Progress in Biomaterials, Vol 7, Iss 3, Pp 153-174 (2018)", "raw_type": "article"}, {"id": "pmh:oai:europepmc.org:5136022", "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6173681", "pdf_url": null, "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306400806", "display_name": "Europe PMC (PubMed Central)", "issn_l": null, "issn": null, "is_oa": false, "is_in_doaj": false, "is_core": false, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/I1303153112", "host_organization_name": "European Bioinformatics Institute", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"], "host_organization_lineage_names": [], "type": "repository"}, "license": "cc-by", "license_id": "https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by", "version": "submittedVersion", "is_accepted": false, "is_published": false, "raw_source_name": null, "raw_type": "Text"}], "best_oa_location": {"id": "doi:10.1007/s40204-018-0095-0", "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s40204-018-0095-0", "pdf_url": "https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40204-018-0095-0.pdf", "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S2737522682", "display_name": "Progress in Biomaterials", "issn_l": "2194-0509", "issn": ["2194-0509", "2194-0517"], "is_oa": false, "is_in_doaj": false, "is_core": true, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/P4310319965", "host_organization_name": "Springer Nature", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"], "host_organization_lineage_names": ["Springer Nature"], "type": "journal"}, "license": "cc-by", "license_id": "https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by", "version": "publishedVersion", "is_accepted": true, "is_published": true, "raw_source_name": "Progress in Biomaterials", "raw_type": "journal-article"}, "sustainable_development_goals": [{"id": "https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2", "score": 0.5899999737739563, "display_name": "Zero hunger"}], "awards": [], "funders": [], "has_content": {"grobid_xml": true, "pdf": true}, "content_urls": {"pdf": "https://content.openalex.org/works/W2890014534.pdf", "grobid_xml": "https://content.openalex.org/works/W2890014534.grobid-xml"}, "referenced_works_count": 239, "referenced_works": ["https://openalex.org/W26198002", "https://openalex.org/W65157947", "https://openalex.org/W103174380", "https://openalex.org/W108014144", "https://openalex.org/W164136508", "https://openalex.org/W192852174", "https://openalex.org/W208525513", "https://openalex.org/W560757485", "https://openalex.org/W657862629", "https://openalex.org/W1040091886", "https://openalex.org/W1458672946", "https://openalex.org/W1541878231", "https://openalex.org/W1601951162", "https://openalex.org/W1623645098", "https://openalex.org/W1830093402", "https://openalex.org/W1911657064", "https://openalex.org/W1949073676", "https://openalex.org/W1963165990", "https://openalex.org/W1964034463", "https://openalex.org/W1967542656", "https://openalex.org/W1968760803", "https://openalex.org/W1974190631", "https://openalex.org/W1974692962", "https://openalex.org/W1975041423", "https://openalex.org/W1977986618", "https://openalex.org/W1982149038", "https://openalex.org/W1982897964", "https://openalex.org/W1983919257", "https://openalex.org/W1984134993", "https://openalex.org/W1985867042", "https://openalex.org/W1986024675", "https://openalex.org/W1986462180", "https://openalex.org/W1986601289", "https://openalex.org/W1987281985", "https://openalex.org/W1987799086", "https://openalex.org/W1991159371", "https://openalex.org/W1992372132", "https://openalex.org/W1993313436", "https://openalex.org/W1993549321", "https://openalex.org/W1995297564", "https://openalex.org/W1996081221", "https://openalex.org/W1997353385", "https://openalex.org/W1999917818", "https://openalex.org/W2000141051", "https://openalex.org/W2001146914", "https://openalex.org/W2002322451", "https://openalex.org/W2002546048", "https://openalex.org/W2004147170", "https://openalex.org/W2004411704", "https://openalex.org/W2005734140", "https://openalex.org/W2008930746", "https://openalex.org/W2009391018", "https://openalex.org/W2010064799", "https://openalex.org/W2010337583", "https://openalex.org/W2012247046", "https://openalex.org/W2013910920", "https://openalex.org/W2017222653", "https://openalex.org/W2020473652", "https://openalex.org/W2021443749", "https://openalex.org/W2023876249", "https://openalex.org/W2024306244", "https://openalex.org/W2025023802", "https://openalex.org/W2025286606", "https://openalex.org/W2026671507", "https://openalex.org/W2028919503", "https://openalex.org/W2029380892", "https://openalex.org/W2029454275", "https://openalex.org/W2029864795", "https://openalex.org/W2029987677", "https://openalex.org/W2030841219", "https://openalex.org/W2033395035", "https://openalex.org/W2036766687", "https://openalex.org/W2037907185", "https://openalex.org/W2037989724", "https://openalex.org/W2038270946", "https://openalex.org/W2038337386", "https://openalex.org/W2038760102", "https://openalex.org/W2039626751", "https://openalex.org/W2039759276", "https://openalex.org/W2043638822", "https://openalex.org/W2044512869", "https://openalex.org/W2045869819", "https://openalex.org/W2047004418", "https://openalex.org/W2047439171", "https://openalex.org/W2048893610", "https://openalex.org/W2050223779", "https://openalex.org/W2050275797", "https://openalex.org/W2050582434", "https://openalex.org/W2053520747", "https://openalex.org/W2054200136", "https://openalex.org/W2054630868", "https://openalex.org/W2055037957", "https://openalex.org/W2055737025", "https://openalex.org/W2056170322", "https://openalex.org/W2059237926", "https://openalex.org/W2060219787", "https://openalex.org/W2060239018", "https://openalex.org/W2060747147", "https://openalex.org/W2062734456", "https://openalex.org/W2064327972", "https://openalex.org/W2069646669", "https://openalex.org/W2069716590", "https://openalex.org/W2070510983", "https://openalex.org/W2070613572", "https://openalex.org/W2070708980", "https://openalex.org/W2070897626", "https://openalex.org/W2071182500", "https://openalex.org/W2071241319", "https://openalex.org/W2072639108", "https://openalex.org/W2073089708", "https://openalex.org/W2073220260", "https://openalex.org/W2074009942", "https://openalex.org/W2074172808", "https://openalex.org/W2075270683", "https://openalex.org/W2075550012", "https://openalex.org/W2075895183", "https://openalex.org/W2076393316", "https://openalex.org/W2077474285", "https://openalex.org/W2079497360", "https://openalex.org/W2079714189", "https://openalex.org/W2080655098", "https://openalex.org/W2081072481", "https://openalex.org/W2082460036", "https://openalex.org/W2082511674", "https://openalex.org/W2082516633", "https://openalex.org/W2082593275", "https://openalex.org/W2085252235", "https://openalex.org/W2085904428", "https://openalex.org/W2087296068", "https://openalex.org/W2087848905", "https://openalex.org/W2089478718", "https://openalex.org/W2089869065", "https://openalex.org/W2090688448", "https://openalex.org/W2090924882", "https://openalex.org/W2091573294", "https://openalex.org/W2092815151", "https://openalex.org/W2093084549", "https://openalex.org/W2093678779", "https://openalex.org/W2095214401", "https://openalex.org/W2095295786", "https://openalex.org/W2095330478", "https://openalex.org/W2096325028", "https://openalex.org/W2097246107", "https://openalex.org/W2099739435", "https://openalex.org/W2101307868", "https://openalex.org/W2102517120", "https://openalex.org/W2105487601", "https://openalex.org/W2109748456", "https://openalex.org/W2113260683", "https://openalex.org/W2113536011", "https://openalex.org/W2117141982", "https://openalex.org/W2117504176", "https://openalex.org/W2120749561", "https://openalex.org/W2123236876", "https://openalex.org/W2123626980", "https://openalex.org/W2129431680", "https://openalex.org/W2135607345", "https://openalex.org/W2138587680", "https://openalex.org/W2140023416", "https://openalex.org/W2146865897", "https://openalex.org/W2146894143", "https://openalex.org/W2150043177", "https://openalex.org/W2153186862", "https://openalex.org/W2153609543", "https://openalex.org/W2155123842", "https://openalex.org/W2158643446", "https://openalex.org/W2162935363", "https://openalex.org/W2164158598", "https://openalex.org/W2165694975", "https://openalex.org/W2166713231", "https://openalex.org/W2168553430", "https://openalex.org/W2168565232", "https://openalex.org/W2172526540", "https://openalex.org/W2173855315", "https://openalex.org/W2177912268", "https://openalex.org/W2178217481", "https://openalex.org/W2188478439", "https://openalex.org/W2191510821", "https://openalex.org/W2213123672", "https://openalex.org/W2232949336", "https://openalex.org/W2277784928", "https://openalex.org/W2282732918", "https://openalex.org/W2346702600", "https://openalex.org/W2434440466", "https://openalex.org/W2461808050", "https://openalex.org/W2474672080", "https://openalex.org/W2479686103", "https://openalex.org/W2497983138", "https://openalex.org/W2503228908", "https://openalex.org/W2505384836", "https://openalex.org/W2507122172", "https://openalex.org/W2510527553", "https://openalex.org/W2510743572", "https://openalex.org/W2515304405", "https://openalex.org/W2533752450", "https://openalex.org/W2538817287", "https://openalex.org/W2556648064", "https://openalex.org/W2564072959", "https://openalex.org/W2567304368", "https://openalex.org/W2570559823", "https://openalex.org/W2574596283", "https://openalex.org/W2581108109", "https://openalex.org/W2588008101", "https://openalex.org/W2590972572", "https://openalex.org/W2592202557", "https://openalex.org/W2594220951", "https://openalex.org/W2595445915", "https://openalex.org/W2595460557", "https://openalex.org/W2598515477", "https://openalex.org/W2599915121", "https://openalex.org/W2600657892", "https://openalex.org/W2602202569", "https://openalex.org/W2606251873", "https://openalex.org/W2606613305", "https://openalex.org/W2607673049", "https://openalex.org/W2609370489", "https://openalex.org/W2620432528", "https://openalex.org/W2627261965", "https://openalex.org/W2725037658", "https://openalex.org/W2737076079", "https://openalex.org/W2739711495", "https://openalex.org/W2746514904", "https://openalex.org/W2749159026", "https://openalex.org/W2751884628", "https://openalex.org/W2759076229", "https://openalex.org/W2759459798", "https://openalex.org/W2765386909", "https://openalex.org/W2804660460", "https://openalex.org/W3152061358", "https://openalex.org/W3161150044", "https://openalex.org/W4211210645", "https://openalex.org/W4229815098", "https://openalex.org/W4232948687", "https://openalex.org/W4234153906", "https://openalex.org/W4244523227", "https://openalex.org/W4246443448", "https://openalex.org/W4250492799", "https://openalex.org/W4285719527", "https://openalex.org/W4302499582"], "related_works": ["https://openalex.org/W1983347197", "https://openalex.org/W3096286327", "https://openalex.org/W4285384174", "https://openalex.org/W2769828805", "https://openalex.org/W4248606791", "https://openalex.org/W4307982697", "https://openalex.org/W4379805184", "https://openalex.org/W2542631857", "https://openalex.org/W4220701089", "https://openalex.org/W1914487535"], "abstract_inverted_index": {"Hydrogels": [0], "based": [1], "on": [2, 97], "cellulose": [3], "comprising": [4], "many": [5, 37], "organic": [6], "biopolymers": [7], "including": [8, 181], "cellulose,": [9], "chitin,": [10], "and": [11, 20, 49, 63, 86, 106, 151, 165, 190, 194, 203], "chitosan": [12], "are": [13, 94, 110], "the": [14, 28, 82, 92, 134, 163], "hydrophilic": [15], "material,": [16], "which": [17], "can": [18, 60], "absorb": [19], "retain": [21], "a": [22, 53, 70, 140], "huge": [23], "proportion": [24], "of": [25, 31, 133, 162, 171], "water": [26], "in": [27, 73, 78, 119, 145, 178, 200], "interstitial": [29], "sites": [30], "their": [32, 103, 176], "structures.": [33], "These": [34, 136], "polymers": [35], "feature": [36], "amazing": [38], "properties": [39, 170], "such": [40, 184], "as": [41, 112, 148, 185, 197, 199, 206], "responsiveness": [42], "to": [43, 69, 102, 116, 122], "pH,": [44], "time,": [45], "temperature,": [46], "chemical": [47], "species": [48], "biological": [50], "conditions": [51], "besides": [52], "very": [54], "high-water": [55], "absorption": [56], "capacity.": [57], "Biopolymer": [58], "hydrogels": [59, 100, 109, 137, 173], "be": [61, 117], "manipulated": [62], "crafted": [64], "for": [65, 143], "numerous": [66], "applications": [67, 144, 177, 205], "leading": [68], "tremendous": [71], "boom": [72], "research": [74, 167], "during": [75], "recent": [76, 164], "times": [77], "scientific": [79], "communities.": [80], "With": [81], "growing": [83], "environmental": [84], "concerns": [85], "an": [87, 160], "emergent": [88], "demand,": [89], "researchers": [90], "throughout": [91], "globe": [93], "concentrating": [95], "particularly": [96], "naturally": [98], "derived": [99], "due": [101], "biocompatibility,": [104], "biodegradability": [105], "abundance.": [107], "Cellulose-based": [108], "considered": [111], "useful": [113, 154], "biocompatible": [114], "materials": [115, 150], "used": [118], "medical": [120], "devices": [121], "treat,": [123], "augment": [124], "or": [125, 130], "replace": [126], "any": [127], "tissue,": [128], "organ,": [129], "help": [131], "function": [132], "body.": [135], "also": [138], "hold": [139], "great": [141], "promise": [142], "agricultural": [146], "activity,": [147], "smart": [149, 207], "some": [152], "other": [153], "industrial": [155, 204], "purposes.": [156], "This": [157], "review": [158], "offers": [159], "overview": [161], "contemporary": [166], "regarding": [168], "physiochemical": [169], "cellulose-based": [172], "along": [174], "with": [175], "multidisciplinary": [179], "areas": [180], "biomedical": [182], "fields": [183], "drug": [186], "delivery,": [187], "tissue": [188], "engineering": [189], "wound": [191], "healing,": [192], "healthcare": [193], "hygienic": [195], "products": [196], "well": [198], "agriculture,": [201], "textiles": [202], "materials.": [208]}, "counts_by_year": [{"year": 2026, "cited_by_count": 26}, {"year": 2025, "cited_by_count": 88}, {"year": 2024, "cited_by_count": 94}, {"year": 2023, "cited_by_count": 98}, {"year": 2022, "cited_by_count": 76}, {"year": 2021, "cited_by_count": 102}, {"year": 2020, "cited_by_count": 52}, {"year": 2019, "cited_by_count": 21}, {"year": 2018, "cited_by_count": 2}], "updated_date": "2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105", "created_date": "2025-10-10T00:00:00"}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/W3213189848", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41578-021-00389-7", "title": "Soft actuators for real-world applications", "display_name": "Soft actuators for real-world applications", "relevance_score": 397.72525, "publication_year": 2021, "publication_date": "2021-11-10", "ids": {"openalex": "https://openalex.org/W3213189848", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41578-021-00389-7", "mag": "3213189848", "pmid": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35474944"}, "language": "en", "primary_location": {"id": "doi:10.1038/s41578-021-00389-7", "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41578-021-00389-7", "pdf_url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41578-021-00389-7.pdf", "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S2764917516", "display_name": "Nature Reviews Materials", "issn_l": "2058-8437", "issn": ["2058-8437"], "is_oa": false, "is_in_doaj": false, "is_core": true, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/P4310319908", "host_organization_name": "Nature Portfolio", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/P4310319908", "https://openalex.org/P4310319965"], "host_organization_lineage_names": ["Nature Portfolio", "Springer Nature"], "type": "journal"}, "license": "cc-by", "license_id": "https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by", "version": "publishedVersion", "is_accepted": true, "is_published": true, "raw_source_name": "Nature Reviews Materials", "raw_type": "journal-article"}, "type": "article", "indexed_in": ["crossref", "pubmed"], "open_access": {"is_oa": true, "oa_status": "hybrid", "oa_url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41578-021-00389-7.pdf", "any_repository_has_fulltext": true}, "authorships": [{"author_position": "first", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5100457487", "display_name": "Meng Li", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6014-2866"}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I4210135521", "display_name": "Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems", "ror": "https://ror.org/04fq9j139", "country_code": "DE", "type": "facility", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I149899117", "https://openalex.org/I4210135521"]}], "countries": ["DE"], "is_corresponding": false, "raw_author_name": "Meng Li", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart, Germany"], "raw_orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6014-2866", "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart, Germany", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I4210135521"]}]}, {"author_position": "middle", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5076544091", "display_name": "Aniket Pal", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7850-3623"}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I4210135521", "display_name": "Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems", "ror": "https://ror.org/04fq9j139", "country_code": "DE", "type": "facility", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I149899117", "https://openalex.org/I4210135521"]}], "countries": ["DE"], "is_corresponding": false, "raw_author_name": "Aniket Pal", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart, Germany"], "raw_orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7850-3623", "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart, Germany", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I4210135521"]}]}, {"author_position": "middle", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5034789000", "display_name": "Amirreza Aghakhani", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4301-4053"}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I4210135521", "display_name": "Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems", "ror": "https://ror.org/04fq9j139", "country_code": "DE", "type": "facility", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I149899117", "https://openalex.org/I4210135521"]}], "countries": ["DE"], "is_corresponding": false, "raw_author_name": "Amirreza Aghakhani", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart, Germany"], "raw_orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4301-4053", "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart, Germany", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I4210135521"]}]}, {"author_position": "middle", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5081328752", "display_name": "Abdon Pena\u2010Francesch", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7779-1651"}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I4210116723", "display_name": "Robotics Research (United States)", "ror": "https://ror.org/020w2fr77", "country_code": "US", "type": "company", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I4210116723"]}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/I4210135521", "display_name": "Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems", "ror": "https://ror.org/04fq9j139", "country_code": "DE", "type": "facility", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I149899117", "https://openalex.org/I4210135521"]}], "countries": ["DE", "US"], "is_corresponding": false, "raw_author_name": "Abdon Pena-Francesch", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Robotics Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA", "Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart, Germany"], "raw_orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7779-1651", "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Robotics Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I4210116723"]}, {"raw_affiliation_string": "Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart, Germany", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I4210135521"]}]}, {"author_position": "last", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5079968392", "display_name": "Metin Sitti", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8249-3854"}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I1351752", "display_name": "Ko\u00e7 University", "ror": "https://ror.org/00jzwgz36", "country_code": "TR", "type": "education", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I1351752"]}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/I35440088", "display_name": "ETH Zurich", "ror": "https://ror.org/05a28rw58", "country_code": "CH", "type": "education", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I2799323385", "https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/I4210090941", "display_name": "Institute for Biomedical Engineering", "ror": "https://ror.org/00baskk38", "country_code": "CH", "type": "facility", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I202697423", "https://openalex.org/I2799323385", "https://openalex.org/I35440088", "https://openalex.org/I4210090941"]}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/I4210135521", "display_name": "Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems", "ror": "https://ror.org/04fq9j139", "country_code": "DE", "type": "facility", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I149899117", "https://openalex.org/I4210135521"]}], "countries": ["CH", "DE", "TR"], "is_corresponding": true, "raw_author_name": "Metin Sitti", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland", "Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart, Germany", "School of Medicine and College of Engineering, Ko\u00e7 University, Istanbul, Turkey"], "raw_orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8249-3854", "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I35440088", "https://openalex.org/I4210090941"]}, {"raw_affiliation_string": "Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart, Germany", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I4210135521"]}, {"raw_affiliation_string": "School of Medicine and College of Engineering, Ko\u00e7 University, Istanbul, Turkey", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I1351752"]}]}], "institutions": [], "countries_distinct_count": 4, "institutions_distinct_count": 5, "corresponding_author_ids": ["https://openalex.org/A5079968392"], "corresponding_institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I1351752", "https://openalex.org/I35440088", "https://openalex.org/I4210090941", "https://openalex.org/I4210135521"], "apc_list": null, "apc_paid": null, "fwci": 35.7032, "has_fulltext": true, "cited_by_count": 844, "citation_normalized_percentile": {"value": 0.99973154, "is_in_top_1_percent": true, "is_in_top_10_percent": true}, "cited_by_percentile_year": {"min": 99, "max": 100}, "biblio": {"volume": "7", "issue": "3", "first_page": "235", "last_page": "249"}, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "is_xpac": false, "primary_topic": {"id": "https://openalex.org/T10338", "display_name": "Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials", "score": 0.9997000098228455, "subfield": {"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/2204", "display_name": "Biomedical Engineering"}, "field": {"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/22", "display_name": "Engineering"}, "domain": {"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3", "display_name": "Physical Sciences"}}, "topics": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/T10338", "display_name": "Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials", "score": 0.9997000098228455, "subfield": {"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/2204", "display_name": "Biomedical Engineering"}, "field": {"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/22", "display_name": "Engineering"}, "domain": {"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3", "display_name": "Physical Sciences"}}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/T11737", "display_name": "Advanced Materials and Mechanics", "score": 0.9993000030517578, "subfield": {"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/2210", "display_name": "Mechanical Engineering"}, "field": {"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/22", "display_name": "Engineering"}, "domain": {"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3", "display_name": "Physical Sciences"}}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/T12784", "display_name": "Modular Robots and Swarm Intelligence", "score": 0.9932000041007996, "subfield": {"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/2210", "display_name": "Mechanical Engineering"}, "field": {"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/22", "display_name": "Engineering"}, "domain": {"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3", "display_name": "Physical Sciences"}}], "keywords": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptability", "display_name": "Adaptability", "score": 0.773064136505127}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/actuator", "display_name": "Actuator", "score": 0.7083601355552673}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/soft-robotics", "display_name": "Soft robotics", "score": 0.6852192282676697}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability", "display_name": "Scalability", "score": 0.6083727478981018}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science", "display_name": "Computer science", "score": 0.607876181602478}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/wearable-computer", "display_name": "Wearable computer", "score": 0.5827438235282898}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/grippers", "display_name": "Grippers", "score": 0.5572632551193237}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/agile-software-development", "display_name": "Agile software development", "score": 0.4514372646808624}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/soft-materials", "display_name": "Soft materials", "score": 0.4228634834289551}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/nanotechnology", "display_name": "Nanotechnology", "score": 0.29382675886154175}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering", "display_name": "Engineering", "score": 0.2876570224761963}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence", "display_name": "Artificial intelligence", "score": 0.2869153916835785}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system", "display_name": "Embedded system", "score": 0.258921355009079}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanical-engineering", "display_name": "Mechanical engineering", "score": 0.25333407521247864}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science", "display_name": "Materials science", "score": 0.20897233486175537}], "concepts": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/C177606310", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5674297", "display_name": "Adaptability", "level": 2, "score": 0.773064136505127}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C172707124", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q423488", "display_name": "Actuator", "level": 2, "score": 0.7083601355552673}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776058767", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q24327151", "display_name": "Soft robotics", "level": 3, "score": 0.6852192282676697}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C48044578", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490", "display_name": "Scalability", "level": 2, "score": 0.6083727478981018}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198", "display_name": "Computer science", "level": 0, "score": 0.607876181602478}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C150594956", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1334829", "display_name": "Wearable computer", "level": 2, "score": 0.5827438235282898}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C2775960376", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1435859", "display_name": "Grippers", "level": 2, "score": 0.5572632551193237}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C14185376", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30232", "display_name": "Agile software development", "level": 2, "score": 0.4514372646808624}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C2982836594", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q902144", "display_name": "Soft materials", "level": 2, "score": 0.4228634834289551}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C171250308", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468", "display_name": "Nanotechnology", "level": 1, "score": 0.29382675886154175}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023", "display_name": "Engineering", "level": 0, "score": 0.2876570224761963}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C154945302", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660", "display_name": "Artificial intelligence", "level": 1, "score": 0.2869153916835785}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C149635348", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040", "display_name": "Embedded system", "level": 1, "score": 0.258921355009079}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C78519656", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333", "display_name": "Mechanical engineering", "level": 1, "score": 0.25333407521247864}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C192562407", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736", "display_name": "Materials science", "level": 0, "score": 0.20897233486175537}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C115903868", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993", "display_name": "Software engineering", "level": 1, "score": 0.0}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C77088390", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513", "display_name": "Database", "level": 1, "score": 0.0}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C18903297", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150", "display_name": "Ecology", "level": 1, "score": 0.0}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420", "display_name": "Biology", "level": 0, "score": 0.0}], "mesh": [], "locations_count": 4, "locations": [{"id": "doi:10.1038/s41578-021-00389-7", "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41578-021-00389-7", "pdf_url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41578-021-00389-7.pdf", "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S2764917516", "display_name": "Nature Reviews Materials", "issn_l": "2058-8437", "issn": ["2058-8437"], "is_oa": false, "is_in_doaj": false, "is_core": true, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/P4310319908", "host_organization_name": "Nature Portfolio", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/P4310319908", "https://openalex.org/P4310319965"], "host_organization_lineage_names": ["Nature Portfolio", "Springer Nature"], "type": "journal"}, "license": "cc-by", "license_id": "https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by", "version": "publishedVersion", "is_accepted": true, "is_published": true, "raw_source_name": "Nature Reviews Materials", "raw_type": "journal-article"}, {"id": "pmid:35474944", "is_oa": false, "landing_page_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35474944", "pdf_url": null, "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036", "display_name": "PubMed", "issn_l": null, "issn": null, "is_oa": false, "is_in_doaj": false, "is_core": false, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/I1299303238", "host_organization_name": "National Institutes of Health", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"], "host_organization_lineage_names": [], "type": "repository"}, "license": null, "license_id": null, "version": "publishedVersion", "is_accepted": true, "is_published": true, "raw_source_name": "Nature reviews. Materials", "raw_type": null}, {"id": "pmh:oai:cdm21054.contentdm.oclc.org:IR/10134", "is_oa": false, "landing_page_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41578-021-00389-7 ", "pdf_url": null, "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306401341", "display_name": "Digital Collections portal (Ko\u00e7 University)", "issn_l": null, "issn": null, "is_oa": false, "is_in_doaj": false, "is_core": false, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/I1351752", "host_organization_name": "Ko\u00e7 University", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I1351752"], "host_organization_lineage_names": [], "type": "repository"}, "license": null, "license_id": null, "version": "submittedVersion", "is_accepted": false, "is_published": false, "raw_source_name": "Nature Reviews Materials", "raw_type": "Review"}, {"id": "pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7612659", "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7612659", "pdf_url": null, "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S2764455111", "display_name": "PubMed Central", "issn_l": null, "issn": null, "is_oa": true, "is_in_doaj": false, "is_core": false, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/I1299303238", "host_organization_name": "National Institutes of Health", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"], "host_organization_lineage_names": [], "type": "repository"}, "license": null, "license_id": null, "version": "submittedVersion", "is_accepted": false, "is_published": false, "raw_source_name": "Nat Rev Mater", "raw_type": "Text"}], "best_oa_location": {"id": "doi:10.1038/s41578-021-00389-7", "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41578-021-00389-7", "pdf_url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41578-021-00389-7.pdf", "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S2764917516", "display_name": "Nature Reviews Materials", "issn_l": "2058-8437", "issn": ["2058-8437"], "is_oa": false, "is_in_doaj": false, "is_core": true, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/P4310319908", "host_organization_name": "Nature Portfolio", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/P4310319908", "https://openalex.org/P4310319965"], "host_organization_lineage_names": ["Nature Portfolio", "Springer Nature"], "type": "journal"}, "license": "cc-by", "license_id": "https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by", "version": "publishedVersion", "is_accepted": true, "is_published": true, "raw_source_name": "Nature Reviews Materials", "raw_type": "journal-article"}, "sustainable_development_goals": [{"id": "https://metadata.un.org/sdg/12", "score": 0.4099999964237213, "display_name": "Responsible consumption and production"}], "awards": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/G2807460088", "display_name": null, "funder_award_id": "SPP 2100", "funder_id": "https://openalex.org/F4320320879", "funder_display_name": "Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/G5325590051", "display_name": null, "funder_award_id": "2197/3-1", "funder_id": "https://openalex.org/F4320320879", "funder_display_name": "Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"}], "funders": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/F4320308269", "display_name": "Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung", "ror": "https://ror.org/012kf4317"}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/F4320320879", "display_name": "Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft", "ror": "https://ror.org/018mejw64"}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/F4320322434", "display_name": "Max-Planck-Gesellschaft", "ror": "https://ror.org/01hhn8329"}], "has_content": {"grobid_xml": true, "pdf": true}, "content_urls": {"pdf": "https://content.openalex.org/works/W3213189848.pdf", "grobid_xml": "https://content.openalex.org/works/W3213189848.grobid-xml"}, "referenced_works_count": 228, "referenced_works": ["https://openalex.org/W617325668", "https://openalex.org/W1482343016", "https://openalex.org/W1545301666", "https://openalex.org/W1847353717", "https://openalex.org/W2004367543", "https://openalex.org/W2027454283", "https://openalex.org/W2033601397", "https://openalex.org/W2061848267", "https://openalex.org/W2070662831", "https://openalex.org/W2071188031", "https://openalex.org/W2086899841", "https://openalex.org/W2090648204", "https://openalex.org/W2091670031", "https://openalex.org/W2101058978", "https://openalex.org/W2115412172", "https://openalex.org/W2126040686", "https://openalex.org/W2126546123", "https://openalex.org/W2151968342", "https://openalex.org/W2154963933", "https://openalex.org/W2163566443", "https://openalex.org/W2166585449", "https://openalex.org/W2172212677", "https://openalex.org/W2266720690", "https://openalex.org/W2300507085", "https://openalex.org/W2333455661", "https://openalex.org/W2335171300", "https://openalex.org/W2463052324", "https://openalex.org/W2488753705", "https://openalex.org/W2490447607", "https://openalex.org/W2491506619", "https://openalex.org/W2515930553", "https://openalex.org/W2519437300", "https://openalex.org/W2519772645", "https://openalex.org/W2526011581", "https://openalex.org/W2544013339", "https://openalex.org/W2550766522", "https://openalex.org/W2553064235", "https://openalex.org/W2560704029", "https://openalex.org/W2564130887", "https://openalex.org/W2565484961", "https://openalex.org/W2567242052", "https://openalex.org/W2587341100", "https://openalex.org/W2587880393", "https://openalex.org/W2588052119", "https://openalex.org/W2602682248", "https://openalex.org/W2606345072", "https://openalex.org/W2614511842", "https://openalex.org/W2614923825", "https://openalex.org/W2726969371", "https://openalex.org/W2736506837", "https://openalex.org/W2737156933", "https://openalex.org/W2737491236", "https://openalex.org/W2740882623", "https://openalex.org/W2748291579", "https://openalex.org/W2750720081", "https://openalex.org/W2751683279", "https://openalex.org/W2752071174", "https://openalex.org/W2754164803", "https://openalex.org/W2755921665", "https://openalex.org/W2765935070", "https://openalex.org/W2769501833", "https://openalex.org/W2770542903", "https://openalex.org/W2770984632", "https://openalex.org/W2775854755", "https://openalex.org/W2781516556", "https://openalex.org/W2782093158", "https://openalex.org/W2784033758", "https://openalex.org/W2784322087", "https://openalex.org/W2784648116", "https://openalex.org/W2784911769", "https://openalex.org/W2785110060", "https://openalex.org/W2788127870", "https://openalex.org/W2790084889", "https://openalex.org/W2790756470", "https://openalex.org/W2791180667", "https://openalex.org/W2791239448", "https://openalex.org/W2791280146", "https://openalex.org/W2793227423", "https://openalex.org/W2793249156", "https://openalex.org/W2794678235", "https://openalex.org/W2800503756", "https://openalex.org/W2802685181", "https://openalex.org/W2803735436", "https://openalex.org/W2804340326", "https://openalex.org/W2804981481", "https://openalex.org/W2805926569", "https://openalex.org/W2806189642", "https://openalex.org/W2806506062", "https://openalex.org/W2807112462", "https://openalex.org/W2807695615", "https://openalex.org/W2883279767", "https://openalex.org/W2884409645", "https://openalex.org/W2887617672", "https://openalex.org/W2888305244", "https://openalex.org/W2891965836", "https://openalex.org/W2892188303", "https://openalex.org/W2893554200", "https://openalex.org/W2896049741", "https://openalex.org/W2901252645", "https://openalex.org/W2901920378", "https://openalex.org/W2902269261", "https://openalex.org/W2903524854", "https://openalex.org/W2904422212", "https://openalex.org/W2905335417", "https://openalex.org/W2908275558", "https://openalex.org/W2909996990", "https://openalex.org/W2910569940", "https://openalex.org/W2910944719", "https://openalex.org/W2911637641", "https://openalex.org/W2911689559", "https://openalex.org/W2911887105", "https://openalex.org/W2912720184", "https://openalex.org/W2913128209", "https://openalex.org/W2914139746", "https://openalex.org/W2915040685", "https://openalex.org/W2922068385", "https://openalex.org/W2922355439", "https://openalex.org/W2922426839", "https://openalex.org/W2922599593", "https://openalex.org/W2924252827", "https://openalex.org/W2939258959", "https://openalex.org/W2941543350", "https://openalex.org/W2942556218", "https://openalex.org/W2943492352", "https://openalex.org/W2944806635", "https://openalex.org/W2945957160", "https://openalex.org/W2949563790", "https://openalex.org/W2951231114", "https://openalex.org/W2954129390", "https://openalex.org/W2955061729", "https://openalex.org/W2955902092", "https://openalex.org/W2957727648", "https://openalex.org/W2957807469", "https://openalex.org/W2958452288", "https://openalex.org/W2959338391", "https://openalex.org/W2961049121", "https://openalex.org/W2961309955", "https://openalex.org/W2966493068", "https://openalex.org/W2967619140", "https://openalex.org/W2967898303", "https://openalex.org/W2968389854", "https://openalex.org/W2969184044", "https://openalex.org/W2969509786", "https://openalex.org/W2969922827", "https://openalex.org/W2970659646", "https://openalex.org/W2971278234", "https://openalex.org/W2973709110", "https://openalex.org/W2979267887", "https://openalex.org/W2980790222", "https://openalex.org/W2981354153", "https://openalex.org/W2981479365", "https://openalex.org/W2981795224", "https://openalex.org/W2982583378", "https://openalex.org/W2984221450", "https://openalex.org/W2984784701", "https://openalex.org/W2988763167", "https://openalex.org/W2990510362", "https://openalex.org/W2995863299", "https://openalex.org/W2996185064", "https://openalex.org/W2997289456", "https://openalex.org/W2997670059", "https://openalex.org/W2998443686", "https://openalex.org/W2998869426", "https://openalex.org/W3000207625", "https://openalex.org/W3003824536", "https://openalex.org/W3005061933", "https://openalex.org/W3006284129", "https://openalex.org/W3007162068", "https://openalex.org/W3009223814", "https://openalex.org/W3016334691", "https://openalex.org/W3021947263", "https://openalex.org/W3022393895", "https://openalex.org/W3023786610", "https://openalex.org/W3024757840", "https://openalex.org/W3026249315", "https://openalex.org/W3028104297", "https://openalex.org/W3030989713", "https://openalex.org/W3031329960", "https://openalex.org/W3033449785", "https://openalex.org/W3033650662", "https://openalex.org/W3034432356", "https://openalex.org/W3035767355", "https://openalex.org/W3039737594", "https://openalex.org/W3041571536", "https://openalex.org/W3042160505", "https://openalex.org/W3043850244", "https://openalex.org/W3045105376", "https://openalex.org/W3047968485", "https://openalex.org/W3055628792", "https://openalex.org/W3081214735", "https://openalex.org/W3081572958", "https://openalex.org/W3081850223", "https://openalex.org/W3081912382", "https://openalex.org/W3082576107", "https://openalex.org/W3083738679", "https://openalex.org/W3087066966", "https://openalex.org/W3087167655", "https://openalex.org/W3087565571", "https://openalex.org/W3089980340", "https://openalex.org/W3092735877", "https://openalex.org/W3094538106", "https://openalex.org/W3094766386", "https://openalex.org/W3095768846", "https://openalex.org/W3097564034", "https://openalex.org/W3101262183", "https://openalex.org/W3102764831", "https://openalex.org/W3103634491", "https://openalex.org/W3104511684", "https://openalex.org/W3105820366", "https://openalex.org/W3105982350", "https://openalex.org/W3111693860", "https://openalex.org/W3112236936", "https://openalex.org/W3112747941", "https://openalex.org/W3113191033", "https://openalex.org/W3113629693", "https://openalex.org/W3114853168", "https://openalex.org/W3115179980", "https://openalex.org/W3125867167", "https://openalex.org/W3129441607", "https://openalex.org/W3134259965", "https://openalex.org/W3135062658", "https://openalex.org/W3145917579", "https://openalex.org/W3149377315", "https://openalex.org/W3154125796", "https://openalex.org/W3157032635", "https://openalex.org/W3157836676", "https://openalex.org/W3158837367", "https://openalex.org/W4287063643"], "related_works": ["https://openalex.org/W3014507301", "https://openalex.org/W2908594317", "https://openalex.org/W3134474396", "https://openalex.org/W3206105843", "https://openalex.org/W2901721787", "https://openalex.org/W4385356446", "https://openalex.org/W2812073887", "https://openalex.org/W3119366040", "https://openalex.org/W4377030113", "https://openalex.org/W4376605699"], "abstract_inverted_index": {"Inspired": [0], "by": [1, 89], "physically": [2], "adaptive,": [3], "agile,": [4], "reconfigurable": [5], "and": [6, 10, 31, 56, 68, 77, 86, 94, 107, 119, 123, 130, 132, 147, 159, 169], "multifunctional": [7], "soft-bodied": [8], "animals": [9], "human": [11, 140], "muscles,": [12, 27], "soft": [13, 24, 63, 92, 100, 111, 149, 157], "actuators": [14, 64, 127], "have": [15], "been": [16], "developed": [17], "for": [18, 59, 109], "a": [19], "variety": [20], "of": [21, 38, 62, 99, 156], "applications,": [22], "including": [23, 113], "grippers,": [25], "artificial": [26], "wearables,": [28], "haptic": [29], "devices": [30], "medical": [32], "devices.": [33], "However,": [34], "the": [35, 60, 105, 139], "complex": [36], "performance": [37, 82], "biological": [39], "systems": [40], "cannot": [41], "yet": [42], "be": [43, 84], "fully": [44], "replicated": [45], "in": [46], "synthetic": [47], "designs.": [48], "In": [49], "this": [50], "Review,": [51], "we": [52, 103], "discuss": [53, 104], "new": [54], "materials": [55], "structural": [57], "designs": [58], "engineering": [61], "with": [65, 138], "physical": [66, 114, 167], "intelligence": [67, 168], "advanced": [69], "properties,": [70], "such": [71, 164], "as": [72, 165], "adaptability,": [73, 116], "multimodal": [74], "locomotion,": [75], "self-healing": [76], "multi-responsiveness.": [78], "We": [79], "examine": [80], "how": [81], "can": [83], "improved": [85], "multifunctionality": [87], "implemented": [88], "using": [90], "programmable": [91], "materials,": [93], "highlight": [95], "important": [96], "real-world": [97, 154], "applications": [98, 155], "actuators.": [101], "Finally,": [102], "challenges": [106], "opportunities": [108], "next-generation": [110], "actuators,": [112], "intelligence,": [115], "manufacturing": [117], "scalability": [118], "reproducibility,": [120], "extended": [121], "lifetime": [122], "end-of-life": [124, 170], "strategies.": [125, 171], "Soft": [126], "are": [128], "flexible": [129], "compliant": [131], "thus": [133], "perfectly": [134], "suited": [135], "to": [136], "interact": [137], "body.": [141], "This": [142], "Review": [143], "discusses": [144], "tethered,": [145], "untethered": [146], "biohybrid": [148], "actuation": [150], "strategies,": [151], "highlights": [152], "promising": [153], "robots": [158], "identifies": [160], "key": [161], "future": [162], "challenges,": [163], "implementing": [166]}, "counts_by_year": [{"year": 2026, "cited_by_count": 114}, {"year": 2025, "cited_by_count": 238}, {"year": 2024, "cited_by_count": 227}, {"year": 2023, "cited_by_count": 198}, {"year": 2022, "cited_by_count": 67}], "updated_date": "2026-07-25T09:21:30.201066", "created_date": "2025-10-10T00:00:00"}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/W4223630287", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s10033-022-00707-2", "title": "A Review of Smart Materials for the Boost of Soft Actuators, Soft Sensors, and Robotics Applications", "display_name": "A Review of Smart Materials for the Boost of Soft Actuators, Soft Sensors, and Robotics Applications", "relevance_score": 337.01715, "publication_year": 2022, "publication_date": "2022-04-09", "ids": {"openalex": "https://openalex.org/W4223630287", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s10033-022-00707-2"}, "language": "en", "primary_location": {"id": "doi:10.1186/s10033-022-00707-2", "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s10033-022-00707-2", "pdf_url": "https://cjme.springeropen.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s10033-022-00707-2", "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S4220650901", "display_name": "Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering", "issn_l": "1000-9345", "issn": ["1000-9345", "2192-8258"], "is_oa": true, "is_in_doaj": true, "is_core": true, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/P4310319730", "host_organization_name": "China Machine Press", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/P4310319730"], "host_organization_lineage_names": ["China Machine Press"], "type": "journal"}, "license": "cc-by", "license_id": "https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by", "version": "publishedVersion", "is_accepted": true, "is_published": true, "raw_source_name": "Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering", "raw_type": "journal-article"}, "type": "article", "indexed_in": ["crossref", "doaj"], "open_access": {"is_oa": true, "oa_status": "gold", "oa_url": "https://cjme.springeropen.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s10033-022-00707-2", "any_repository_has_fulltext": true}, "authorships": [{"author_position": "first", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5001208066", "display_name": "Yufei Hao", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9578-6250"}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I92403157", "display_name": "University of Science and Technology Beijing", "ror": "https://ror.org/02egmk993", "country_code": "CN", "type": "education", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I92403157"]}], "countries": ["CN"], "is_corresponding": false, "raw_author_name": "Yufei Hao", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["School of mechanical engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China"], "raw_orcid": null, "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "School of mechanical engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I92403157"]}]}, {"author_position": "middle", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5101464368", "display_name": "Shixin Zhang", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7542-310X"}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I3125743391", "display_name": "China University of Geosciences (Beijing)", "ror": "https://ror.org/04q6c7p66", "country_code": "CN", "type": "education", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I3125743391"]}], "countries": ["CN"], "is_corresponding": false, "raw_author_name": "Shixin Zhang", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["School of Engineering and Technology, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China"], "raw_orcid": null, "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "School of Engineering and Technology, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I3125743391"]}]}, {"author_position": "middle", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5029662229", "display_name": "Bin Fang", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9149-7336"}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I99065089", "display_name": "Tsinghua University", "ror": "https://ror.org/03cve4549", "country_code": "CN", "type": "education", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}], "countries": ["CN"], "is_corresponding": true, "raw_author_name": "Bin Fang", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua National Laboratory for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China"], "raw_orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9149-7336", "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua National Laboratory for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]}, {"author_position": "middle", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5055546056", "display_name": "Fuchun Sun", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3546-6305"}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I99065089", "display_name": "Tsinghua University", "ror": "https://ror.org/03cve4549", "country_code": "CN", "type": "education", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}], "countries": ["CN"], "is_corresponding": false, "raw_author_name": "Fuchun Sun", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua National Laboratory for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China"], "raw_orcid": null, "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua National Laboratory for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]}, {"author_position": "middle", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5041101317", "display_name": "Huaping Liu", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4042-6044"}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I99065089", "display_name": "Tsinghua University", "ror": "https://ror.org/03cve4549", "country_code": "CN", "type": "education", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}], "countries": ["CN"], "is_corresponding": false, "raw_author_name": "Huaping Liu", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua National Laboratory for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China"], "raw_orcid": null, "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua National Laboratory for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]}, {"author_position": "last", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5070356786", "display_name": "Haiyuan Li", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7822-742X"}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I139759216", "display_name": "Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications", "ror": "https://ror.org/04w9fbh59", "country_code": "CN", "type": "education", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}], "countries": ["CN"], "is_corresponding": false, "raw_author_name": "Haiyuan Li", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["School of Automation, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, 100876, China"], "raw_orcid": null, "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "School of Automation, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, 100876, China", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]}], "institutions": [], "countries_distinct_count": 1, "institutions_distinct_count": 4, "corresponding_author_ids": ["https://openalex.org/A5029662229"], "corresponding_institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I99065089"], "apc_list": {"value": 1135, "currency": "USD", "value_usd": 1135}, "apc_paid": {"value": 1135, "currency": "USD", "value_usd": 1135}, "fwci": 7.717, "has_fulltext": true, "cited_by_count": 133, "citation_normalized_percentile": {"value": 0.98735994, "is_in_top_1_percent": false, "is_in_top_10_percent": true}, "cited_by_percentile_year": {"min": 98, "max": 100}, "biblio": {"volume": "35", "issue": "1", "first_page": null, "last_page": null}, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "is_xpac": false, "primary_topic": {"id": "https://openalex.org/T10338", "display_name": "Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials", "score": 0.9998999834060669, "subfield": {"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/2204", "display_name": "Biomedical Engineering"}, "field": {"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/22", "display_name": "Engineering"}, "domain": {"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3", "display_name": "Physical Sciences"}}, "topics": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/T10338", "display_name": "Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials", "score": 0.9998999834060669, "subfield": {"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/2204", "display_name": "Biomedical Engineering"}, "field": {"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/22", "display_name": "Engineering"}, "domain": {"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3", "display_name": "Physical Sciences"}}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/T10868", "display_name": "Soft Robotics and Applications", "score": 0.9987999796867371, "subfield": {"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/2204", "display_name": "Biomedical Engineering"}, "field": {"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/22", "display_name": "Engineering"}, "domain": {"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3", "display_name": "Physical Sciences"}}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/T11737", "display_name": "Advanced Materials and Mechanics", "score": 0.9984999895095825, "subfield": {"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/2210", "display_name": "Mechanical Engineering"}, "field": {"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/22", "display_name": "Engineering"}, "domain": {"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3", "display_name": "Physical Sciences"}}], "keywords": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/actuator", "display_name": "Actuator", "score": 0.8755329847335815}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/soft-robotics", "display_name": "Soft robotics", "score": 0.7678612470626831}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/robotics", "display_name": "Robotics", "score": 0.7400499582290649}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/robot", "display_name": "Robot", "score": 0.713705837726593}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-material", "display_name": "Smart material", "score": 0.5890359878540039}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence", "display_name": "Artificial intelligence", "score": 0.5839509963989258}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/capacitive-sensing", "display_name": "Capacitive sensing", "score": 0.5684633255004883}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science", "display_name": "Computer science", "score": 0.5103620886802673}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/resistive-touchscreen", "display_name": "Resistive touchscreen", "score": 0.4621139168739319}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/soft-materials", "display_name": "Soft materials", "score": 0.45977720618247986}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/control-engineering", "display_name": "Control engineering", "score": 0.45277339220046997}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering", "display_name": "Engineering", "score": 0.36704981327056885}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering", "display_name": "Electrical engineering", "score": 0.2784372568130493}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science", "display_name": "Materials science", "score": 0.20170876383781433}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision", "display_name": "Computer vision", "score": 0.16586804389953613}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/nanotechnology", "display_name": "Nanotechnology", "score": 0.16520977020263672}], "concepts": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/C172707124", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q423488", "display_name": "Actuator", "level": 2, "score": 0.8755329847335815}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776058767", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q24327151", "display_name": "Soft robotics", "level": 3, "score": 0.7678612470626831}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C34413123", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170978", "display_name": "Robotics", "level": 3, "score": 0.7400499582290649}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C90509273", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012", "display_name": "Robot", "level": 2, "score": 0.713705837726593}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C88484716", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1474679", "display_name": "Smart material", "level": 2, "score": 0.5890359878540039}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C154945302", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660", "display_name": "Artificial intelligence", "level": 1, "score": 0.5839509963989258}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C206755178", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1131271", "display_name": "Capacitive sensing", "level": 2, "score": 0.5684633255004883}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198", "display_name": "Computer science", "level": 0, "score": 0.5103620886802673}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C6899612", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q852911", "display_name": "Resistive touchscreen", "level": 2, "score": 0.4621139168739319}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C2982836594", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q902144", "display_name": "Soft materials", "level": 2, "score": 0.45977720618247986}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C133731056", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288", "display_name": "Control engineering", "level": 1, "score": 0.45277339220046997}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023", "display_name": "Engineering", "level": 0, "score": 0.36704981327056885}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C119599485", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035", "display_name": "Electrical engineering", "level": 1, "score": 0.2784372568130493}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C192562407", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736", "display_name": "Materials science", "level": 0, "score": 0.20170876383781433}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C31972630", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240", "display_name": "Computer vision", "level": 1, "score": 0.16586804389953613}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C171250308", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468", "display_name": "Nanotechnology", "level": 1, "score": 0.16520977020263672}], "mesh": [], "locations_count": 2, "locations": [{"id": "doi:10.1186/s10033-022-00707-2", "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s10033-022-00707-2", "pdf_url": "https://cjme.springeropen.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s10033-022-00707-2", "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S4220650901", "display_name": "Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering", "issn_l": "1000-9345", "issn": ["1000-9345", "2192-8258"], "is_oa": true, "is_in_doaj": true, "is_core": true, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/P4310319730", "host_organization_name": "China Machine Press", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/P4310319730"], "host_organization_lineage_names": ["China Machine Press"], "type": "journal"}, "license": "cc-by", "license_id": "https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by", "version": "publishedVersion", "is_accepted": true, "is_published": true, "raw_source_name": "Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering", "raw_type": "journal-article"}, {"id": "pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:967e12fdf64f492c9a78857e20919551", "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "https://doaj.org/article/967e12fdf64f492c9a78857e20919551", "pdf_url": null, "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306401280", "display_name": "DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)", "issn_l": null, "issn": null, "is_oa": false, "is_in_doaj": false, "is_core": false, "host_organization": null, "host_organization_name": null, "host_organization_lineage": [], "host_organization_lineage_names": [], "type": "repository"}, "license": "cc-by-sa", "license_id": "https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa", "version": "submittedVersion", "is_accepted": false, "is_published": false, "raw_source_name": "Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering, Vol 35, Iss 1, Pp 1-16 (2022)", "raw_type": "article"}], "best_oa_location": {"id": "doi:10.1186/s10033-022-00707-2", "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s10033-022-00707-2", "pdf_url": "https://cjme.springeropen.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s10033-022-00707-2", "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S4220650901", "display_name": "Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering", "issn_l": "1000-9345", "issn": ["1000-9345", "2192-8258"], "is_oa": true, "is_in_doaj": true, "is_core": true, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/P4310319730", "host_organization_name": "China Machine Press", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/P4310319730"], "host_organization_lineage_names": ["China Machine Press"], "type": "journal"}, "license": "cc-by", "license_id": "https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by", "version": "publishedVersion", "is_accepted": true, "is_published": true, "raw_source_name": "Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering", "raw_type": "journal-article"}, "sustainable_development_goals": [], "awards": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/G4450327046", "display_name": null, "funder_award_id": "91848206", "funder_id": "https://openalex.org/F4320321001", "funder_display_name": "National Natural Science Foundation of China"}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/G7154877591", "display_name": null, "funder_award_id": "2019YFB 1309800", "funder_id": "https://openalex.org/F4320335774", "funder_display_name": "Key Technologies Research and Development Program"}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/G8658252860", "display_name": null, "funder_award_id": "62173197", "funder_id": "https://openalex.org/F4320321001", "funder_display_name": "National Natural Science Foundation of China"}], "funders": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/F4320321001", "display_name": "National Natural Science Foundation of China", "ror": "https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/F4320335774", "display_name": "Key Technologies Research and Development Program", "ror": null}], "has_content": {"grobid_xml": true, "pdf": true}, "content_urls": {"pdf": "https://content.openalex.org/works/W4223630287.pdf", "grobid_xml": "https://content.openalex.org/works/W4223630287.grobid-xml"}, "referenced_works_count": 63, "referenced_works": ["https://openalex.org/W1969107377", "https://openalex.org/W1982292327", "https://openalex.org/W1990308659", "https://openalex.org/W1993793321", "https://openalex.org/W2010745100", "https://openalex.org/W2071188031", "https://openalex.org/W2078835847", "https://openalex.org/W2113998616", "https://openalex.org/W2121093563", "https://openalex.org/W2141655728", "https://openalex.org/W2154963933", "https://openalex.org/W2168069209", "https://openalex.org/W2171995939", "https://openalex.org/W2201264937", "https://openalex.org/W2338335755", "https://openalex.org/W2412526609", "https://openalex.org/W2517713314", "https://openalex.org/W2521842664", "https://openalex.org/W2549908717", "https://openalex.org/W2560704029", "https://openalex.org/W2579914631", "https://openalex.org/W2582200837", "https://openalex.org/W2593635697", "https://openalex.org/W2726969371", "https://openalex.org/W2735680319", "https://openalex.org/W2739320368", "https://openalex.org/W2743675852", "https://openalex.org/W2744653421", "https://openalex.org/W2762634763", "https://openalex.org/W2763052367", "https://openalex.org/W2771416819", "https://openalex.org/W2775410063", "https://openalex.org/W2781516556", "https://openalex.org/W2785110060", "https://openalex.org/W2789418330", "https://openalex.org/W2790756470", "https://openalex.org/W2791180667", "https://openalex.org/W2793156678", "https://openalex.org/W2805926569", "https://openalex.org/W2810473562", "https://openalex.org/W2901110287", "https://openalex.org/W2901582285", "https://openalex.org/W2901915837", "https://openalex.org/W2903415715", "https://openalex.org/W2904020732", "https://openalex.org/W2905229708", "https://openalex.org/W2905335417", "https://openalex.org/W2921091633", "https://openalex.org/W2921612200", "https://openalex.org/W2938701654", "https://openalex.org/W2945023405", "https://openalex.org/W2953081104", "https://openalex.org/W2963486077", "https://openalex.org/W2971278234", "https://openalex.org/W2973421415", "https://openalex.org/W2996185064", "https://openalex.org/W2997390665", "https://openalex.org/W2998863624", "https://openalex.org/W2998901272", "https://openalex.org/W3004813995", "https://openalex.org/W3008109267", "https://openalex.org/W3038063754", "https://openalex.org/W3105982350"], "related_works": ["https://openalex.org/W3142313280", "https://openalex.org/W4322731033", "https://openalex.org/W2059048848", "https://openalex.org/W2557839727", "https://openalex.org/W2969719637", "https://openalex.org/W4283740974", "https://openalex.org/W51629545", "https://openalex.org/W2093650582", "https://openalex.org/W3134474396", "https://openalex.org/W1515749184"], "abstract_inverted_index": {"Abstract": [0], "With": [1], "the": [2, 27, 44, 52, 56, 74, 111, 125, 134, 142], "advance": [3], "of": [4, 117, 124, 133], "smart": [5, 53, 66], "material": [6], "science,": [7], "robotics": [8, 149], "is": [9], "evolving": [10], "from": [11], "rigid": [12, 19], "robots": [13, 22], "to": [14, 18, 37, 43, 73], "soft": [15, 21], "robots.": [16], "Compared": [17], "robots,": [20], "can": [23], "safely": [24], "interact": [25], "with": [26], "environment,": [28], "easily": [29], "navigate": [30], "in": [31, 39, 121, 148], "unstructured": [32], "fields,": [33], "and": [34, 47, 60, 70, 92, 105, 113, 127, 131, 136, 144], "be": [35], "minimized": [36], "operate": [38], "narrow": [40], "spaces,": [41], "owning": [42], "new": [45], "actuation": [46, 59], "sensing": [48, 61], "technologies": [49, 62], "developed": [50], "by": [51], "materials.": [54], "In": [55], "review,": [57], "different": [58, 65], "based": [63, 140], "on": [64, 141], "materials": [67, 120], "are": [68, 80, 96, 138, 150], "analyzed": [69], "summarized.": [71], "According": [72], "driving": [75], "or": [76], "feedback": [77], "signals,": [78], "actuators": [79, 126, 135], "categorized": [81, 97], "into": [82, 98], "electrically": [83], "responsive": [84, 87, 90], "actuators,": [85, 88, 91], "thermally": [86], "magnetically": [89], "photoresponsive": [93], "actuators;": [94], "sensors": [95, 137], "resistive": [99], "sensors,": [100, 102, 104], "capacitive": [101], "magnetic": [103], "optical": [106], "waveguide": [107], "sensors.": [108, 128], "After": [109], "introducing": [110], "principle": [112], "several": [114], "robotic": [115], "prototypes": [116], "some": [118], "typical": [119], "each": [122], "category": [123], "The": [129], "advantages": [130], "disadvantages": [132], "compared": [139], "categories,": [143], "their": [145], "potential": [146], "applications": [147], "also": [151], "presented.": [152]}, "counts_by_year": [{"year": 2026, "cited_by_count": 25}, {"year": 2025, "cited_by_count": 46}, {"year": 2024, "cited_by_count": 31}, {"year": 2023, "cited_by_count": 25}, {"year": 2022, "cited_by_count": 6}], "updated_date": "2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105", "created_date": "2025-10-10T00:00:00"}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/W3155469955", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-22645-8", "title": "Spatiotemporal patterning of photoresponsive DNA-based hydrogels to tune local cell responses", "display_name": "Spatiotemporal patterning of photoresponsive DNA-based hydrogels to tune local cell responses", "relevance_score": 326.47864, "publication_year": 2021, "publication_date": "2021-04-22", "ids": {"openalex": "https://openalex.org/W3155469955", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-22645-8", "mag": "3155469955", "pmid": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33888708"}, "language": "en", "primary_location": {"id": "doi:10.1038/s41467-021-22645-8", "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-22645-8", "pdf_url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-22645-8.pdf", "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S64187185", "display_name": "Nature Communications", "issn_l": "2041-1723", "issn": ["2041-1723"], "is_oa": true, "is_in_doaj": true, "is_core": true, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/P4310319908", "host_organization_name": "Nature Portfolio", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/P4310319908", "https://openalex.org/P4310319965"], "host_organization_lineage_names": ["Nature Portfolio", "Springer Nature"], "type": "journal"}, "license": "cc-by", "license_id": "https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by", "version": "publishedVersion", "is_accepted": true, "is_published": true, "raw_source_name": "Nature Communications", "raw_type": "journal-article"}, "type": "article", "indexed_in": ["crossref", "doaj", "pubmed"], "open_access": {"is_oa": true, "oa_status": "gold", "oa_url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-22645-8.pdf", "any_repository_has_fulltext": true}, "authorships": [{"author_position": "first", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5020661138", "display_name": "Fujian Huang", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7777-1589"}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I3124059619", "display_name": "China University of Geosciences", "ror": "https://ror.org/04gcegc37", "country_code": "CN", "type": "education", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}], "countries": ["CN"], "is_corresponding": true, "raw_author_name": "Fujian Huang", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China. huangfj@cug.edu.cn", "State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China"], "raw_orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7777-1589", "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China. huangfj@cug.edu.cn", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}, {"raw_affiliation_string": "State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}]}, {"author_position": "middle", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5108774084", "display_name": "Mengxi Chen", "orcid": null}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I3124059619", "display_name": "China University of Geosciences", "ror": "https://ror.org/04gcegc37", "country_code": "CN", "type": "education", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}], "countries": ["CN"], "is_corresponding": false, "raw_author_name": "Mengxi Chen", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China"], "raw_orcid": null, "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}]}, {"author_position": "middle", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5070062506", "display_name": "Zhixin Zhou", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0450-1921"}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I197251160", "display_name": "Hebrew University of Jerusalem", "ror": "https://ror.org/03qxff017", "country_code": "IL", "type": "education", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I197251160"]}], "countries": ["IL"], "is_corresponding": false, "raw_author_name": "Zhixin Zhou", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["Institute of Chemistry, Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel"], "raw_orcid": null, "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "Institute of Chemistry, Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I197251160"]}]}, {"author_position": "middle", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5035006209", "display_name": "Ruilin Duan", "orcid": null}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I3124059619", "display_name": "China University of Geosciences", "ror": "https://ror.org/04gcegc37", "country_code": "CN", "type": "education", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}], "countries": ["CN"], "is_corresponding": false, "raw_author_name": "Ruilin Duan", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China"], "raw_orcid": null, "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}]}, {"author_position": "middle", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5078265090", "display_name": "Fan Xia", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7705-4638"}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I3124059619", "display_name": "China University of Geosciences", "ror": "https://ror.org/04gcegc37", "country_code": "CN", "type": "education", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}], "countries": ["CN"], "is_corresponding": false, "raw_author_name": "Fan Xia", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China. xiafan@hust.edu.cn", "State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China"], "raw_orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7705-4638", "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China. xiafan@hust.edu.cn", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}, {"raw_affiliation_string": "State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}]}, {"author_position": "last", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5037842873", "display_name": "Itamar Willner", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9710-9077"}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I197251160", "display_name": "Hebrew University of Jerusalem", "ror": "https://ror.org/03qxff017", "country_code": "IL", "type": "education", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I197251160"]}], "countries": ["IL"], "is_corresponding": false, "raw_author_name": "Itamar Willner", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["Institute of Chemistry, Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel. itamar.willner@mail.huji.ac.il", "Institute of Chemistry, Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel"], "raw_orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9710-9077", "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "Institute of Chemistry, Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel. itamar.willner@mail.huji.ac.il", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I197251160"]}, {"raw_affiliation_string": "Institute of Chemistry, Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I197251160"]}]}], "institutions": [], "countries_distinct_count": 2, "institutions_distinct_count": 2, "corresponding_author_ids": ["https://openalex.org/A5020661138"], "corresponding_institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"], "apc_list": {"value": 6290, "currency": "USD", "value_usd": 6290}, "apc_paid": {"value": 6290, "currency": "USD", "value_usd": 6290}, "fwci": 8.3339, "has_fulltext": true, "cited_by_count": 103, "citation_normalized_percentile": {"value": 0.98873615, "is_in_top_1_percent": false, "is_in_top_10_percent": true}, "cited_by_percentile_year": {"min": 97, "max": 100}, "biblio": {"volume": "12", "issue": "1", "first_page": "2364", "last_page": "2364"}, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "is_xpac": false, "primary_topic": {"id": "https://openalex.org/T10379", "display_name": "Cellular Mechanics and Interactions", "score": 0.9988999962806702, "subfield": {"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/1307", "display_name": "Cell Biology"}, "field": {"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/13", "display_name": "Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"}, "domain": {"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/1", "display_name": "Life Sciences"}}, "topics": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/T10379", "display_name": "Cellular Mechanics and Interactions", "score": 0.9988999962806702, "subfield": {"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/1307", "display_name": "Cell Biology"}, "field": {"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/13", "display_name": "Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"}, "domain": {"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/1", "display_name": "Life Sciences"}}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/T10407", "display_name": "Lipid Membrane Structure and Behavior", "score": 0.9987000226974487, "subfield": {"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/1312", "display_name": "Molecular Biology"}, "field": {"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/13", "display_name": "Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"}, "domain": {"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/1", "display_name": "Life Sciences"}}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/T12224", "display_name": "Nanofabrication and Lithography Techniques", "score": 0.9983999729156494, "subfield": {"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/2204", "display_name": "Biomedical Engineering"}, "field": {"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/22", "display_name": "Engineering"}, "domain": {"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3", "display_name": "Physical Sciences"}}], "keywords": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/self-healing-hydrogels", "display_name": "Self-healing hydrogels", "score": 0.7761225700378418}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/nucleic-acid", "display_name": "Nucleic acid", "score": 0.6679039001464844}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science", "display_name": "Materials science", "score": 0.6287850141525269}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/biophysics", "display_name": "Biophysics", "score": 0.5780560374259949}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/surface-modification", "display_name": "Surface modification", "score": 0.4928629398345947}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/nanotechnology", "display_name": "Nanotechnology", "score": 0.4684322774410248}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/chemistry", "display_name": "Chemistry", "score": 0.28248023986816406}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/polymer-chemistry", "display_name": "Polymer chemistry", "score": 0.10161548852920532}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/biochemistry", "display_name": "Biochemistry", "score": 0.09996908903121948}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/biology", "display_name": "Biology", "score": 0.08342882990837097}], "concepts": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/C108586683", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17164826", "display_name": "Self-healing hydrogels", "level": 2, "score": 0.7761225700378418}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C24107716", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123619", "display_name": "Nucleic acid", "level": 2, "score": 0.6679039001464844}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C192562407", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736", "display_name": "Materials science", "level": 0, "score": 0.6287850141525269}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C12554922", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7100", "display_name": "Biophysics", "level": 1, "score": 0.5780560374259949}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C115537861", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7645993", "display_name": "Surface modification", "level": 2, "score": 0.4928629398345947}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C171250308", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468", "display_name": "Nanotechnology", "level": 1, "score": 0.4684322774410248}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329", "display_name": "Chemistry", "level": 0, "score": 0.28248023986816406}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C188027245", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750446", "display_name": "Polymer chemistry", "level": 1, "score": 0.10161548852920532}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C55493867", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094", "display_name": "Biochemistry", "level": 1, "score": 0.09996908903121948}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420", "display_name": "Biology", "level": 0, "score": 0.08342882990837097}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C147789679", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11372", "display_name": "Physical chemistry", "level": 1, "score": 0.0}], "mesh": [{"descriptor_ui": "D000180", "descriptor_name": "Acrylic Resins", "qualifier_ui": "Q000528", "qualifier_name": "radiation effects", "is_major_topic": false}, {"descriptor_ui": "D000180", "descriptor_name": "Acrylic Resins", "qualifier_ui": "Q000528", "qualifier_name": "radiation effects", "is_major_topic": false}, {"descriptor_ui": "D000180", "descriptor_name": "Acrylic Resins", "qualifier_ui": "Q000528", "qualifier_name": "radiation effects", "is_major_topic": false}, {"descriptor_ui": "D000180", "descriptor_name": "Acrylic Resins", "qualifier_ui": "Q000528", "qualifier_name": "radiation effects", "is_major_topic": false}, {"descriptor_ui": "D000180", "descriptor_name": "Acrylic Resins", "qualifier_ui": "Q000737", "qualifier_name": "chemistry", "is_major_topic": false}, {"descriptor_ui": "D000180", "descriptor_name": "Acrylic Resins", "qualifier_ui": "Q000737", "qualifier_name": "chemistry", "is_major_topic": false}, {"descriptor_ui": "D000180", "descriptor_name": "Acrylic Resins", "qualifier_ui": "Q000737", "qualifier_name": "chemistry", "is_major_topic": false}, {"descriptor_ui": "D000180", "descriptor_name": "Acrylic Resins", "qualifier_ui": "Q000737", "qualifier_name": "chemistry", "is_major_topic": false}, {"descriptor_ui": "D006367", "descriptor_name": "HeLa Cells", "qualifier_ui": null, "qualifier_name": null, "is_major_topic": false}, {"descriptor_ui": "D006367", "descriptor_name": "HeLa Cells", "qualifier_ui": null, "qualifier_name": null, "is_major_topic": false}, {"descriptor_ui": "D006367", "descriptor_name": "HeLa Cells", "qualifier_ui": null, "qualifier_name": null, "is_major_topic": false}, {"descriptor_ui": "D006367", "descriptor_name": "HeLa Cells", "qualifier_ui": null, "qualifier_name": null, "is_major_topic": false}, {"descriptor_ui": "D006801", "descriptor_name": "Humans", "qualifier_ui": null, "qualifier_name": null, "is_major_topic": false}, {"descriptor_ui": "D006801", "descriptor_name": "Humans", "qualifier_ui": null, "qualifier_name": null, "is_major_topic": false}, {"descriptor_ui": "D006801", "descriptor_name": "Humans", "qualifier_ui": null, "qualifier_name": null, "is_major_topic": false}, {"descriptor_ui": "D006801", "descriptor_name": "Humans", "qualifier_ui": null, "qualifier_name": null, "is_major_topic": false}, {"descriptor_ui": "D008027", "descriptor_name": "Light", "qualifier_ui": null, "qualifier_name": null, "is_major_topic": false}, {"descriptor_ui": "D008027", "descriptor_name": "Light", "qualifier_ui": null, "qualifier_name": null, "is_major_topic": false}, {"descriptor_ui": "D008027", "descriptor_name": "Light", "qualifier_ui": null, "qualifier_name": null, "is_major_topic": false}, {"descriptor_ui": "D008027", "descriptor_name": "Light", "qualifier_ui": null, "qualifier_name": null, "is_major_topic": false}, {"descriptor_ui": "D008855", "descriptor_name": "Microscopy, Electron, Scanning", "qualifier_ui": null, "qualifier_name": null, "is_major_topic": false}, {"descriptor_ui": "D008855", "descriptor_name": "Microscopy, Electron, Scanning", "qualifier_ui": null, "qualifier_name": null, "is_major_topic": false}, {"descriptor_ui": "D008855", "descriptor_name": "Microscopy, Electron, Scanning", "qualifier_ui": null, "qualifier_name": null, "is_major_topic": false}, {"descriptor_ui": "D008855", "descriptor_name": "Microscopy, Electron, Scanning", "qualifier_ui": null, "qualifier_name": null, "is_major_topic": false}, {"descriptor_ui": "D013499", "descriptor_name": "Surface Properties", "qualifier_ui": null, "qualifier_name": null, "is_major_topic": false}, {"descriptor_ui": "D013499", "descriptor_name": "Surface Properties", "qualifier_ui": null, "qualifier_name": null, "is_major_topic": false}, {"descriptor_ui": "D013499", "descriptor_name": "Surface Properties", "qualifier_ui": null, "qualifier_name": null, "is_major_topic": false}, {"descriptor_ui": "D013499", "descriptor_name": "Surface Properties", "qualifier_ui": null, "qualifier_name": null, "is_major_topic": false}, {"descriptor_ui": "D017785", "descriptor_name": "Photons", "qualifier_ui": null, "qualifier_name": null, "is_major_topic": false}, {"descriptor_ui": "D017785", "descriptor_name": "Photons", "qualifier_ui": null, "qualifier_name": null, "is_major_topic": false}, {"descriptor_ui": "D017785", "descriptor_name": "Photons", "qualifier_ui": null, "qualifier_name": null, "is_major_topic": false}, {"descriptor_ui": "D017785", "descriptor_name": "Photons", "qualifier_ui": null, "qualifier_name": null, "is_major_topic": false}, {"descriptor_ui": "D018396", "descriptor_name": "Mucin-1", "qualifier_ui": "Q000235", "qualifier_name": "genetics", "is_major_topic": false}, {"descriptor_ui": "D018396", "descriptor_name": "Mucin-1", "qualifier_ui": "Q000235", "qualifier_name": "genetics", "is_major_topic": false}, {"descriptor_ui": "D018396", "descriptor_name": "Mucin-1", "qualifier_ui": "Q000235", "qualifier_name": "genetics", "is_major_topic": false}, {"descriptor_ui": "D018396", "descriptor_name": "Mucin-1", "qualifier_ui": "Q000235", "qualifier_name": "genetics", "is_major_topic": false}, {"descriptor_ui": "D018613", "descriptor_name": "Microscopy, Confocal", "qualifier_ui": null, "qualifier_name": null, "is_major_topic": false}, {"descriptor_ui": "D018613", "descriptor_name": "Microscopy, Confocal", "qualifier_ui": null, "qualifier_name": null, "is_major_topic": false}, {"descriptor_ui": "D018613", "descriptor_name": "Microscopy, Confocal", "qualifier_ui": null, "qualifier_name": null, "is_major_topic": false}, {"descriptor_ui": "D018613", "descriptor_name": "Microscopy, Confocal", "qualifier_ui": null, "qualifier_name": null, "is_major_topic": false}, {"descriptor_ui": "D020100", "descriptor_name": "Hydrogels", "qualifier_ui": "Q000528", "qualifier_name": "radiation effects", "is_major_topic": false}, {"descriptor_ui": "D020100", "descriptor_name": "Hydrogels", "qualifier_ui": "Q000528", "qualifier_name": "radiation effects", "is_major_topic": false}, {"descriptor_ui": "D020100", "descriptor_name": "Hydrogels", "qualifier_ui": "Q000528", "qualifier_name": "radiation effects", "is_major_topic": false}, {"descriptor_ui": "D020100", "descriptor_name": "Hydrogels", "qualifier_ui": "Q000528", "qualifier_name": "radiation effects", "is_major_topic": false}, {"descriptor_ui": "D020100", "descriptor_name": "Hydrogels", "qualifier_ui": "Q000737", "qualifier_name": "chemistry", "is_major_topic": false}, {"descriptor_ui": "D020100", "descriptor_name": "Hydrogels", "qualifier_ui": "Q000737", "qualifier_name": "chemistry", "is_major_topic": false}, {"descriptor_ui": "D020100", "descriptor_name": "Hydrogels", "qualifier_ui": "Q000737", "qualifier_name": "chemistry", "is_major_topic": false}, {"descriptor_ui": "D020100", "descriptor_name": "Hydrogels", "qualifier_ui": "Q000737", "qualifier_name": "chemistry", "is_major_topic": false}, {"descriptor_ui": "D052157", "descriptor_name": "Aptamers, Nucleotide", "qualifier_ui": "Q000235", "qualifier_name": "genetics", "is_major_topic": false}, {"descriptor_ui": "D052157", "descriptor_name": "Aptamers, Nucleotide", "qualifier_ui": "Q000235", "qualifier_name": "genetics", "is_major_topic": false}, {"descriptor_ui": "D052157", "descriptor_name": "Aptamers, Nucleotide", "qualifier_ui": "Q000235", "qualifier_name": "genetics", "is_major_topic": false}, {"descriptor_ui": "D052157", "descriptor_name": "Aptamers, Nucleotide", "qualifier_ui": "Q000235", "qualifier_name": "genetics", "is_major_topic": false}, {"descriptor_ui": "D052157", "descriptor_name": "Aptamers, Nucleotide", "qualifier_ui": "Q000528", "qualifier_name": "radiation effects", "is_major_topic": false}, {"descriptor_ui": "D052157", "descriptor_name": "Aptamers, Nucleotide", "qualifier_ui": "Q000528", "qualifier_name": "radiation effects", "is_major_topic": false}, {"descriptor_ui": "D052157", "descriptor_name": "Aptamers, Nucleotide", "qualifier_ui": "Q000528", "qualifier_name": "radiation effects", "is_major_topic": false}, {"descriptor_ui": "D052157", "descriptor_name": "Aptamers, Nucleotide", "qualifier_ui": "Q000528", "qualifier_name": "radiation effects", "is_major_topic": false}, {"descriptor_ui": "D052157", "descriptor_name": "Aptamers, Nucleotide", "qualifier_ui": "Q000737", "qualifier_name": "chemistry", "is_major_topic": false}, {"descriptor_ui": "D052157", "descriptor_name": "Aptamers, Nucleotide", "qualifier_ui": "Q000737", "qualifier_name": "chemistry", "is_major_topic": false}, {"descriptor_ui": "D052157", "descriptor_name": "Aptamers, Nucleotide", "qualifier_ui": "Q000737", "qualifier_name": "chemistry", "is_major_topic": false}, {"descriptor_ui": "D052157", "descriptor_name": "Aptamers, Nucleotide", "qualifier_ui": "Q000737", "qualifier_name": "chemistry", "is_major_topic": false}, {"descriptor_ui": "D057005", "descriptor_name": "Bioengineering", "qualifier_ui": "Q000379", "qualifier_name": "methods", "is_major_topic": false}, {"descriptor_ui": "D057005", "descriptor_name": "Bioengineering", "qualifier_ui": "Q000379", "qualifier_name": "methods", "is_major_topic": false}, {"descriptor_ui": "D057005", "descriptor_name": "Bioengineering", "qualifier_ui": "Q000379", "qualifier_name": "methods", "is_major_topic": false}, {"descriptor_ui": "D057005", "descriptor_name": "Bioengineering", "qualifier_ui": "Q000379", "qualifier_name": "methods", "is_major_topic": false}, {"descriptor_ui": "D062211", "descriptor_name": "Spatio-Temporal Analysis", "qualifier_ui": null, "qualifier_name": null, "is_major_topic": false}, {"descriptor_ui": "D062211", "descriptor_name": "Spatio-Temporal Analysis", "qualifier_ui": null, "qualifier_name": null, "is_major_topic": false}, {"descriptor_ui": "D062211", "descriptor_name": "Spatio-Temporal Analysis", "qualifier_ui": null, "qualifier_name": null, "is_major_topic": false}, {"descriptor_ui": "D062211", "descriptor_name": "Spatio-Temporal Analysis", "qualifier_ui": null, "qualifier_name": null, "is_major_topic": false}], "locations_count": 5, "locations": [{"id": "doi:10.1038/s41467-021-22645-8", "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-22645-8", "pdf_url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-22645-8.pdf", "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S64187185", "display_name": "Nature Communications", "issn_l": "2041-1723", "issn": ["2041-1723"], "is_oa": true, "is_in_doaj": true, "is_core": true, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/P4310319908", "host_organization_name": "Nature Portfolio", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/P4310319908", "https://openalex.org/P4310319965"], "host_organization_lineage_names": ["Nature Portfolio", "Springer Nature"], "type": "journal"}, "license": "cc-by", "license_id": "https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by", "version": "publishedVersion", "is_accepted": true, "is_published": true, "raw_source_name": "Nature Communications", "raw_type": "journal-article"}, {"id": "pmid:33888708", "is_oa": false, "landing_page_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33888708", "pdf_url": null, "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036", "display_name": "PubMed", "issn_l": null, "issn": null, "is_oa": false, "is_in_doaj": false, "is_core": false, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/I1299303238", "host_organization_name": "National Institutes of Health", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"], "host_organization_lineage_names": [], "type": "repository"}, "license": null, "license_id": null, "version": "publishedVersion", "is_accepted": true, "is_published": true, "raw_source_name": "Nature communications", "raw_type": null}, {"id": "pmh:oai:RePEc:nat:natcom:v:12:y:2021:i:1:d:10.1038_s41467-021-22645-8", "is_oa": false, "landing_page_url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-22645-8", "pdf_url": null, "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306401271", "display_name": "RePEc: Research Papers in Economics", "issn_l": null, "issn": null, "is_oa": false, "is_in_doaj": false, "is_core": false, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/I77793887", "host_organization_name": "Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I77793887"], "host_organization_lineage_names": [], "type": "repository"}, "license": null, "license_id": null, "version": "submittedVersion", "is_accepted": false, "is_published": false, "raw_source_name": null, "raw_type": "article"}, {"id": "pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:48b4f8781f474ddb9ef6aae0476ecdf0", "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "https://doaj.org/article/48b4f8781f474ddb9ef6aae0476ecdf0", "pdf_url": null, "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306401280", "display_name": "DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)", "issn_l": null, "issn": null, "is_oa": false, "is_in_doaj": false, "is_core": false, "host_organization": null, "host_organization_name": null, "host_organization_lineage": [], "host_organization_lineage_names": [], "type": "repository"}, "license": "cc-by-sa", "license_id": "https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa", "version": "submittedVersion", "is_accepted": false, "is_published": false, "raw_source_name": "Nature Communications, Vol 12, Iss 1, Pp 1-14 (2021)", "raw_type": "article"}, {"id": "pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8062675", "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8062675", "pdf_url": null, "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S2764455111", "display_name": "PubMed Central", "issn_l": null, "issn": null, "is_oa": true, "is_in_doaj": false, "is_core": false, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/I1299303238", "host_organization_name": "National Institutes of Health", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"], "host_organization_lineage_names": [], "type": "repository"}, "license": "cc-by", "license_id": "https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by", "version": "submittedVersion", "is_accepted": false, "is_published": false, "raw_source_name": "Nat Commun", "raw_type": "Text"}], "best_oa_location": {"id": "doi:10.1038/s41467-021-22645-8", "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-22645-8", "pdf_url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-22645-8.pdf", "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S64187185", "display_name": "Nature Communications", "issn_l": "2041-1723", "issn": ["2041-1723"], "is_oa": true, "is_in_doaj": true, "is_core": true, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/P4310319908", "host_organization_name": "Nature Portfolio", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/P4310319908", "https://openalex.org/P4310319965"], "host_organization_lineage_names": ["Nature Portfolio", "Springer Nature"], "type": "journal"}, "license": "cc-by", "license_id": "https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by", "version": "publishedVersion", "is_accepted": true, "is_published": true, "raw_source_name": "Nature Communications", "raw_type": "journal-article"}, "sustainable_development_goals": [], "awards": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/G1308413138", "display_name": null, "funder_award_id": "21874121", "funder_id": "https://openalex.org/F4320322186", "funder_display_name": "Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province"}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/G1471314056", "display_name": null, "funder_award_id": "2018YFE0206900", "funder_id": "https://openalex.org/F4320338464", "funder_display_name": "Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province"}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/G2407036930", "display_name": null, "funder_award_id": "2020CFA037", "funder_id": "https://openalex.org/F4320322186", "funder_display_name": "Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province"}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/G2589646217", "display_name": null, "funder_award_id": "2018YFE0206900", "funder_id": "https://openalex.org/F4320335777", "funder_display_name": "National Key Research and Development Program of China"}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/G2935431859", "display_name": null, "funder_award_id": "LD21B050001", "funder_id": "https://openalex.org/F4320338464", "funder_display_name": "Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province"}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/G3318254169", "display_name": null, "funder_award_id": "2020CFA037", "funder_id": "https://openalex.org/F4320338464", "funder_display_name": "Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province"}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/G4404337162", "display_name": null, "funder_award_id": "LD21B050001", "funder_id": "https://openalex.org/F4320322186", "funder_display_name": "Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province"}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/G5079378464", "display_name": null, "funder_award_id": "LD21B050001", "funder_id": "https://openalex.org/F4320321001", "funder_display_name": "National Natural Science Foundation of China"}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/G5359300309", "display_name": "\u5fae\u7eb3\u7c73\u5b54\u9053\u5185\u5206\u5b50\u624b\u6027\u5bf9D-DNA\u81ea\u7ec4\u88c5\u7684\u8c03\u63a7\u57fa\u7840\u7814\u7a76", "funder_award_id": "21874121", "funder_id": "https://openalex.org/F4320321001", "funder_display_name": "National Natural Science Foundation of China"}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/G5493807777", "display_name": null, "funder_award_id": "LY20B050001", "funder_id": "https://openalex.org/F4320338464", "funder_display_name": "Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province"}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/G6546845214", "display_name": null, "funder_award_id": "21874121", "funder_id": "https://openalex.org/F4320335777", "funder_display_name": "National Key Research and Development Program of China"}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/G7165005951", "display_name": null, "funder_award_id": "2020CFA037", "funder_id": "https://openalex.org/F4320321001", "funder_display_name": "National Natural Science Foundation of China"}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/G7343320077", "display_name": null, "funder_award_id": "22090050", "funder_id": "https://openalex.org/F4320322186", "funder_display_name": "Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province"}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/G7517107761", "display_name": null, "funder_award_id": "2018YFE0206900", "funder_id": "https://openalex.org/F4320321001", "funder_display_name": "National Natural Science Foundation of China"}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/G7775108197", "display_name": null, "funder_award_id": "22090050", "funder_id": "https://openalex.org/F4320321001", "funder_display_name": "National Natural Science Foundation of China"}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/G7948297642", "display_name": null, "funder_award_id": "22090050", "funder_id": "https://openalex.org/F4320338464", "funder_display_name": "Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province"}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/G8402165498", "display_name": null, "funder_award_id": "2018YFE0206900", "funder_id": "https://openalex.org/F4320322186", "funder_display_name": "Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province"}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/G8459523308", "display_name": null, "funder_award_id": "2020CFA037", "funder_id": "https://openalex.org/F4320335777", "funder_display_name": "National Key Research and Development Program of China"}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/G8902596094", "display_name": null, "funder_award_id": "22090050", "funder_id": "https://openalex.org/F4320335777", "funder_display_name": "National Key Research and Development Program of China"}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/G894796335", "display_name": null, "funder_award_id": "LD21B050001", "funder_id": "https://openalex.org/F4320335777", "funder_display_name": "National Key Research and Development Program of China"}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/G8967313620", "display_name": "\u5355\u7ec6\u80de\u5185\u540c\u4e00\u4e9a\u533a\u5149\u7535\u53cc\u6a21\u6001\u80bf\u7624\u6807\u5fd7\u7269\u68c0\u6d4b\u65b9\u6cd5\u7814\u7a76", "funder_award_id": "21974127", "funder_id": "https://openalex.org/F4320321001", "funder_display_name": "National Natural Science Foundation of China"}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/G97360418", "display_name": null, "funder_award_id": "21874121", "funder_id": "https://openalex.org/F4320338464", "funder_display_name": "Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province"}], "funders": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/F4320321001", "display_name": "National Natural Science Foundation of China", "ror": "https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/F4320321950", "display_name": "Hebrew University of Jerusalem", "ror": "https://ror.org/03qxff017"}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/F4320322186", "display_name": "Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province", "ror": null}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/F4320323021", "display_name": "Nankai University", "ror": "https://ror.org/01y1kjr75"}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/F4320335777", "display_name": "National Key Research and Development Program of China", "ror": null}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/F4320338464", "display_name": "Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province", "ror": "https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}], "has_content": {"grobid_xml": true, "pdf": true}, "content_urls": {"pdf": "https://content.openalex.org/works/W3155469955.pdf", "grobid_xml": "https://content.openalex.org/works/W3155469955.grobid-xml"}, "referenced_works_count": 83, "referenced_works": ["https://openalex.org/W64403321", "https://openalex.org/W1200370352", "https://openalex.org/W1727503231", "https://openalex.org/W1899960221", "https://openalex.org/W1965352867", "https://openalex.org/W1966599329", "https://openalex.org/W1969803426", "https://openalex.org/W1980451925", "https://openalex.org/W1982185125", "https://openalex.org/W1983352401", "https://openalex.org/W1994186189", "https://openalex.org/W2005615084", "https://openalex.org/W2012020160", "https://openalex.org/W2013690991", "https://openalex.org/W2016916986", "https://openalex.org/W2019760290", "https://openalex.org/W2024250498", "https://openalex.org/W2025522134", "https://openalex.org/W2030932642", "https://openalex.org/W2032191787", "https://openalex.org/W2043381968", "https://openalex.org/W2045749395", "https://openalex.org/W2046802601", "https://openalex.org/W2047134067", "https://openalex.org/W2052875222", "https://openalex.org/W2054635074", "https://openalex.org/W2055037957", "https://openalex.org/W2067897176", "https://openalex.org/W2083443948", "https://openalex.org/W2085292642", "https://openalex.org/W2088868630", "https://openalex.org/W2089555797", "https://openalex.org/W2092570226", "https://openalex.org/W2094373630", "https://openalex.org/W2098263168", "https://openalex.org/W2105895997", "https://openalex.org/W2107602208", "https://openalex.org/W2109351872", "https://openalex.org/W2127053984", "https://openalex.org/W2129240831", "https://openalex.org/W2134208433", "https://openalex.org/W2147273277", "https://openalex.org/W2148304424", "https://openalex.org/W2149888617", "https://openalex.org/W2154157809", "https://openalex.org/W2159080741", "https://openalex.org/W2161405640", "https://openalex.org/W2165673443", "https://openalex.org/W2166907595", "https://openalex.org/W2168697348", "https://openalex.org/W2170038819", "https://openalex.org/W2178026343", "https://openalex.org/W2208268258", "https://openalex.org/W2239850325", "https://openalex.org/W2256572352", "https://openalex.org/W2330373241", "https://openalex.org/W2335171300", "https://openalex.org/W2407365203", "https://openalex.org/W2432978046", "https://openalex.org/W2433229997", "https://openalex.org/W2489302011", "https://openalex.org/W2499326555", "https://openalex.org/W2594584422", "https://openalex.org/W2602592167", "https://openalex.org/W2609836588", "https://openalex.org/W2610784388", "https://openalex.org/W2727764998", "https://openalex.org/W2747084859", "https://openalex.org/W2754164803", "https://openalex.org/W2788622359", "https://openalex.org/W2883851078", "https://openalex.org/W2892454888", "https://openalex.org/W2898799517", "https://openalex.org/W2901559325", "https://openalex.org/W2903661297", "https://openalex.org/W2907640680", "https://openalex.org/W2911753981", "https://openalex.org/W2919684530", "https://openalex.org/W2939058834", "https://openalex.org/W2953451615", "https://openalex.org/W2969520491", "https://openalex.org/W2981174590", "https://openalex.org/W3022481961"], "related_works": ["https://openalex.org/W2038809418", "https://openalex.org/W2277257395", "https://openalex.org/W2485176123", "https://openalex.org/W3112245919", "https://openalex.org/W4211054287", "https://openalex.org/W2891312418", "https://openalex.org/W2493939882", "https://openalex.org/W2503803213", "https://openalex.org/W2800680006", "https://openalex.org/W2379987675"], "abstract_inverted_index": {"Understanding": [0], "the": [1, 25, 66, 70, 76, 82, 94, 99, 104, 114, 125, 137], "spatiotemporal": [2], "effects": [3], "of": [4, 13, 35, 38, 79, 81, 103, 132], "surface": [5], "topographies": [6], "and": [7, 10, 69, 74], "modulated": [8, 62], "stiffness": [9, 63], "anisotropic": [11], "stresses": [12], "hydrogels": [14], "on": [15, 93, 124], "cell": [16, 133], "growth": [17], "remains": [18], "a": [19, 36], "biophysical": [20], "challenge.": [21], "Here": [22], "we": [23], "introduce": [24], "photolithographic": [26], "patterning": [27, 34, 57], "or": [28], "two-photon": [29], "laser": [30], "scanning": [31], "confocal": [32], "microscopy": [33], "series": [37], "o-nitrobenzylphosphate": [39], "ester": [40], "nucleic": [41, 85, 109], "acid-based": [42], "polyacrylamide": [43], "hydrogel": [44, 54, 72, 116], "films": [45, 83], "generating": [46], "periodically-spaced": [47], "circular": [48], "patterned": [49, 67, 126], "domains": [50, 68, 96], "surrounded": [51], "by": [52, 108], "continuous": [53, 115], "matrices.": [55], "The": [56], "processes": [58], "lead": [59], "to": [60, 75, 129, 136], "guided": [61], "differences": [64], "between": [65], "surrounding": [71], "matrices,": [73], "selective": [77], "functionalization": [78], "sub-regions": [80], "with": [84, 98, 113], "acid": [86, 110], "anchoring": [87], "tethers.": [88], "HeLa": [89], "cells": [90], "are": [91], "deposited": [92], "circularly-shaped": [95], "functionalized": [97], "MUC-1": [100], "aptamers.": [101], "Initiation": [102], "hybridization": [105], "chain": [106], "reaction": [107], "tethers": [111], "associated": [112], "matrix": [117], "results": [118], "in": [119], "stress-induced": [120], "ordered": [121, 130], "orthogonal": [122], "shape-changes": [123], "domains,": [127], "leading": [128], "shapes": [131], "aggregates": [134], "bound": [135], "patterns.": [138]}, "counts_by_year": [{"year": 2026, "cited_by_count": 4}, {"year": 2025, "cited_by_count": 15}, {"year": 2024, "cited_by_count": 26}, {"year": 2023, "cited_by_count": 28}, {"year": 2022, "cited_by_count": 25}, {"year": 2021, "cited_by_count": 5}], "updated_date": "2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105", "created_date": "2025-10-10T00:00:00"}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/W2977569883", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1002/aisy.201900077", "title": "Flexible Actuators for Soft Robotics", "display_name": "Flexible Actuators for Soft Robotics", "relevance_score": 324.70456, "publication_year": 2019, "publication_date": "2019-10-06", "ids": {"openalex": "https://openalex.org/W2977569883", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1002/aisy.201900077", "mag": "2977569883"}, "language": "en", "primary_location": {"id": "doi:10.1002/aisy.201900077", "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/aisy.201900077", "pdf_url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/aisy.201900077", "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210212817", "display_name": "Advanced Intelligent Systems", "issn_l": "2640-4567", "issn": ["2640-4567"], "is_oa": true, "is_in_doaj": true, "is_core": true, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/P4310320595", "host_organization_name": "Wiley", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"], "host_organization_lineage_names": ["Wiley"], "type": "journal"}, "license": "cc-by", "license_id": "https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by", "version": "publishedVersion", "is_accepted": true, "is_published": true, "raw_source_name": "Advanced Intelligent Systems", "raw_type": "journal-article"}, "type": "article", "indexed_in": ["crossref", "doaj"], "open_access": {"is_oa": true, "oa_status": "gold", "oa_url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/aisy.201900077", "any_repository_has_fulltext": true}, "authorships": [{"author_position": "first", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5068347450", "display_name": "Ying Yang", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6009-4748"}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I19820366", "display_name": "Chinese Academy of Sciences", "ror": "https://ror.org/034t30j35", "country_code": "CN", "type": "government", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/I4210092495", "display_name": "Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nano-bionics", "ror": "https://ror.org/0027d9x02", "country_code": "CN", "type": "facility", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I19820366", "https://openalex.org/I4210092495"]}], "countries": ["CN"], "is_corresponding": false, "raw_author_name": "Ying Yang", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["Nanchang Research Institute Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics Chinese Academy of Sciences  Nanchang 330000 P. R. China", "i-Lab Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics Chinese Academy of Sciences  Suzhou 215123 P. R. China", "Nanchang Research Institute, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanchang, 330000 P. R. China", "i-Lab, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123 P. R. China"], "raw_orcid": null, "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "Nanchang Research Institute Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics Chinese Academy of Sciences  Nanchang 330000 P. R. China", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I4210092495"]}, {"raw_affiliation_string": "i-Lab Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics Chinese Academy of Sciences  Suzhou 215123 P. R. China", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I4210092495"]}, {"raw_affiliation_string": "Nanchang Research Institute, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanchang, 330000 P. R. China", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I19820366", "https://openalex.org/I4210092495"]}, {"raw_affiliation_string": "i-Lab, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123 P. R. China", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I19820366", "https://openalex.org/I4210092495"]}]}, {"author_position": "middle", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5041670884", "display_name": "Yanxiao Wu", "orcid": null}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I19820366", "display_name": "Chinese Academy of Sciences", "ror": "https://ror.org/034t30j35", "country_code": "CN", "type": "government", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/I4210092495", "display_name": "Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nano-bionics", "ror": "https://ror.org/0027d9x02", "country_code": "CN", "type": "facility", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I19820366", "https://openalex.org/I4210092495"]}], "countries": ["CN"], "is_corresponding": false, "raw_author_name": "Yanxiao Wu", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["i-Lab Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics Chinese Academy of Sciences  Suzhou 215123 P. R. China", "i-Lab, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123 P. R. China"], "raw_orcid": null, "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "i-Lab Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics Chinese Academy of Sciences  Suzhou 215123 P. R. China", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I4210092495"]}, {"raw_affiliation_string": "i-Lab, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123 P. R. China", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I19820366", "https://openalex.org/I4210092495"]}]}, {"author_position": "middle", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5100354233", "display_name": "Cheng Li", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9377-9049"}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I19820366", "display_name": "Chinese Academy of Sciences", "ror": "https://ror.org/034t30j35", "country_code": "CN", "type": "government", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/I4210092495", "display_name": "Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nano-bionics", "ror": "https://ror.org/0027d9x02", "country_code": "CN", "type": "facility", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I19820366", "https://openalex.org/I4210092495"]}], "countries": ["CN"], "is_corresponding": false, "raw_author_name": "Cheng Li", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["i-Lab Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics Chinese Academy of Sciences  Suzhou 215123 P. R. China", "i-Lab, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123 P. R. China"], "raw_orcid": null, "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "i-Lab Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics Chinese Academy of Sciences  Suzhou 215123 P. R. China", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I4210092495"]}, {"raw_affiliation_string": "i-Lab, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123 P. R. China", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I19820366", "https://openalex.org/I4210092495"]}]}, {"author_position": "middle", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5018912870", "display_name": "Xiaoming Yang", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5324-7416"}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I3923682", "display_name": "Soochow University", "ror": "https://ror.org/05t8y2r12", "country_code": "CN", "type": "education", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I3923682"]}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/I4210115277", "display_name": "Ingenierie des Materiaux polymeres", "ror": "https://ror.org/02160my55", "country_code": "FR", "type": "facility", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I100532134", "https://openalex.org/I1294671590", "https://openalex.org/I1294671590", "https://openalex.org/I203339264", "https://openalex.org/I203339264", "https://openalex.org/I203339264", "https://openalex.org/I4210115277", "https://openalex.org/I4210128300", "https://openalex.org/I4405259976", "https://openalex.org/I48430043"]}], "countries": ["CN", "FR"], "is_corresponding": true, "raw_author_name": "Xiaoming Yang", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application Department of Polymer Science and Engineering College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Soochow University  Suzhou 215123 P. R. China", "State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123 P. R. China"], "raw_orcid": null, "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application Department of Polymer Science and Engineering College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Soochow University  Suzhou 215123 P. R. China", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I3923682", "https://openalex.org/I4210115277"]}, {"raw_affiliation_string": "State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123 P. R. China", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I3923682"]}]}, {"author_position": "last", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5100344361", "display_name": "Wei Chen", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9527-110X"}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I14243506", "display_name": "Hong Kong Polytechnic University", "ror": "https://ror.org/0030zas98", "country_code": "HK", "type": "education", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/I182722699", "display_name": "Shenzhen Polytechnic University", "ror": "https://ror.org/00d2w9g53", "country_code": "CN", "type": "education", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I182722699"]}], "countries": ["CN", "HK"], "is_corresponding": true, "raw_author_name": "Wei Chen", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["Research Centre for Smart Wearable Technology Institute of Textiles and Clothing The Hong Kong Polytechnic University  Hung Hom Kowloon, Hong Kong P. R. China", "The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute  Shen Zhen P. R. China", "Research Centre for Smart Wearable Technology, Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China", "The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shen Zhen, P. R. China"], "raw_orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9527-110X", "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "Research Centre for Smart Wearable Technology Institute of Textiles and Clothing The Hong Kong Polytechnic University  Hung Hom Kowloon, Hong Kong P. R. China", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}, {"raw_affiliation_string": "The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute  Shen Zhen P. R. China", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I14243506", "https://openalex.org/I182722699"]}, {"raw_affiliation_string": "Research Centre for Smart Wearable Technology, Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}, {"raw_affiliation_string": "The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shen Zhen, P. R. China", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I14243506", "https://openalex.org/I182722699"]}]}], "institutions": [], "countries_distinct_count": 3, "institutions_distinct_count": 6, "corresponding_author_ids": ["https://openalex.org/A5018912870", "https://openalex.org/A5100344361"], "corresponding_institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I14243506", "https://openalex.org/I182722699", "https://openalex.org/I3923682", "https://openalex.org/I4210115277"], "apc_list": {"value": 3190, "currency": "USD", "value_usd": 3190}, "apc_paid": {"value": 3190, "currency": "USD", "value_usd": 3190}, "fwci": 4.5291, "has_fulltext": true, "cited_by_count": 188, "citation_normalized_percentile": {"value": 0.95760141, "is_in_top_1_percent": false, "is_in_top_10_percent": true}, "cited_by_percentile_year": {"min": 99, "max": 100}, "biblio": {"volume": "2", "issue": "1", "first_page": null, "last_page": null}, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "is_xpac": false, "primary_topic": {"id": "https://openalex.org/T10338", "display_name": "Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials", "score": 0.9997000098228455, "subfield": {"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/2204", "display_name": "Biomedical Engineering"}, "field": {"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/22", "display_name": "Engineering"}, "domain": {"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3", "display_name": "Physical Sciences"}}, "topics": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/T10338", "display_name": "Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials", "score": 0.9997000098228455, "subfield": {"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/2204", "display_name": "Biomedical Engineering"}, "field": {"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/22", "display_name": "Engineering"}, "domain": {"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3", "display_name": "Physical Sciences"}}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/T10868", "display_name": "Soft Robotics and Applications", "score": 0.9994999766349792, "subfield": {"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/2204", "display_name": "Biomedical Engineering"}, "field": {"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/22", "display_name": "Engineering"}, "domain": {"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3", "display_name": "Physical Sciences"}}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/T11608", "display_name": "Dielectric materials and actuators", "score": 0.9994000196456909, "subfield": {"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/2204", "display_name": "Biomedical Engineering"}, "field": {"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/22", "display_name": "Engineering"}, "domain": {"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3", "display_name": "Physical Sciences"}}], "keywords": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/soft-robotics", "display_name": "Soft robotics", "score": 0.804947018623352}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/robotics", "display_name": "Robotics", "score": 0.7165328860282898}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/actuator", "display_name": "Actuator", "score": 0.7161357998847961}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence", "display_name": "Artificial intelligence", "score": 0.6466384530067444}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/robot", "display_name": "Robot", "score": 0.6434468030929565}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science", "display_name": "Computer science", "score": 0.562371551990509}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/wearable-computer", "display_name": "Wearable computer", "score": 0.5502321124076843}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptability", "display_name": "Adaptability", "score": 0.4748563766479492}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/control-engineering", "display_name": "Control engineering", "score": 0.46841517090797424}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/soft-materials", "display_name": "Soft materials", "score": 0.43543094396591187}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction", "display_name": "Human\u2013computer interaction", "score": 0.37670600414276123}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering", "display_name": "Engineering", "score": 0.3468219041824341}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system", "display_name": "Embedded system", "score": 0.23414456844329834}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/nanotechnology", "display_name": "Nanotechnology", "score": 0.10813835263252258}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science", "display_name": "Materials science", "score": 0.07482349872589111}], "concepts": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776058767", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q24327151", "display_name": "Soft robotics", "level": 3, "score": 0.804947018623352}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C34413123", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170978", "display_name": "Robotics", "level": 3, "score": 0.7165328860282898}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C172707124", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q423488", "display_name": "Actuator", "level": 2, "score": 0.7161357998847961}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C154945302", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660", "display_name": "Artificial intelligence", "level": 1, "score": 0.6466384530067444}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C90509273", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012", "display_name": "Robot", "level": 2, "score": 0.6434468030929565}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198", "display_name": "Computer science", "level": 0, "score": 0.562371551990509}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C150594956", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1334829", "display_name": "Wearable computer", "level": 2, "score": 0.5502321124076843}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C177606310", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5674297", "display_name": "Adaptability", "level": 2, "score": 0.4748563766479492}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C133731056", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288", "display_name": "Control engineering", "level": 1, "score": 0.46841517090797424}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C2982836594", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q902144", "display_name": "Soft materials", "level": 2, "score": 0.43543094396591187}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C107457646", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434", "display_name": "Human\u2013computer interaction", "level": 1, "score": 0.37670600414276123}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023", "display_name": "Engineering", "level": 0, "score": 0.3468219041824341}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C149635348", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040", "display_name": "Embedded system", "level": 1, "score": 0.23414456844329834}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C171250308", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468", "display_name": "Nanotechnology", "level": 1, "score": 0.10813835263252258}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C192562407", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736", "display_name": "Materials science", "level": 0, "score": 0.07482349872589111}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420", "display_name": "Biology", "level": 0, "score": 0.0}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C18903297", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150", "display_name": "Ecology", "level": 1, "score": 0.0}], "mesh": [], "locations_count": 3, "locations": [{"id": "doi:10.1002/aisy.201900077", "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/aisy.201900077", "pdf_url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/aisy.201900077", "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210212817", "display_name": "Advanced Intelligent Systems", "issn_l": "2640-4567", "issn": ["2640-4567"], "is_oa": true, "is_in_doaj": true, "is_core": true, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/P4310320595", "host_organization_name": "Wiley", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"], "host_organization_lineage_names": ["Wiley"], "type": "journal"}, "license": "cc-by", "license_id": "https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by", "version": "publishedVersion", "is_accepted": true, "is_published": true, "raw_source_name": "Advanced Intelligent Systems", "raw_type": "journal-article"}, {"id": "pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:63045c196e464bb69778be2c326f2bf4", "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "https://doaj.org/article/63045c196e464bb69778be2c326f2bf4", "pdf_url": null, "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306401280", "display_name": "DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)", "issn_l": null, "issn": null, "is_oa": false, "is_in_doaj": false, "is_core": false, "host_organization": null, "host_organization_name": null, "host_organization_lineage": [], "host_organization_lineage_names": [], "type": "repository"}, "license": "cc-by-sa", "license_id": "https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa", "version": "submittedVersion", "is_accepted": false, "is_published": false, "raw_source_name": "Advanced Intelligent Systems, Vol 2, Iss 1, Pp n/a-n/a (2020)", "raw_type": "article"}, {"id": "pmh:oai:ira.lib.polyu.edu.hk:10397/91673", "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "http://hdl.handle.net/10397/91673", "pdf_url": null, "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306400205", "display_name": "PolyU Institutional Research Archive (Hong Kong Polytechnic University)", "issn_l": null, "issn": null, "is_oa": false, "is_in_doaj": false, "is_core": false, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/I14243506", "host_organization_name": "Hong Kong Polytechnic University", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I14243506"], "host_organization_lineage_names": [], "type": "repository"}, "license": "cc-by", "license_id": "https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by", "version": "submittedVersion", "is_accepted": false, "is_published": false, "raw_source_name": null, "raw_type": "Journal/Magazine Article"}], "best_oa_location": {"id": "doi:10.1002/aisy.201900077", "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/aisy.201900077", "pdf_url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/aisy.201900077", "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210212817", "display_name": "Advanced Intelligent Systems", "issn_l": "2640-4567", "issn": ["2640-4567"], "is_oa": true, "is_in_doaj": true, "is_core": true, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/P4310320595", "host_organization_name": "Wiley", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"], "host_organization_lineage_names": ["Wiley"], "type": "journal"}, "license": "cc-by", "license_id": "https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by", "version": "publishedVersion", "is_accepted": true, "is_published": true, "raw_source_name": "Advanced Intelligent Systems", "raw_type": "journal-article"}, "sustainable_development_goals": [], "awards": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/G4824492393", "display_name": null, "funder_award_id": "2018YFC2000900", "funder_id": "https://openalex.org/F4320321001", "funder_display_name": "National Natural Science Foundation of China"}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/G746774390", "display_name": null, "funder_award_id": "BE2016086", "funder_id": "https://openalex.org/F4320321605", "funder_display_name": "Government of Jiangsu Province"}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/G767508633", "display_name": null, "funder_award_id": "BE2016086", "funder_id": "https://openalex.org/F4320334925", "funder_display_name": "Science and Technology Support Program of Jiangsu Province"}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/G812937649", "display_name": "\u77f3\u58a8\u7094\u57fa\u67d4\u6027\u7535\u5316\u5b66\u9a71\u52a8\u5668\u7684\u5236\u5907\u3001\u4ecb\u89c2\u8c03\u63a7\u53ca\u6362\u80fd\u7279\u6027\u7814\u7a76", "funder_award_id": "21975214", "funder_id": "https://openalex.org/F4320321001", "funder_display_name": "National Natural Science Foundation of China"}], "funders": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/F4320321001", "display_name": "National Natural Science Foundation of China", "ror": "https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/F4320321605", "display_name": "Government of Jiangsu Province", "ror": "https://ror.org/004svx814"}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/F4320334925", "display_name": "Science and Technology Support Program of Jiangsu Province", "ror": "https://ror.org/02mkqta53"}], "has_content": {"grobid_xml": true, "pdf": true}, "content_urls": {"pdf": "https://content.openalex.org/works/W2977569883.pdf", "grobid_xml": "https://content.openalex.org/works/W2977569883.grobid-xml"}, "referenced_works_count": 228, "referenced_works": ["https://openalex.org/W323455121", "https://openalex.org/W327882223", "https://openalex.org/W348234673", "https://openalex.org/W821952078", "https://openalex.org/W1515749184", "https://openalex.org/W1580497341", "https://openalex.org/W1594394711", "https://openalex.org/W1696296461", "https://openalex.org/W1772287097", "https://openalex.org/W1813978871", "https://openalex.org/W1879828502", "https://openalex.org/W1900860620", "https://openalex.org/W1919781749", "https://openalex.org/W1967670767", "https://openalex.org/W1972216223", "https://openalex.org/W1972289266", "https://openalex.org/W1973191925", "https://openalex.org/W1975508278", "https://openalex.org/W1978775399", "https://openalex.org/W1981696091", "https://openalex.org/W1984524956", "https://openalex.org/W1985455900", "https://openalex.org/W1988840731", "https://openalex.org/W1991690655", "https://openalex.org/W1992296916", "https://openalex.org/W1992938267", "https://openalex.org/W1992990163", "https://openalex.org/W1995664473", "https://openalex.org/W1998633178", "https://openalex.org/W2001891994", "https://openalex.org/W2002447715", "https://openalex.org/W2003204040", "https://openalex.org/W2008765100", "https://openalex.org/W2010175538", "https://openalex.org/W2010759107", "https://openalex.org/W2014545924", "https://openalex.org/W2015939267", "https://openalex.org/W2018347230", "https://openalex.org/W2021879653", "https://openalex.org/W2022563787", "https://openalex.org/W2022956609", "https://openalex.org/W2023452466", "https://openalex.org/W2024129669", "https://openalex.org/W2025044081", "https://openalex.org/W2026166404", "https://openalex.org/W2028132997", "https://openalex.org/W2043404570", "https://openalex.org/W2045022361", "https://openalex.org/W2046063521", "https://openalex.org/W2047121953", "https://openalex.org/W2047269087", "https://openalex.org/W2047849089", "https://openalex.org/W2048257693", "https://openalex.org/W2048401675", "https://openalex.org/W2049299684", "https://openalex.org/W2050409435", "https://openalex.org/W2051380802", "https://openalex.org/W2055524690", "https://openalex.org/W2056627545", "https://openalex.org/W2057356744", "https://openalex.org/W2057529200", "https://openalex.org/W2059051224", "https://openalex.org/W2059563833", "https://openalex.org/W2062133055", "https://openalex.org/W2062625038", "https://openalex.org/W2067631001", "https://openalex.org/W2070662831", "https://openalex.org/W2074260498", "https://openalex.org/W2077373941", "https://openalex.org/W2077464972", "https://openalex.org/W2077474285", "https://openalex.org/W2083257026", "https://openalex.org/W2084406805", "https://openalex.org/W2084873538", "https://openalex.org/W2085164896", "https://openalex.org/W2085316615", "https://openalex.org/W2086060550", "https://openalex.org/W2086559314", "https://openalex.org/W2089826029", "https://openalex.org/W2090648204", "https://openalex.org/W2091670031", "https://openalex.org/W2091797644", "https://openalex.org/W2092222501", "https://openalex.org/W2093647994", "https://openalex.org/W2097272436", "https://openalex.org/W2102159351", "https://openalex.org/W2102470435", "https://openalex.org/W2103462863", "https://openalex.org/W2105748029", "https://openalex.org/W2112478347", "https://openalex.org/W2112997501", "https://openalex.org/W2113059626", "https://openalex.org/W2114072260", "https://openalex.org/W2115412172", "https://openalex.org/W2116947553", "https://openalex.org/W2120747289", "https://openalex.org/W2122231705", "https://openalex.org/W2129404079", "https://openalex.org/W2135994829", "https://openalex.org/W2140384790", "https://openalex.org/W2140764883", "https://openalex.org/W2145768262", "https://openalex.org/W2151039430", "https://openalex.org/W2152372923", "https://openalex.org/W2152885336", "https://openalex.org/W2153402194", "https://openalex.org/W2156578448", "https://openalex.org/W2161214389", "https://openalex.org/W2163319679", "https://openalex.org/W2168886844", "https://openalex.org/W2171995939", "https://openalex.org/W2184993170", "https://openalex.org/W2189361793", "https://openalex.org/W2224750552", "https://openalex.org/W2226610546", "https://openalex.org/W2267674323", "https://openalex.org/W2276448469", "https://openalex.org/W2283101757", "https://openalex.org/W2284784062", "https://openalex.org/W2292374156", "https://openalex.org/W2292537106", "https://openalex.org/W2293092416", "https://openalex.org/W2294024028", "https://openalex.org/W2296895742", "https://openalex.org/W2305688649", "https://openalex.org/W2312247210", "https://openalex.org/W2312306775", "https://openalex.org/W2323605982", "https://openalex.org/W2326027541", "https://openalex.org/W2326141327", "https://openalex.org/W2328863300", "https://openalex.org/W2328964456", "https://openalex.org/W2330718237", "https://openalex.org/W2331129346", "https://openalex.org/W2335171300", "https://openalex.org/W2336121591", "https://openalex.org/W2339729826", "https://openalex.org/W2341462625", "https://openalex.org/W2345553799", "https://openalex.org/W2405659553", "https://openalex.org/W2419249652", "https://openalex.org/W2419293159", "https://openalex.org/W2421101485", "https://openalex.org/W2430013500", "https://openalex.org/W2432974504", "https://openalex.org/W2468757271", "https://openalex.org/W2474319607", "https://openalex.org/W2481043928", "https://openalex.org/W2483511295", "https://openalex.org/W2492140578", "https://openalex.org/W2496835252", "https://openalex.org/W2512206117", "https://openalex.org/W2514051757", "https://openalex.org/W2515930553", "https://openalex.org/W2519944552", "https://openalex.org/W2522030842", "https://openalex.org/W2524719417", "https://openalex.org/W2559740618", "https://openalex.org/W2563110024", "https://openalex.org/W2564130887", "https://openalex.org/W2568337522", "https://openalex.org/W2570885966", "https://openalex.org/W2574063486", "https://openalex.org/W2577404187", "https://openalex.org/W2578944701", "https://openalex.org/W2582146061", "https://openalex.org/W2582609323", "https://openalex.org/W2584350454", "https://openalex.org/W2588604230", "https://openalex.org/W2592424421", "https://openalex.org/W2594276447", "https://openalex.org/W2594756164", "https://openalex.org/W2604885268", "https://openalex.org/W2614107499", "https://openalex.org/W2615527822", "https://openalex.org/W2619847693", "https://openalex.org/W2662689232", "https://openalex.org/W2725448720", "https://openalex.org/W2731795675", "https://openalex.org/W2749121152", "https://openalex.org/W2749452716", "https://openalex.org/W2751209155", "https://openalex.org/W2760646057", "https://openalex.org/W2762463353", "https://openalex.org/W2762627864", "https://openalex.org/W2767172786", "https://openalex.org/W2775854755", "https://openalex.org/W2776824598", "https://openalex.org/W2780027234", "https://openalex.org/W2781399842", "https://openalex.org/W2782915047", "https://openalex.org/W2783689185", "https://openalex.org/W2784419166", "https://openalex.org/W2784796184", "https://openalex.org/W2784911769", "https://openalex.org/W2787894377", "https://openalex.org/W2789477455", "https://openalex.org/W2789690224", "https://openalex.org/W2792201897", "https://openalex.org/W2792461615", "https://openalex.org/W2792484753", "https://openalex.org/W2798118590", "https://openalex.org/W2799672281", "https://openalex.org/W2801584653", "https://openalex.org/W2802031223", "https://openalex.org/W2803735436", "https://openalex.org/W2807695615", "https://openalex.org/W2807767587", "https://openalex.org/W2808687105", "https://openalex.org/W2810606259", "https://openalex.org/W2826891851", "https://openalex.org/W2883206983", "https://openalex.org/W2890709864", "https://openalex.org/W2891280167", "https://openalex.org/W2891513476", "https://openalex.org/W2891991001", "https://openalex.org/W2896056663", "https://openalex.org/W2897271998", "https://openalex.org/W2903663684", "https://openalex.org/W2904914157", "https://openalex.org/W2909857791", "https://openalex.org/W2915846571", "https://openalex.org/W2963239712", "https://openalex.org/W3142999281", "https://openalex.org/W4206242384", "https://openalex.org/W4213028169", "https://openalex.org/W4238878907", "https://openalex.org/W4256346023"], "related_works": ["https://openalex.org/W2326585759", "https://openalex.org/W4312473168", "https://openalex.org/W3134474396", "https://openalex.org/W4211124276", "https://openalex.org/W1515749184", "https://openalex.org/W4367041227", "https://openalex.org/W4285221039", "https://openalex.org/W3190856263", "https://openalex.org/W3094251759", "https://openalex.org/W4312269480"], "abstract_inverted_index": {"Rigid": [0], "robots": [1, 72, 77], "have": [2, 12], "taken": [3], "on": [4, 150], "a": [5, 14, 64], "variety": [6], "of": [7, 90, 115, 176], "automated": [8], "manufacturing": [9], "tasks": [10], "and": [11, 33, 39, 59, 105, 157, 161, 173], "made": [13], "huge": [15], "contribution": [16], "to": [17, 30, 56, 67, 109], "industrial": [18], "development;": [19], "however,": [20], "they": [21], "are": [22, 45, 154, 168, 184], "not": [23, 74], "suitable": [24, 163], "for": [25, 82, 164], "further": [26], "wearable": [27, 141], "applications": [28, 167], "due": [29], "their": [31, 158], "rigid": [32, 76], "bulky": [34], "structure,": [35], "poor": [36], "environmental": [37, 57], "adaptability,": [38], "low": [40], "safety.": [41], "Soft": [42, 71], "robots,": [43], "which": [44], "mainly": [46], "fabricated": [47], "with": [48, 139], "\ufb02exible": [49], "or": [50], "elastomeric": [51], "materials,": [52, 159], "can": [53, 96, 132], "easily": [54], "adjust": [55], "changes": [58], "accomplish": [60], "complex": [61], "tasks,": [62], "offering": [63], "new": [65], "paradigm": [66], "achieve": [68], "human\u2013machine": [69], "compliance.": [70], "do": [73], "replace": [75], "but": [78], "add": [79], "diverse": [80], "features": [81], "softer": [83], "robotic": [84, 94, 103, 120, 166], "applications.": [85, 111], "In": [86], "particular,": [87], "the": [88, 113, 125, 144], "use": [89], "flexible": [91, 116, 137, 146, 177], "actuators": [92, 117, 138, 147], "in": [93, 118], "systems": [95, 104], "realize": [97], "certain": [98], "intelligent": [99], "functions,": [100], "enrich": [101], "soft": [102, 119, 140, 165, 182], "migrate": [106], "academic": [107], "research": [108], "engineering": [110], "Currently,": [112], "application": [114, 130, 171], "fields": [121], "is": [122], "still": [123], "at": [124], "embryonic": [126], "stage.": [127], "However,": [128], "tremendous": [129], "spaces": [131], "be": [133], "envisaged": [134], "when": [135], "combining": [136], "robotics.": [142], "Therefore,": [143], "current": [145], "that": [148], "rely": [149], "different": [151], "external": [152], "stimuli": [153], "addressed": [155], "herein,": [156], "designs,": [160], "approaches": [162], "highlighted.": [169], "The": [170], "advancement": [172], "future": [174], "perspective": [175], "actuator": [178], "prototypes": [179], "toward": [180], "various": [181], "robotics": [183], "also": [185], "discussed.": [186]}, "counts_by_year": [{"year": 2026, "cited_by_count": 18}, {"year": 2025, "cited_by_count": 51}, {"year": 2024, "cited_by_count": 33}, {"year": 2023, "cited_by_count": 31}, {"year": 2022, "cited_by_count": 22}, {"year": 2021, "cited_by_count": 20}, {"year": 2020, "cited_by_count": 13}], "updated_date": "2026-07-25T15:57:00.446498", "created_date": "2025-10-10T00:00:00"}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/W2945957160", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-10243-8", "title": "Anisotropic and self-healing hydrogels with multi-responsive actuating capability", "display_name": "Anisotropic and self-healing hydrogels with multi-responsive actuating capability", "relevance_score": 324.5936, "publication_year": 2019, "publication_date": "2019-05-17", "ids": {"openalex": "https://openalex.org/W2945957160", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-10243-8", "mag": "2945957160", "pmid": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31101823"}, "language": "en", "primary_location": {"id": "doi:10.1038/s41467-019-10243-8", "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-10243-8", "pdf_url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-10243-8.pdf", "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S64187185", "display_name": "Nature Communications", "issn_l": "2041-1723", "issn": ["2041-1723"], "is_oa": true, "is_in_doaj": true, "is_core": true, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/P4310319908", "host_organization_name": "Nature Portfolio", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/P4310319908", "https://openalex.org/P4310319965"], "host_organization_lineage_names": ["Nature Portfolio", "Springer Nature"], "type": "journal"}, "license": "cc-by", "license_id": "https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by", "version": "publishedVersion", "is_accepted": true, "is_published": true, "raw_source_name": "Nature Communications", "raw_type": "journal-article"}, "type": "article", "indexed_in": ["crossref", "doaj", "pubmed"], "open_access": {"is_oa": true, "oa_status": "gold", "oa_url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-10243-8.pdf", "any_repository_has_fulltext": true}, "authorships": [{"author_position": "first", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5034266166", "display_name": "Haili Qin", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4990-337X"}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I16365422", "display_name": "Hefei University of Technology", "ror": "https://ror.org/02czkny70", "country_code": "CN", "type": "education", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I16365422"]}], "countries": ["CN"], "is_corresponding": false, "raw_author_name": "Haili Qin", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 230009, Hefei, China"], "raw_orcid": null, "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 230009, Hefei, China", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I16365422"]}]}, {"author_position": "middle", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5100615710", "display_name": "Tan Zhang", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1604-6279"}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I16365422", "display_name": "Hefei University of Technology", "ror": "https://ror.org/02czkny70", "country_code": "CN", "type": "education", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I16365422"]}], "countries": ["CN"], "is_corresponding": false, "raw_author_name": "Tan Zhang", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 230009, Hefei, China"], "raw_orcid": null, "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 230009, Hefei, China", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I16365422"]}]}, {"author_position": "middle", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5100368082", "display_name": "Na Li", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1909-6378"}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I16365422", "display_name": "Hefei University of Technology", "ror": "https://ror.org/02czkny70", "country_code": "CN", "type": "education", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I16365422"]}], "countries": ["CN"], "is_corresponding": false, "raw_author_name": "Na Li", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 230009, Hefei, China"], "raw_orcid": null, "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 230009, Hefei, China", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I16365422"]}]}, {"author_position": "middle", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5015551238", "display_name": "Huai\u2010Ping Cong", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1915-5611"}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I16365422", "display_name": "Hefei University of Technology", "ror": "https://ror.org/02czkny70", "country_code": "CN", "type": "education", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I16365422"]}], "countries": ["CN"], "is_corresponding": false, "raw_author_name": "Huai-Ping Cong", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 230009, Hefei, China. hpcong@hfut.edu.cn", "Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 230009, Hefei, China"], "raw_orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1915-5611", "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 230009, Hefei, China. hpcong@hfut.edu.cn", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I16365422"]}, {"raw_affiliation_string": "Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 230009, Hefei, China", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I16365422"]}]}, {"author_position": "last", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5074891139", "display_name": "Shu\u2010Hong Yu", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3732-1011"}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I126520041", "display_name": "University of Science and Technology of China", "ror": "https://ror.org/04c4dkn09", "country_code": "CN", "type": "education", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I126520041", "https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/I4210103894", "display_name": "Hefei National Center for Physical Sciences at Nanoscale", "ror": "https://ror.org/01jeedh73", "country_code": "CN", "type": "facility", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I126520041", "https://openalex.org/I19820366", "https://openalex.org/I4210103894"]}], "countries": ["CN"], "is_corresponding": true, "raw_author_name": "Shu-Hong Yu", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["Division of Nanomaterials and Chemistry, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, China. shyu@ustc.edu.cn", "Division of Nanomaterials and Chemistry, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, China"], "raw_orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3732-1011", "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "Division of Nanomaterials and Chemistry, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, China. shyu@ustc.edu.cn", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I126520041", "https://openalex.org/I4210103894"]}, {"raw_affiliation_string": "Division of Nanomaterials and Chemistry, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, China", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]}], "institutions": [], "countries_distinct_count": 1, "institutions_distinct_count": 3, "corresponding_author_ids": ["https://openalex.org/A5074891139"], "corresponding_institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I126520041", "https://openalex.org/I4210103894"], "apc_list": {"value": 6290, "currency": "USD", "value_usd": 6290}, "apc_paid": {"value": 6290, "currency": "USD", "value_usd": 6290}, "fwci": 24.0984, "has_fulltext": true, "cited_by_count": 357, "citation_normalized_percentile": {"value": 0.9990947, "is_in_top_1_percent": true, "is_in_top_10_percent": true}, "cited_by_percentile_year": {"min": 99, "max": 100}, "biblio": {"volume": "10", "issue": "1", "first_page": "2202", "last_page": "2202"}, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "is_xpac": false, "primary_topic": {"id": "https://openalex.org/T11737", "display_name": "Advanced Materials and Mechanics", "score": 0.9998999834060669, "subfield": {"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/2210", "display_name": "Mechanical Engineering"}, "field": {"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/22", "display_name": "Engineering"}, "domain": {"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3", "display_name": "Physical Sciences"}}, "topics": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/T11737", "display_name": "Advanced Materials and Mechanics", "score": 0.9998999834060669, "subfield": {"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/2210", "display_name": "Mechanical Engineering"}, "field": {"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/22", "display_name": "Engineering"}, "domain": {"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3", "display_name": "Physical Sciences"}}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/T10338", "display_name": "Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials", "score": 0.9995999932289124, "subfield": {"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/2204", "display_name": "Biomedical Engineering"}, "field": {"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/22", "display_name": "Engineering"}, "domain": {"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3", "display_name": "Physical Sciences"}}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/T10343", "display_name": "Hydrogels: synthesis, properties, applications", "score": 0.9995999932289124, "subfield": {"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/1313", "display_name": "Molecular Medicine"}, "field": {"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/13", "display_name": "Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"}, "domain": {"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/1", "display_name": "Life Sciences"}}], "keywords": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/self-healing-hydrogels", "display_name": "Self-healing hydrogels", "score": 0.8418042659759521}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science", "display_name": "Materials science", "score": 0.8003631830215454}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/lamellar-structure", "display_name": "Lamellar structure", "score": 0.6606239080429077}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/anisotropy", "display_name": "Anisotropy", "score": 0.6324663758277893}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/nanostructure", "display_name": "Nanostructure", "score": 0.6142674684524536}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/self-healing", "display_name": "Self-healing", "score": 0.5954236388206482}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/nanotechnology", "display_name": "Nanotechnology", "score": 0.5931288003921509}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/actuator", "display_name": "Actuator", "score": 0.5903509855270386}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/fabrication", "display_name": "Fabrication", "score": 0.5862314105033875}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/soft-robotics", "display_name": "Soft robotics", "score": 0.5043984651565552}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/polymerization", "display_name": "Polymerization", "score": 0.48724666237831116}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/swelling", "display_name": "Swelling", "score": 0.4704129993915558}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-muscle", "display_name": "Artificial muscle", "score": 0.45463624596595764}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-material", "display_name": "Smart material", "score": 0.4290817081928253}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/biomimetics", "display_name": "Biomimetics", "score": 0.4103076457977295}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/composite-material", "display_name": "Composite material", "score": 0.3057015538215637}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science", "display_name": "Computer science", "score": 0.25387507677078247}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/polymer", "display_name": "Polymer", "score": 0.1435343623161316}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/polymer-chemistry", "display_name": "Polymer chemistry", "score": 0.08775398135185242}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence", "display_name": "Artificial intelligence", "score": 0.07104986906051636}], "concepts": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/C108586683", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17164826", "display_name": "Self-healing hydrogels", "level": 2, "score": 0.8418042659759521}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C192562407", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736", "display_name": "Materials science", "level": 0, "score": 0.8003631830215454}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C77851909", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6481705", "display_name": "Lamellar structure", "level": 2, "score": 0.6606239080429077}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C85725439", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466686", "display_name": "Anisotropy", "level": 2, "score": 0.6324663758277893}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C186187911", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1093894", "display_name": "Nanostructure", "level": 2, "score": 0.6142674684524536}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778210392", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1412709", "display_name": "Self-healing", "level": 3, "score": 0.5954236388206482}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C171250308", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468", "display_name": "Nanotechnology", "level": 1, "score": 0.5931288003921509}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C172707124", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q423488", "display_name": "Actuator", "level": 2, "score": 0.5903509855270386}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C136525101", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5428139", "display_name": "Fabrication", "level": 3, "score": 0.5862314105033875}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776058767", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q24327151", "display_name": "Soft robotics", "level": 3, "score": 0.5043984651565552}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C44228677", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181898", "display_name": "Polymerization", "level": 3, "score": 0.48724666237831116}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778540859", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q152234", "display_name": "Swelling", "level": 2, "score": 0.4704129993915558}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C196628372", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4801090", "display_name": "Artificial muscle", "level": 3, "score": 0.45463624596595764}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C88484716", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1474679", "display_name": "Smart material", "level": 2, "score": 0.4290817081928253}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C165062768", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1145644", "display_name": "Biomimetics", "level": 2, "score": 0.4103076457977295}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C159985019", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790", "display_name": "Composite material", "level": 1, "score": 0.3057015538215637}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198", "display_name": "Computer science", "level": 0, "score": 0.25387507677078247}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C521977710", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81163", "display_name": "Polymer", "level": 2, "score": 0.1435343623161316}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C188027245", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750446", "display_name": "Polymer chemistry", "level": 1, "score": 0.08775398135185242}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C154945302", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660", "display_name": "Artificial intelligence", "level": 1, "score": 0.07104986906051636}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413", "display_name": "Physics", "level": 0, "score": 0.0}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190", "display_name": "Medicine", "level": 0, "score": 0.0}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C62520636", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944", "display_name": "Quantum mechanics", "level": 1, "score": 0.0}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C204787440", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504", "display_name": "Alternative medicine", "level": 2, "score": 0.0}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C142724271", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208", "display_name": "Pathology", "level": 1, "score": 0.0}], "mesh": [], "locations_count": 6, "locations": [{"id": "doi:10.1038/s41467-019-10243-8", "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-10243-8", "pdf_url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-10243-8.pdf", "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S64187185", "display_name": "Nature Communications", "issn_l": "2041-1723", "issn": ["2041-1723"], "is_oa": true, "is_in_doaj": true, "is_core": true, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/P4310319908", "host_organization_name": "Nature Portfolio", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/P4310319908", "https://openalex.org/P4310319965"], "host_organization_lineage_names": ["Nature Portfolio", "Springer Nature"], "type": "journal"}, "license": "cc-by", "license_id": "https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by", "version": "publishedVersion", "is_accepted": true, "is_published": true, "raw_source_name": "Nature Communications", "raw_type": "journal-article"}, {"id": "pmid:31101823", "is_oa": false, "landing_page_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31101823", "pdf_url": null, "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036", "display_name": "PubMed", "issn_l": null, "issn": null, "is_oa": false, "is_in_doaj": false, "is_core": false, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/I1299303238", "host_organization_name": "National Institutes of Health", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"], "host_organization_lineage_names": [], "type": "repository"}, "license": null, "license_id": null, "version": "publishedVersion", "is_accepted": true, "is_published": true, "raw_source_name": "Nature communications", "raw_type": null}, {"id": "pmh:oai:RePEc:nat:natcom:v:10:y:2019:i:1:d:10.1038_s41467-019-10243-8", "is_oa": false, "landing_page_url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-10243-8", "pdf_url": null, "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306401271", "display_name": "RePEc: Research Papers in Economics", "issn_l": null, "issn": null, "is_oa": false, "is_in_doaj": false, "is_core": false, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/I77793887", "host_organization_name": "Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I77793887"], "host_organization_lineage_names": [], "type": "repository"}, "license": null, "license_id": null, "version": "submittedVersion", "is_accepted": false, "is_published": false, "raw_source_name": null, "raw_type": "article"}, {"id": "pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:055e27fd9d4f47cb8c9e29dfbd356c07", "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "https://doaj.org/article/055e27fd9d4f47cb8c9e29dfbd356c07", "pdf_url": null, "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306401280", "display_name": "DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)", "issn_l": null, "issn": null, "is_oa": false, "is_in_doaj": false, "is_core": false, "host_organization": null, "host_organization_name": null, "host_organization_lineage": [], "host_organization_lineage_names": [], "type": "repository"}, "license": "cc-by-sa", "license_id": "https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa", "version": "submittedVersion", "is_accepted": false, "is_published": false, "raw_source_name": "Nature Communications, Vol 10, Iss 1, Pp 1-11 (2019)", "raw_type": "article"}, {"id": "pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:9cb2fae3c76a4b4bacb67b9ebe961ae3", "is_oa": false, "landing_page_url": "https://doaj.org/article/9cb2fae3c76a4b4bacb67b9ebe961ae3", "pdf_url": null, "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306401280", "display_name": "DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)", "issn_l": null, "issn": null, "is_oa": false, "is_in_doaj": false, "is_core": false, "host_organization": null, "host_organization_name": null, "host_organization_lineage": [], "host_organization_lineage_names": [], "type": "repository"}, "license": null, "license_id": null, "version": "submittedVersion", "is_accepted": false, "is_published": false, "raw_source_name": "Nature Communications, Vol 10, Iss 1, Pp 1-11 (2019)", "raw_type": "article"}, {"id": "pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:6525195", "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6525195", "pdf_url": null, "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S2764455111", "display_name": "PubMed Central", "issn_l": null, "issn": null, "is_oa": true, "is_in_doaj": false, "is_core": false, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/I1299303238", "host_organization_name": "National Institutes of Health", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"], "host_organization_lineage_names": [], "type": "repository"}, "license": "cc-by", "license_id": "https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by", "version": "submittedVersion", "is_accepted": false, "is_published": false, "raw_source_name": "Nat Commun", "raw_type": "Text"}], "best_oa_location": {"id": "doi:10.1038/s41467-019-10243-8", "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-10243-8", "pdf_url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-10243-8.pdf", "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S64187185", "display_name": "Nature Communications", "issn_l": "2041-1723", "issn": ["2041-1723"], "is_oa": true, "is_in_doaj": true, "is_core": true, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/P4310319908", "host_organization_name": "Nature Portfolio", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/P4310319908", "https://openalex.org/P4310319965"], "host_organization_lineage_names": ["Nature Portfolio", "Springer Nature"], "type": "journal"}, "license": "cc-by", "license_id": "https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by", "version": "publishedVersion", "is_accepted": true, "is_published": true, "raw_source_name": "Nature Communications", "raw_type": "journal-article"}, "sustainable_development_goals": [], "awards": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/G1526197123", "display_name": null, "funder_award_id": "JZ2019HGPB0104", "funder_id": "https://openalex.org/F4320335787", "funder_display_name": "Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/G1578082783", "display_name": null, "funder_award_id": "21761132008", "funder_id": "https://openalex.org/F4320321001", "funder_display_name": "National Natural Science Foundation of China"}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/G2766215825", "display_name": null, "funder_award_id": "2015HSC-UE007", "funder_id": "https://openalex.org/F4320335775", "funder_display_name": "Hefei Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences"}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/G3528850431", "display_name": null, "funder_award_id": "1708085MB30", "funder_id": "https://openalex.org/F4320334897", "funder_display_name": "Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province"}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/G4189324764", "display_name": null, "funder_award_id": "2015SRG-HSC038", "funder_id": "https://openalex.org/F4320335775", "funder_display_name": "Hefei Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences"}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/G5178873173", "display_name": "\u8f7b\u8d28\u3001\u6297\u75b2\u52b3\u7eb3\u7c73\u7ed3\u6784\u5355\u5143\u7ec4\u88c5\u5f39\u6027\u4f53\u7684\u6784\u7b51\u548c\u5e94\u7528\u7814\u7a76", "funder_award_id": "51732011", "funder_id": "https://openalex.org/F4320321001", "funder_display_name": "National Natural Science Foundation of China"}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/G6882928468", "display_name": null, "funder_award_id": "21503063", "funder_id": "https://openalex.org/F4320321001", "funder_display_name": "National Natural Science Foundation of China"}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/G7576703115", "display_name": null, "funder_award_id": "1908085J05", "funder_id": "https://openalex.org/F4320334897", "funder_display_name": "Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province"}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/G7632827782", "display_name": null, "funder_award_id": "21521001", "funder_id": "https://openalex.org/F4320321001", "funder_display_name": "National Natural Science Foundation of China"}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/G776310781", "display_name": null, "funder_award_id": "21521001", "funder_id": "https://openalex.org/F4320327720", "funder_display_name": "Foundation for Innovative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of China"}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/G8362881974", "display_name": null, "funder_award_id": "21431006", "funder_id": "https://openalex.org/F4320321001", "funder_display_name": "National Natural Science Foundation of China"}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/G8733702780", "display_name": "\u57fa\u4e8e\u8d85\u8584\u7eb3\u7c73\u7247\u7684\u590d\u5408\u6750\u6599\u548c\u5b8f\u89c2\u7ec4\u88c5\u6750\u6599\u7684\u5236\u5907\u548c\u529f\u80fd\u7814\u7a76", "funder_award_id": "21571046", "funder_id": "https://openalex.org/F4320321001", "funder_display_name": "National Natural Science Foundation of China"}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/G8918160856", "display_name": null, "funder_award_id": "2013JYXR0654", "funder_id": "https://openalex.org/F4320334924", "funder_display_name": "Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University"}], "funders": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/F4320321001", "display_name": "National Natural Science Foundation of China", "ror": "https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/F4320327720", "display_name": "Foundation for Innovative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of China", "ror": null}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/F4320334897", "display_name": "Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province", "ror": null}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/F4320334924", "display_name": "Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University", "ror": "https://ror.org/01mv9t934"}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/F4320335775", "display_name": "Hefei Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences", "ror": null}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/F4320335787", "display_name": "Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities", "ror": null}], "has_content": {"grobid_xml": true, "pdf": true}, "content_urls": {"pdf": "https://content.openalex.org/works/W2945957160.pdf", "grobid_xml": "https://content.openalex.org/works/W2945957160.grobid-xml"}, "referenced_works_count": 43, "referenced_works": ["https://openalex.org/W1969906175", "https://openalex.org/W1988022977", "https://openalex.org/W1995170243", "https://openalex.org/W1995539517", "https://openalex.org/W1999123301", "https://openalex.org/W2007439355", "https://openalex.org/W2010420024", "https://openalex.org/W2021540635", "https://openalex.org/W2021903588", "https://openalex.org/W2021927779", "https://openalex.org/W2022956609", "https://openalex.org/W2030663249", "https://openalex.org/W2041380837", "https://openalex.org/W2043485398", "https://openalex.org/W2047306307", "https://openalex.org/W2048576933", "https://openalex.org/W2048669080", "https://openalex.org/W2055037957", "https://openalex.org/W2056777003", "https://openalex.org/W2060449729", "https://openalex.org/W2061496016", "https://openalex.org/W2078313168", "https://openalex.org/W2080457223", "https://openalex.org/W2081648111", "https://openalex.org/W2089114409", "https://openalex.org/W2113172577", "https://openalex.org/W2131155569", "https://openalex.org/W2137346096", "https://openalex.org/W2162400241", "https://openalex.org/W2166785481", "https://openalex.org/W2185447056", "https://openalex.org/W2219757807", "https://openalex.org/W2320741036", "https://openalex.org/W2322910027", "https://openalex.org/W2336978545", "https://openalex.org/W2610784388", "https://openalex.org/W2755921665", "https://openalex.org/W2761025138", "https://openalex.org/W2765383414", "https://openalex.org/W2773471129", "https://openalex.org/W2784626662", "https://openalex.org/W2808293396", "https://openalex.org/W4238660269"], "related_works": ["https://openalex.org/W3094235490", "https://openalex.org/W3161089714", "https://openalex.org/W4392865002", "https://openalex.org/W2742397931", "https://openalex.org/W3160402413", "https://openalex.org/W4386484067", "https://openalex.org/W4393494688", "https://openalex.org/W4308998796", "https://openalex.org/W2791987429", "https://openalex.org/W4388570999"], "abstract_inverted_index": {"Inspired": [0], "by": [1, 29, 66], "smart": [2, 147], "biological": [3], "tissues,": [4], "artificial": [5], "muscle-like": [6], "actuators": [7, 145], "offer": [8], "fascinating": [9], "prospects": [10], "due": [11], "to": [12, 37, 84], "their": [13], "distinctive": [14], "shape": [15], "transformation": [16], "and": [17, 34, 80, 96, 104], "self-healing": [18, 99], "function": [19], "under": [20, 101], "external": [21], "stimuli.": [22], "However,": [23], "further": [24], "practical": [25], "application": [26], "is": [27], "hindered": [28], "the": [30, 55, 67, 85, 92, 113, 122], "lack": [31], "of": [32, 57, 61, 136], "simple": [33], "general": [35, 49], "routes": [36], "fabricate": [38], "ingenious": [39], "soft": [40, 144], "materials": [41], "with": [42, 72], "anisotropic": [43, 58, 74, 111], "responsiveness.": [44], "Here,": [45], "we": [46], "describe": [47], "a": [48, 126], "in": [50], "situ": [51], "polymerization": [52], "strategy": [53], "for": [54], "fabrication": [56], "hydrogels": [59], "composed": [60], "highly-ordered": [62], "lamellar": [63], "network": [64], "crosslinked": [65], "metal": [68], "nanostructure": [69], "assemblies,": [70], "accompanied": [71], "remarkably": [73], "performances": [75], "on": [76, 109], "mechanical,": [77], "optical,": [78], "de-swelling": [79], "swelling": [81], "behaviors.": [82], "Owing": [83], "dynamic": [86], "thiolate-metal": [87], "coordination": [88], "as": [89, 142], "healing": [90], "motifs,": [91], "composites": [93], "exhibit": [94], "rapid": [95], "efficient": [97], "multi-responsive": [98], "performance": [100], "NIR": [102], "irradiation": [103], "low": [105], "pH": [106], "condition.": [107], "Dependent": [108], "well-defined": [110], "structures,": [112], "hydrogel": [114], "presents": [115], "controllable": [116], "solvent-responsive": [117], "mechanical": [118], "actuating": [119], "performance.": [120], "Impressively,": [121], "integrated": [123], "device": [124], "through": [125], "healing-induced": [127], "assembly": [128], "way": [129], "can": [130], "deliver": [131], "more": [132], "complicated,": [133], "elaborate": [134], "forms": [135], "actuation,": [137], "demonstrating": [138], "its": [139], "great": [140], "potentials": [141], "superior": [143], "like": [146], "robots.": [148]}, "counts_by_year": [{"year": 2026, "cited_by_count": 23}, {"year": 2025, "cited_by_count": 47}, {"year": 2024, "cited_by_count": 51}, {"year": 2023, "cited_by_count": 41}, {"year": 2022, "cited_by_count": 62}, {"year": 2021, "cited_by_count": 76}, {"year": 2020, "cited_by_count": 47}, {"year": 2019, "cited_by_count": 10}], "updated_date": "2026-07-25T15:57:00.446498", "created_date": "2025-10-10T00:00:00"}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/W3006777109", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cocis.2020.02.001", "title": "Hydrogel design strategies for drug delivery", "display_name": "Hydrogel design strategies for drug delivery", "relevance_score": 313.21677, "publication_year": 2020, "publication_date": "2020-02-24", "ids": {"openalex": "https://openalex.org/W3006777109", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cocis.2020.02.001", "mag": "3006777109"}, "language": "en", "primary_location": {"id": "doi:10.1016/j.cocis.2020.02.001", "is_oa": false, "landing_page_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cocis.2020.02.001", "pdf_url": null, "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S974056801", "display_name": "Current Opinion in Colloid & Interface Science", "issn_l": "1359-0294", "issn": ["1359-0294", "1879-0399"], "is_oa": false, "is_in_doaj": false, "is_core": true, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/P4310320990", "host_organization_name": "Elsevier BV", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"], "host_organization_lineage_names": ["Elsevier BV"], "type": "journal"}, "license": null, "license_id": null, "version": "publishedVersion", "is_accepted": true, "is_published": true, "raw_source_name": "Current Opinion in Colloid & Interface Science", "raw_type": "journal-article"}, "type": "article", "indexed_in": ["crossref"], "open_access": {"is_oa": true, "oa_status": "green", "oa_url": "https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/ws/files/127048838/Hydrogel_design_strategies_for_Acc6Feb2020Epub26Feb2020_GREEN_AAM.pdf", "any_repository_has_fulltext": true}, "authorships": [{"author_position": "first", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5081824570", "display_name": "C\u00e9cile A. Dreiss", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0578-8090"}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I183935753", "display_name": "King's College London", "ror": "https://ror.org/0220mzb33", "country_code": "GB", "type": "education", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I124357947", "https://openalex.org/I183935753"]}], "countries": ["GB"], "is_corresponding": true, "raw_author_name": "C\u00e9cile A. Dreiss", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, SE1 9NH London, UK"], "raw_orcid": null, "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, SE1 9NH London, UK", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I183935753"]}]}], "institutions": [], "countries_distinct_count": 1, "institutions_distinct_count": 1, "corresponding_author_ids": ["https://openalex.org/A5081824570"], "corresponding_institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I183935753"], "apc_list": {"value": 4260, "currency": "USD", "value_usd": 4260}, "apc_paid": null, "fwci": 12.2324, "has_fulltext": true, "cited_by_count": 342, "citation_normalized_percentile": {"value": 0.99396314, "is_in_top_1_percent": true, "is_in_top_10_percent": true}, "cited_by_percentile_year": {"min": 99, "max": 100}, "biblio": {"volume": "48", "issue": null, "first_page": "1", "last_page": "17"}, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "is_xpac": false, "primary_topic": {"id": "https://openalex.org/T10343", "display_name": "Hydrogels: synthesis, properties, applications", "score": 0.9997000098228455, "subfield": {"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/1313", "display_name": "Molecular Medicine"}, "field": {"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/13", "display_name": "Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"}, "domain": {"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/1", "display_name": "Life Sciences"}}, "topics": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/T10343", "display_name": "Hydrogels: synthesis, properties, applications", "score": 0.9997000098228455, "subfield": {"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/1313", "display_name": "Molecular Medicine"}, "field": {"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/13", "display_name": "Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"}, "domain": {"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/1", "display_name": "Life Sciences"}}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/T11190", "display_name": "3D Printing in Biomedical Research", "score": 0.9991999864578247, "subfield": {"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/2204", "display_name": "Biomedical Engineering"}, "field": {"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/22", "display_name": "Engineering"}, "domain": {"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3", "display_name": "Physical Sciences"}}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/T10063", "display_name": "Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery", "score": 0.996999979019165, "subfield": {"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/2502", "display_name": "Biomaterials"}, "field": {"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/25", "display_name": "Materials Science"}, "domain": {"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3", "display_name": "Physical Sciences"}}], "keywords": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/drug-delivery", "display_name": "Drug delivery", "score": 0.625251054763794}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/drug", "display_name": "Drug", "score": 0.5218136310577393}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science", "display_name": "Computer science", "score": 0.3674469590187073}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/business", "display_name": "Business", "score": 0.3521154224872589}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine", "display_name": "Medicine", "score": 0.3233594596385956}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/nanotechnology", "display_name": "Nanotechnology", "score": 0.2844216823577881}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/pharmacology", "display_name": "Pharmacology", "score": 0.2701869606971741}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science", "display_name": "Materials science", "score": 0.17811709642410278}], "concepts": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779820397", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1392806", "display_name": "Drug delivery", "level": 2, "score": 0.625251054763794}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780035454", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8386", "display_name": "Drug", "level": 2, "score": 0.5218136310577393}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198", "display_name": "Computer science", "level": 0, "score": 0.3674469590187073}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453", "display_name": "Business", "level": 0, "score": 0.3521154224872589}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190", "display_name": "Medicine", "level": 0, "score": 0.3233594596385956}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C171250308", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468", "display_name": "Nanotechnology", "level": 1, "score": 0.2844216823577881}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C98274493", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128406", "display_name": "Pharmacology", "level": 1, "score": 0.2701869606971741}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C192562407", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736", "display_name": "Materials science", "level": 0, "score": 0.17811709642410278}], "mesh": [], "locations_count": 2, "locations": [{"id": "doi:10.1016/j.cocis.2020.02.001", "is_oa": false, "landing_page_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cocis.2020.02.001", "pdf_url": null, "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S974056801", "display_name": "Current Opinion in Colloid & Interface Science", "issn_l": "1359-0294", "issn": ["1359-0294", "1879-0399"], "is_oa": false, "is_in_doaj": false, "is_core": true, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/P4310320990", "host_organization_name": "Elsevier BV", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"], "host_organization_lineage_names": ["Elsevier BV"], "type": "journal"}, "license": null, "license_id": null, "version": "publishedVersion", "is_accepted": true, "is_published": true, "raw_source_name": "Current Opinion in Colloid & Interface Science", "raw_type": "journal-article"}, {"id": "pmh:oai:kclpure.kcl.ac.uk:openaire/4b57a89c-17e1-481c-8df8-70471e12cb42", "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/4b57a89c-17e1-481c-8df8-70471e12cb42", "pdf_url": "https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/ws/files/127048838/Hydrogel_design_strategies_for_Acc6Feb2020Epub26Feb2020_GREEN_AAM.pdf", "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306400216", "display_name": "Research Portal (King's College London)", "issn_l": null, "issn": null, "is_oa": false, "is_in_doaj": false, "is_core": false, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/I183935753", "host_organization_name": "King's College London", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I183935753"], "host_organization_lineage_names": [], "type": "repository"}, "license": null, "license_id": null, "version": "submittedVersion", "is_accepted": false, "is_published": false, "raw_source_name": "Dreiss, C A 2020, 'Hydrogel design strategies for drug delivery', CURRENT OPINION IN COLLOID AND INTERFACE SCIENCE, vol. 48, pp. 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cocis.2020.02.001", "raw_type": "info:eu-repo/semantics/review"}], "best_oa_location": {"id": "pmh:oai:kclpure.kcl.ac.uk:openaire/4b57a89c-17e1-481c-8df8-70471e12cb42", "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/4b57a89c-17e1-481c-8df8-70471e12cb42", "pdf_url": "https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/ws/files/127048838/Hydrogel_design_strategies_for_Acc6Feb2020Epub26Feb2020_GREEN_AAM.pdf", "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306400216", "display_name": "Research Portal (King's College London)", "issn_l": null, "issn": null, "is_oa": false, "is_in_doaj": false, "is_core": false, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/I183935753", "host_organization_name": "King's College London", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I183935753"], "host_organization_lineage_names": [], "type": "repository"}, "license": null, "license_id": null, "version": "submittedVersion", "is_accepted": false, "is_published": false, "raw_source_name": "Dreiss, C A 2020, 'Hydrogel design strategies for drug delivery', CURRENT OPINION IN COLLOID AND INTERFACE SCIENCE, vol. 48, pp. 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cocis.2020.02.001", "raw_type": "info:eu-repo/semantics/review"}, "sustainable_development_goals": [{"id": "https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6", "score": 0.47999998927116394, "display_name": "Clean water and sanitation"}], "awards": [], "funders": [], "has_content": {"grobid_xml": true, "pdf": true}, "content_urls": {"pdf": "https://content.openalex.org/works/W3006777109.pdf", "grobid_xml": "https://content.openalex.org/works/W3006777109.grobid-xml"}, "referenced_works_count": 123, "referenced_works": ["https://openalex.org/W1784652317", "https://openalex.org/W1887477531", "https://openalex.org/W1924088822", "https://openalex.org/W1925829020", "https://openalex.org/W2013520568", "https://openalex.org/W2031096930", "https://openalex.org/W2049216312", "https://openalex.org/W2053540049", "https://openalex.org/W2060030489", "https://openalex.org/W2093759524", "https://openalex.org/W2131712774", "https://openalex.org/W2135244646", "https://openalex.org/W2143616792", "https://openalex.org/W2152609612", "https://openalex.org/W2175485517", "https://openalex.org/W2178511971", "https://openalex.org/W2255479470", "https://openalex.org/W2271022870", "https://openalex.org/W2273513969", "https://openalex.org/W2312306775", "https://openalex.org/W2312709094", "https://openalex.org/W2346983435", "https://openalex.org/W2398390192", "https://openalex.org/W2402395335", "https://openalex.org/W2418350997", "https://openalex.org/W2460554052", "https://openalex.org/W2504945737", "https://openalex.org/W2507230184", "https://openalex.org/W2509523536", "https://openalex.org/W2523464825", "https://openalex.org/W2529637022", "https://openalex.org/W2530364962", "https://openalex.org/W2539107597", "https://openalex.org/W2539835785", "https://openalex.org/W2541420623", "https://openalex.org/W2550312623", "https://openalex.org/W2551072835", "https://openalex.org/W2557882265", "https://openalex.org/W2559981765", "https://openalex.org/W2560289799", "https://openalex.org/W2564354914", "https://openalex.org/W2571385678", "https://openalex.org/W2572376937", "https://openalex.org/W2588883711", "https://openalex.org/W2594808719", "https://openalex.org/W2595749033", "https://openalex.org/W2596722074", "https://openalex.org/W2597380324", "https://openalex.org/W2600284086", "https://openalex.org/W2601213363", "https://openalex.org/W2612851511", "https://openalex.org/W2617566112", "https://openalex.org/W2619320260", "https://openalex.org/W2620711380", "https://openalex.org/W2729309989", "https://openalex.org/W2742546468", "https://openalex.org/W2743034468", "https://openalex.org/W2746536920", "https://openalex.org/W2748074339", "https://openalex.org/W2761614994", "https://openalex.org/W2762444902", "https://openalex.org/W2766372451", "https://openalex.org/W2770498164", "https://openalex.org/W2773576947", "https://openalex.org/W2775703306", "https://openalex.org/W2780593010", "https://openalex.org/W2782504069", "https://openalex.org/W2782940950", "https://openalex.org/W2784850597", "https://openalex.org/W2787410362", "https://openalex.org/W2791182757", "https://openalex.org/W2791334979", "https://openalex.org/W2792105920", "https://openalex.org/W2793938534", "https://openalex.org/W2795396870", "https://openalex.org/W2798020419", "https://openalex.org/W2803237981", "https://openalex.org/W2803573630", "https://openalex.org/W2807582167", "https://openalex.org/W2855666604", "https://openalex.org/W2884431916", "https://openalex.org/W2885510598", "https://openalex.org/W2889553070", "https://openalex.org/W2891092840", "https://openalex.org/W2899290758", "https://openalex.org/W2900578885", "https://openalex.org/W2902849438", "https://openalex.org/W2905326325", "https://openalex.org/W2905842362", "https://openalex.org/W2908466941", "https://openalex.org/W2912481296", "https://openalex.org/W2913128209", "https://openalex.org/W2913823180", "https://openalex.org/W2914138025", "https://openalex.org/W2915522816", "https://openalex.org/W2920012226", "https://openalex.org/W2921068879", "https://openalex.org/W2922439236", "https://openalex.org/W2924775535", "https://openalex.org/W2932714919", "https://openalex.org/W2935754529", "https://openalex.org/W2945554430", "https://openalex.org/W2946237082", "https://openalex.org/W2948521495", "https://openalex.org/W2948929836", "https://openalex.org/W2950151274", "https://openalex.org/W2953515119", "https://openalex.org/W2954222172", "https://openalex.org/W2954726610", "https://openalex.org/W2954846228", "https://openalex.org/W2956187124", "https://openalex.org/W2960272185", "https://openalex.org/W2963322745", "https://openalex.org/W2966802832", "https://openalex.org/W2971272527", "https://openalex.org/W2977200939", "https://openalex.org/W2996223645", "https://openalex.org/W3000644575", "https://openalex.org/W4211210519", "https://openalex.org/W4300657649", "https://openalex.org/W6755104112", "https://openalex.org/W6760606053", "https://openalex.org/W6845154204"], "related_works": ["https://openalex.org/W4391375266", "https://openalex.org/W2899084033", "https://openalex.org/W2748952813", "https://openalex.org/W3031052312", "https://openalex.org/W4389568370", "https://openalex.org/W3032375762", "https://openalex.org/W1995515455", "https://openalex.org/W2080531066", "https://openalex.org/W3108674512", "https://openalex.org/W1506200166"], "abstract_inverted_index": null, "counts_by_year": [{"year": 2026, "cited_by_count": 33}, {"year": 2025, "cited_by_count": 71}, {"year": 2024, "cited_by_count": 69}, {"year": 2023, "cited_by_count": 65}, {"year": 2022, "cited_by_count": 53}, {"year": 2021, "cited_by_count": 35}, {"year": 2020, "cited_by_count": 15}], "updated_date": "2026-07-02T09:51:11.867554", "created_date": "2025-10-10T00:00:00"}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/W3089403702", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1002/aisy.202000148", "title": "Liquid Crystal Polymer\u2010Based Soft Robots", "display_name": "Liquid Crystal Polymer\u2010Based Soft Robots", "relevance_score": 310.45306, "publication_year": 2020, "publication_date": "2020-09-28", "ids": {"openalex": "https://openalex.org/W3089403702", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1002/aisy.202000148", "mag": "3089403702"}, "language": "en", "primary_location": {"id": "doi:10.1002/aisy.202000148", "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/aisy.202000148", "pdf_url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/aisy.202000148", "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210212817", "display_name": "Advanced Intelligent Systems", "issn_l": "2640-4567", "issn": ["2640-4567"], "is_oa": true, "is_in_doaj": true, "is_core": true, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/P4310320595", "host_organization_name": "Wiley", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"], "host_organization_lineage_names": ["Wiley"], "type": "journal"}, "license": "cc-by", "license_id": "https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by", "version": "publishedVersion", "is_accepted": true, "is_published": true, "raw_source_name": "Advanced Intelligent Systems", "raw_type": "journal-article"}, "type": "article", "indexed_in": ["crossref", "doaj"], "open_access": {"is_oa": true, "oa_status": "gold", "oa_url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/aisy.202000148", "any_repository_has_fulltext": false}, "authorships": [{"author_position": "first", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5089788878", "display_name": "Yao\u2010Yu Xiao", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8755-7842"}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I135117807", "display_name": "Universit\u00e9 de Sherbrooke", "ror": "https://ror.org/00kybxq39", "country_code": "CA", "type": "education", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I135117807"]}], "countries": ["CA"], "is_corresponding": false, "raw_author_name": "Yao-Yu Xiao", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["D\u00e9partement de Chimie Universit\u00e9 de Sherbrooke  Sherbrooke QC J1K 2R1 Canada"], "raw_orcid": null, "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "D\u00e9partement de Chimie Universit\u00e9 de Sherbrooke  Sherbrooke QC J1K 2R1 Canada", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I135117807"]}]}, {"author_position": "middle", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5045428789", "display_name": "Zhi\u2010Chao Jiang", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2725-1083"}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I135117807", "display_name": "Universit\u00e9 de Sherbrooke", "ror": "https://ror.org/00kybxq39", "country_code": "CA", "type": "education", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I135117807"]}], "countries": ["CA"], "is_corresponding": false, "raw_author_name": "Zhi-Chao Jiang", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["D\u00e9partement de Chimie Universit\u00e9 de Sherbrooke  Sherbrooke QC J1K 2R1 Canada"], "raw_orcid": null, "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "D\u00e9partement de Chimie Universit\u00e9 de Sherbrooke  Sherbrooke QC J1K 2R1 Canada", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I135117807"]}]}, {"author_position": "last", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5081257424", "display_name": "Yue Zhao", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5544-5697"}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I135117807", "display_name": "Universit\u00e9 de Sherbrooke", "ror": "https://ror.org/00kybxq39", "country_code": "CA", "type": "education", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I135117807"]}], "countries": ["CA"], "is_corresponding": true, "raw_author_name": "Yue Zhao", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["D\u00e9partement de Chimie Universit\u00e9 de Sherbrooke  Sherbrooke QC J1K 2R1 Canada"], "raw_orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5544-5697", "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "D\u00e9partement de Chimie Universit\u00e9 de Sherbrooke  Sherbrooke QC J1K 2R1 Canada", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I135117807"]}]}], "institutions": [], "countries_distinct_count": 1, "institutions_distinct_count": 1, "corresponding_author_ids": ["https://openalex.org/A5081257424"], "corresponding_institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I135117807"], "apc_list": {"value": 3190, "currency": "USD", "value_usd": 3190}, "apc_paid": {"value": 3190, "currency": "USD", "value_usd": 3190}, "fwci": 6.6624, "has_fulltext": true, "cited_by_count": 149, "citation_normalized_percentile": {"value": 0.98151535, "is_in_top_1_percent": false, "is_in_top_10_percent": true}, "cited_by_percentile_year": {"min": 89, "max": 100}, "biblio": {"volume": "2", "issue": "12", "first_page": null, "last_page": null}, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "is_xpac": false, "primary_topic": {"id": "https://openalex.org/T11737", "display_name": "Advanced Materials and Mechanics", "score": 0.9998999834060669, "subfield": {"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/2210", "display_name": "Mechanical Engineering"}, "field": {"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/22", "display_name": "Engineering"}, "domain": {"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3", "display_name": "Physical Sciences"}}, "topics": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/T11737", "display_name": "Advanced Materials and Mechanics", "score": 0.9998999834060669, "subfield": {"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/2210", "display_name": "Mechanical Engineering"}, "field": {"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/22", "display_name": "Engineering"}, "domain": {"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3", "display_name": "Physical Sciences"}}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/T10338", "display_name": "Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials", "score": 0.9968000054359436, "subfield": {"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/2204", "display_name": "Biomedical Engineering"}, "field": {"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/22", "display_name": "Engineering"}, "domain": {"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3", "display_name": "Physical Sciences"}}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/T11486", "display_name": "Micro and Nano Robotics", "score": 0.996399998664856, "subfield": {"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/3104", "display_name": "Condensed Matter Physics"}, "field": {"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/31", "display_name": "Physics and Astronomy"}, "domain": {"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3", "display_name": "Physical Sciences"}}], "keywords": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/reconfigurability", "display_name": "Reconfigurability", "score": 0.8360939621925354}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/robot", "display_name": "Robot", "score": 0.7422692179679871}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/soft-robotics", "display_name": "Soft robotics", "score": 0.7305313348770142}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptability", "display_name": "Adaptability", "score": 0.5933743715286255}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science", "display_name": "Computer science", "score": 0.525734543800354}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/soft-materials", "display_name": "Soft materials", "score": 0.5005626678466797}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/liquid-crystal", "display_name": "Liquid crystal", "score": 0.4855668246746063}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence", "display_name": "Artificial intelligence", "score": 0.4539409279823303}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/nanotechnology", "display_name": "Nanotechnology", "score": 0.4098072648048401}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science", "display_name": "Materials science", "score": 0.3932669162750244}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanical-engineering", "display_name": "Mechanical engineering", "score": 0.37097927927970886}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/control-engineering", "display_name": "Control engineering", "score": 0.3385058045387268}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering", "display_name": "Engineering", "score": 0.24484124779701233}], "concepts": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/C2780149590", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7302742", "display_name": "Reconfigurability", "level": 2, "score": 0.8360939621925354}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C90509273", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012", "display_name": "Robot", "level": 2, "score": 0.7422692179679871}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776058767", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q24327151", "display_name": "Soft robotics", "level": 3, "score": 0.7305313348770142}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C177606310", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5674297", "display_name": "Adaptability", "level": 2, "score": 0.5933743715286255}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198", "display_name": "Computer science", "level": 0, "score": 0.525734543800354}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C2982836594", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q902144", "display_name": "Soft materials", "level": 2, "score": 0.5005626678466797}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C13274807", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q203989", "display_name": "Liquid crystal", "level": 2, "score": 0.4855668246746063}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C154945302", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660", "display_name": "Artificial intelligence", "level": 1, "score": 0.4539409279823303}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C171250308", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468", "display_name": "Nanotechnology", "level": 1, "score": 0.4098072648048401}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C192562407", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736", "display_name": "Materials science", "level": 0, "score": 0.3932669162750244}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C78519656", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333", "display_name": "Mechanical engineering", "level": 1, "score": 0.37097927927970886}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C133731056", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288", "display_name": "Control engineering", "level": 1, "score": 0.3385058045387268}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023", "display_name": "Engineering", "level": 0, "score": 0.24484124779701233}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C49040817", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091", "display_name": "Optoelectronics", "level": 1, "score": 0.0}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C18903297", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150", "display_name": "Ecology", "level": 1, "score": 0.0}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420", "display_name": "Biology", "level": 0, "score": 0.0}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C76155785", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418", "display_name": "Telecommunications", "level": 1, "score": 0.0}], "mesh": [], "locations_count": 1, "locations": [{"id": "doi:10.1002/aisy.202000148", "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/aisy.202000148", "pdf_url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/aisy.202000148", "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210212817", "display_name": "Advanced Intelligent Systems", "issn_l": "2640-4567", "issn": ["2640-4567"], "is_oa": true, "is_in_doaj": true, "is_core": true, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/P4310320595", "host_organization_name": "Wiley", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"], "host_organization_lineage_names": ["Wiley"], "type": "journal"}, "license": "cc-by", "license_id": "https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by", "version": "publishedVersion", "is_accepted": true, "is_published": true, "raw_source_name": "Advanced Intelligent Systems", "raw_type": "journal-article"}], "best_oa_location": {"id": "doi:10.1002/aisy.202000148", "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/aisy.202000148", "pdf_url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/aisy.202000148", "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210212817", "display_name": "Advanced Intelligent Systems", "issn_l": "2640-4567", "issn": ["2640-4567"], "is_oa": true, "is_in_doaj": true, "is_core": true, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/P4310320595", "host_organization_name": "Wiley", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"], "host_organization_lineage_names": ["Wiley"], "type": "journal"}, "license": "cc-by", "license_id": "https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by", "version": "publishedVersion", "is_accepted": true, "is_published": true, "raw_source_name": "Advanced Intelligent Systems", "raw_type": "journal-article"}, "sustainable_development_goals": [], "awards": [], "funders": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/F4320322725", "display_name": "China Scholarship Council", "ror": "https://ror.org/04atp4p48"}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/F4320334593", "display_name": "Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada", "ror": "https://ror.org/01h531d29"}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/F4320334841", "display_name": "Fonds de recherche du Qu\u00e9bec \u2013 Nature et technologies", "ror": "https://ror.org/00b9f9778"}], "has_content": {"grobid_xml": true, "pdf": true}, "content_urls": {"pdf": "https://content.openalex.org/works/W3089403702.pdf", "grobid_xml": "https://content.openalex.org/works/W3089403702.grobid-xml"}, "referenced_works_count": 139, "referenced_works": ["https://openalex.org/W1515749184", "https://openalex.org/W1782657084", "https://openalex.org/W1826399803", "https://openalex.org/W1860462022", "https://openalex.org/W1919351130", "https://openalex.org/W1963631114", "https://openalex.org/W1980261332", "https://openalex.org/W1991297909", "https://openalex.org/W2002774050", "https://openalex.org/W2005336188", "https://openalex.org/W2018401188", "https://openalex.org/W2025613329", "https://openalex.org/W2027918995", "https://openalex.org/W2029407939", "https://openalex.org/W2029705561", "https://openalex.org/W2034731504", "https://openalex.org/W2039231295", "https://openalex.org/W2044072167", "https://openalex.org/W2045022361", "https://openalex.org/W2056748041", "https://openalex.org/W2059936945", "https://openalex.org/W2062133055", "https://openalex.org/W2077370194", "https://openalex.org/W2077373941", "https://openalex.org/W2079574144", "https://openalex.org/W2094010434", "https://openalex.org/W2107735122", "https://openalex.org/W2109996627", "https://openalex.org/W2112711951", "https://openalex.org/W2127330040", "https://openalex.org/W2139715283", "https://openalex.org/W2144788879", "https://openalex.org/W2153402194", "https://openalex.org/W2155153295", "https://openalex.org/W2163566443", "https://openalex.org/W2165908894", "https://openalex.org/W2189361793", "https://openalex.org/W2224750552", "https://openalex.org/W2239962876", "https://openalex.org/W2278923514", "https://openalex.org/W2285898182", "https://openalex.org/W2325541596", "https://openalex.org/W2331473161", "https://openalex.org/W2346361302", "https://openalex.org/W2407956847", "https://openalex.org/W2462105338", "https://openalex.org/W2462604806", "https://openalex.org/W2515930553", "https://openalex.org/W2517713314", "https://openalex.org/W2535929740", "https://openalex.org/W2553141329", "https://openalex.org/W2560730116", "https://openalex.org/W2564130887", "https://openalex.org/W2567242052", "https://openalex.org/W2576246534", "https://openalex.org/W2582935624", "https://openalex.org/W2589298423", "https://openalex.org/W2591910374", "https://openalex.org/W2617647792", "https://openalex.org/W2620244975", "https://openalex.org/W2622630997", "https://openalex.org/W2624371094", "https://openalex.org/W2719477690", "https://openalex.org/W2725448720", "https://openalex.org/W2744986480", "https://openalex.org/W2747246822", "https://openalex.org/W2749089690", "https://openalex.org/W2759749545", "https://openalex.org/W2761732384", "https://openalex.org/W2763129312", "https://openalex.org/W2766476288", "https://openalex.org/W2771751522", "https://openalex.org/W2774398134", "https://openalex.org/W2784033758", "https://openalex.org/W2784648116", "https://openalex.org/W2789418330", "https://openalex.org/W2790756470", "https://openalex.org/W2790966826", "https://openalex.org/W2792034524", "https://openalex.org/W2792758432", "https://openalex.org/W2801458905", "https://openalex.org/W2803237614", "https://openalex.org/W2803579658", "https://openalex.org/W2803735436", "https://openalex.org/W2806506062", "https://openalex.org/W2809610719", "https://openalex.org/W2836299989", "https://openalex.org/W2883415186", "https://openalex.org/W2888500407", "https://openalex.org/W2891455232", "https://openalex.org/W2891513476", "https://openalex.org/W2892704179", "https://openalex.org/W2895620940", "https://openalex.org/W2901915837", "https://openalex.org/W2905880610", "https://openalex.org/W2910742127", "https://openalex.org/W2911835965", "https://openalex.org/W2915014656", "https://openalex.org/W2915456417", "https://openalex.org/W2915540037", "https://openalex.org/W2943118961", "https://openalex.org/W2949174210", "https://openalex.org/W2961058932", "https://openalex.org/W2963865882", "https://openalex.org/W2964874266", "https://openalex.org/W2964998317", "https://openalex.org/W2968205373", "https://openalex.org/W2969912344", "https://openalex.org/W2974102969", "https://openalex.org/W2977569883", "https://openalex.org/W2977571303", "https://openalex.org/W2980098718", "https://openalex.org/W2980226664", "https://openalex.org/W2980836567", "https://openalex.org/W2982988892", "https://openalex.org/W2983174547", "https://openalex.org/W2990510362", "https://openalex.org/W2993205652", "https://openalex.org/W2994163542", "https://openalex.org/W2998901272", "https://openalex.org/W3002684247", "https://openalex.org/W3003775237", "https://openalex.org/W3007061254", "https://openalex.org/W3007162068", "https://openalex.org/W3008220465", "https://openalex.org/W3009298616", "https://openalex.org/W3009646284", "https://openalex.org/W3009676314", "https://openalex.org/W3010386315", "https://openalex.org/W3026232331", "https://openalex.org/W3032182476", "https://openalex.org/W3032336593", "https://openalex.org/W3043401817", "https://openalex.org/W3104412981", "https://openalex.org/W3105982350", "https://openalex.org/W4211124276", "https://openalex.org/W4213028169", "https://openalex.org/W4237302425", "https://openalex.org/W4242811155"], "related_works": ["https://openalex.org/W3134474396", "https://openalex.org/W1515749184", "https://openalex.org/W4367041227", "https://openalex.org/W4285221039", "https://openalex.org/W3190856263", "https://openalex.org/W3094251759", "https://openalex.org/W2792758432", "https://openalex.org/W2618733545", "https://openalex.org/W3117219792", "https://openalex.org/W4386058203"], "abstract_inverted_index": {"Soft": [0], "robots": [1, 5, 49, 111], "outperform": [2], "the": [3, 43, 97, 101, 153], "conventional": [4], "on": [6, 116], "enhanced": [7], "safety": [8], "for": [9, 47], "human\u2013machine": [10], "interaction,": [11], "environmental": [12], "adaptability,": [13], "and": [14, 23, 30, 55, 71, 87, 125, 139, 155], "continuous": [15], "deformation.": [16], "In": [17], "this": [18], "blooming": [19], "area": [20], "of": [21, 42, 103, 157], "fundamental": [22], "technological": [24], "importance,": [25], "liquid": [26, 31], "crystal": [27, 32], "polymer": [28], "networks": [29], "elastomers": [33], "(referred": [34], "to": [35, 51, 78, 82, 148], "as": [36, 40, 121, 134], "LCNs)": [37], "have": [38], "emerged": [39], "one": [41], "most": [44], "valuable": [45], "candidates": [46], "soft": [48, 72, 110, 159], "due": [50], "their": [52], "complex,": [53], "large,": [54], "reversible": [56], "shape": [57], "change": [58], "capabilities.": [59], "To": [60], "date,": [61], "much": [62], "research": [63], "effort,": [64], "mainly": [65], "regarding": [66], "chemical": [67], "synthesis,": [68], "fabrication": [69], "technologies": [70], "robot": [73], "design,": [74], "has": [75], "been": [76], "dedicated": [77], "LCN": [79, 109], "robotic": [80, 118], "systems": [81], "endow": [83], "them": [84], "with": [85, 96, 130], "versatile": [86], "complex": [88], "actions": [89], "controlled": [90], "by": [91], "various": [92], "stimuli.": [93], "Herein,": [94], "starting": [95], "principle": [98], "that": [99], "governs": [100], "stimuli\u2010responsiveness": [102], "LCNs,": [104], "recent": [105], "progress": [106], "made": [107], "in": [108], "is": [112], "summarized": [113], "while": [114], "focusing": [115], "different": [117], "motions,": [119], "such": [120, 133], "grapping,": [122], "walking,": [123], "swimming,": [124], "oscillation.": [126], "Especially,": [127], "novel": [128], "LCNs": [129], "intelligent": [131], "functions": [132], "reprocessability,": [135], "reconfigurability,": [136], "self\u2010regulating": [137], "behavior": [138], "associative": [140], "learning": [141], "capability,": [142], "are": [143], "highlighted.": [144], "This": [145], "article": [146], "aims": [147], "provide": [149], "significant": [150], "insights": [151], "into": [152], "design": [154], "development": [156], "LCN\u2010based": [158], "robots.": [160]}, "counts_by_year": [{"year": 2026, "cited_by_count": 13}, {"year": 2025, "cited_by_count": 41}, {"year": 2024, "cited_by_count": 32}, {"year": 2023, "cited_by_count": 28}, {"year": 2022, "cited_by_count": 21}, {"year": 2021, "cited_by_count": 13}, {"year": 2020, "cited_by_count": 1}], "updated_date": "2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105", "created_date": "2025-10-10T00:00:00"}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/W4220940704", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23073665", "title": "Smart Hydrogels for Advanced Drug Delivery Systems", "display_name": "Smart Hydrogels for Advanced Drug Delivery Systems", "relevance_score": 303.07727, "publication_year": 2022, "publication_date": "2022-03-27", "ids": {"openalex": "https://openalex.org/W4220940704", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23073665", "pmid": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35409025"}, "language": "en", "primary_location": {"id": "doi:10.3390/ijms23073665", "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23073665", "pdf_url": null, "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S10623703", "display_name": "International Journal of Molecular Sciences", "issn_l": "1422-0067", "issn": ["1422-0067", "1661-6596"], "is_oa": true, "is_in_doaj": false, "is_core": true, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/P4310310987", "host_organization_name": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"], "host_organization_lineage_names": ["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"], "type": "journal"}, "license": "cc-by", "license_id": "https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by", "version": "publishedVersion", "is_accepted": true, "is_published": true, "raw_source_name": "International Journal of Molecular Sciences", "raw_type": "journal-article"}, "type": "article", "indexed_in": ["crossref", "datacite", "doaj", "pubmed"], "open_access": {"is_oa": true, "oa_status": "gold", "oa_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23073665", "any_repository_has_fulltext": true}, "authorships": [{"author_position": "first", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5076733220", "display_name": "Aidin Bordbar\u2010Khiabani", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6356-3140"}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I9927081", "display_name": "Aalto University", "ror": "https://ror.org/020hwjq30", "country_code": "FI", "type": "education", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}], "countries": ["FI"], "is_corresponding": true, "raw_author_name": "Aydin Bordbar-Khiabani", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["Department of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University Foundation, 02150 Espoo, Finland"], "raw_orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6356-3140", "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "Department of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University Foundation, 02150 Espoo, Finland", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}]}, {"author_position": "last", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5015212404", "display_name": "Michael Gasik", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5782-7987"}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I9927081", "display_name": "Aalto University", "ror": "https://ror.org/020hwjq30", "country_code": "FI", "type": "education", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}], "countries": ["FI"], "is_corresponding": false, "raw_author_name": "Michael Gasik", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["Department of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University Foundation, 02150 Espoo, Finland"], "raw_orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5782-7987", "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "Department of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University Foundation, 02150 Espoo, Finland", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}]}], "institutions": [], "countries_distinct_count": 1, "institutions_distinct_count": 1, "corresponding_author_ids": ["https://openalex.org/A5076733220"], "corresponding_institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I9927081"], "apc_list": {"value": 2500, "currency": "CHF", "value_usd": 2784}, "apc_paid": {"value": 1803, "currency": "EUR", "value_usd": 1944}, "fwci": 21.5268, "has_fulltext": true, "cited_by_count": 352, "citation_normalized_percentile": {"value": 0.99805909, "is_in_top_1_percent": true, "is_in_top_10_percent": true}, "cited_by_percentile_year": {"min": 99, "max": 100}, "biblio": {"volume": "23", "issue": "7", "first_page": "3665", "last_page": "3665"}, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "is_xpac": false, "primary_topic": {"id": "https://openalex.org/T10343", "display_name": "Hydrogels: synthesis, properties, applications", "score": 1.0, "subfield": {"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/1313", "display_name": "Molecular Medicine"}, "field": {"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/13", "display_name": "Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"}, "domain": {"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/1", "display_name": "Life Sciences"}}, "topics": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/T10343", "display_name": "Hydrogels: synthesis, properties, applications", "score": 1.0, "subfield": {"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/1313", "display_name": "Molecular Medicine"}, "field": {"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/13", "display_name": "Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"}, "domain": {"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/1", "display_name": "Life Sciences"}}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/T11419", "display_name": "Supramolecular Self-Assembly in Materials", "score": 0.9977999925613403, "subfield": {"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/2502", "display_name": "Biomaterials"}, "field": {"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/25", "display_name": "Materials Science"}, "domain": {"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3", "display_name": "Physical Sciences"}}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/T10920", "display_name": "Advanced Drug Delivery Systems", "score": 0.9961000084877014, "subfield": {"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/3003", "display_name": "Pharmaceutical Science"}, "field": {"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/30", "display_name": "Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics"}, "domain": {"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/1", "display_name": "Life Sciences"}}], "keywords": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/self-healing-hydrogels", "display_name": "Self-healing hydrogels", "score": 0.9429154396057129}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/drug-delivery", "display_name": "Drug delivery", "score": 0.790847659111023}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/biocompatibility", "display_name": "Biocompatibility", "score": 0.6841129660606384}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/nanotechnology", "display_name": "Nanotechnology", "score": 0.5818665623664856}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/thriving", "display_name": "Thriving", "score": 0.5182461738586426}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science", "display_name": "Materials science", "score": 0.46671172976493835}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/tissue-engineering", "display_name": "Tissue engineering", "score": 0.4550538659095764}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-material", "display_name": "Smart material", "score": 0.435266375541687}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science", "display_name": "Computer science", "score": 0.3345559239387512}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/biomedical-engineering", "display_name": "Biomedical engineering", "score": 0.3269615173339844}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering", "display_name": "Engineering", "score": 0.11688452959060669}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/polymer-chemistry", "display_name": "Polymer chemistry", "score": 0.06394568085670471}], "concepts": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/C108586683", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17164826", "display_name": "Self-healing hydrogels", "level": 2, "score": 0.9429154396057129}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779820397", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1392806", "display_name": "Drug delivery", "level": 2, "score": 0.790847659111023}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777230088", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864426", "display_name": "Biocompatibility", "level": 2, "score": 0.6841129660606384}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C171250308", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468", "display_name": "Nanotechnology", "level": 1, "score": 0.5818665623664856}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776745293", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7798302", "display_name": "Thriving", "level": 2, "score": 0.5182461738586426}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C192562407", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736", "display_name": "Materials science", "level": 0, "score": 0.46671172976493835}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C49892992", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540285", "display_name": "Tissue engineering", "level": 2, "score": 0.4550538659095764}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C88484716", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1474679", "display_name": "Smart material", "level": 2, "score": 0.435266375541687}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198", "display_name": "Computer science", "level": 0, "score": 0.3345559239387512}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C136229726", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327092", "display_name": "Biomedical engineering", "level": 1, "score": 0.3269615173339844}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023", "display_name": "Engineering", "level": 0, "score": 0.11688452959060669}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C188027245", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750446", "display_name": "Polymer chemistry", "level": 1, "score": 0.06394568085670471}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C144024400", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201", "display_name": "Sociology", "level": 0, "score": 0.0}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C36289849", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749", "display_name": "Social science", "level": 1, "score": 0.0}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C191897082", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11467", "display_name": "Metallurgy", "level": 1, "score": 0.0}], "mesh": [{"descriptor_ui": "D006863", "descriptor_name": "Hydrogen-Ion Concentration", "qualifier_ui": null, "qualifier_name": null, "is_major_topic": false}, {"descriptor_ui": "D006863", "descriptor_name": "Hydrogen-Ion Concentration", "qualifier_ui": null, "qualifier_name": null, "is_major_topic": false}, {"descriptor_ui": "D006863", "descriptor_name": "Hydrogen-Ion Concentration", "qualifier_ui": null, "qualifier_name": null, "is_major_topic": false}, {"descriptor_ui": "D013696", "descriptor_name": "Temperature", "qualifier_ui": null, "qualifier_name": null, "is_major_topic": false}, {"descriptor_ui": "D013696", "descriptor_name": "Temperature", "qualifier_ui": null, "qualifier_name": null, "is_major_topic": false}, {"descriptor_ui": "D013696", "descriptor_name": "Temperature", "qualifier_ui": null, "qualifier_name": null, "is_major_topic": false}, {"descriptor_ui": "D016503", "descriptor_name": "Drug Delivery Systems", "qualifier_ui": "Q000379", "qualifier_name": "methods", "is_major_topic": true}, {"descriptor_ui": "D016503", "descriptor_name": "Drug Delivery Systems", "qualifier_ui": "Q000379", "qualifier_name": "methods", "is_major_topic": true}, {"descriptor_ui": "D016503", "descriptor_name": "Drug Delivery Systems", "qualifier_ui": "Q000379", "qualifier_name": "methods", "is_major_topic": true}, {"descriptor_ui": "D020100", "descriptor_name": "Hydrogels", "qualifier_ui": "Q000737", "qualifier_name": "chemistry", "is_major_topic": true}, {"descriptor_ui": "D020100", "descriptor_name": "Hydrogels", "qualifier_ui": "Q000737", "qualifier_name": "chemistry", "is_major_topic": true}, {"descriptor_ui": "D020100", "descriptor_name": "Hydrogels", "qualifier_ui": "Q000737", "qualifier_name": "chemistry", "is_major_topic": true}, {"descriptor_ui": "D060526", "descriptor_name": "Magnetic Fields", "qualifier_ui": null, "qualifier_name": null, "is_major_topic": false}, {"descriptor_ui": "D060526", "descriptor_name": "Magnetic Fields", "qualifier_ui": null, "qualifier_name": null, "is_major_topic": false}, {"descriptor_ui": "D060526", "descriptor_name": "Magnetic Fields", "qualifier_ui": null, "qualifier_name": null, "is_major_topic": false}], "locations_count": 10, "locations": [{"id": "doi:10.3390/ijms23073665", "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23073665", "pdf_url": null, "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S10623703", "display_name": "International Journal of Molecular Sciences", "issn_l": "1422-0067", "issn": ["1422-0067", "1661-6596"], "is_oa": true, "is_in_doaj": false, "is_core": true, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/P4310310987", "host_organization_name": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"], "host_organization_lineage_names": ["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"], "type": "journal"}, "license": "cc-by", "license_id": "https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by", "version": "publishedVersion", "is_accepted": true, "is_published": true, "raw_source_name": "International Journal of Molecular Sciences", "raw_type": "journal-article"}, {"id": "pmid:35409025", "is_oa": false, "landing_page_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35409025", "pdf_url": null, "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036", "display_name": "PubMed", "issn_l": null, "issn": null, "is_oa": false, "is_in_doaj": false, "is_core": false, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/I1299303238", "host_organization_name": "National Institutes of Health", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"], "host_organization_lineage_names": [], "type": "repository"}, "license": null, "license_id": null, "version": "publishedVersion", "is_accepted": true, "is_published": true, "raw_source_name": "International journal of molecular sciences", "raw_type": null}, {"id": "pmh:doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.22336537", "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/7/3665", "pdf_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/7/3665/pdf?version=1648380106", "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S4406922384", "display_name": "Open MIND", "issn_l": null, "issn": null, "is_oa": false, "is_in_doaj": false, "is_core": false, "host_organization": null, "host_organization_name": null, "host_organization_lineage": [], "host_organization_lineage_names": [], "type": "repository"}, "license": "cc-by", "license_id": "https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by", "version": "submittedVersion", "is_accepted": false, "is_published": false, "raw_source_name": null, "raw_type": "JournalArticle"}, {"id": "pmh:oai:aaltodoc.aalto.fi:123456789/127938", "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "https://aaltodoc.aalto.fi/handle/123456789/127938", "pdf_url": "https://aaltodoc.aalto.fi/bitstreams/acd51d22-c933-4e8f-924e-ca1270a24fff/download", "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306401662", "display_name": "Aaltodoc (Aalto University)", "issn_l": null, "issn": null, "is_oa": false, "is_in_doaj": false, "is_core": false, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/I9927081", "host_organization_name": "Aalto University", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I9927081"], "host_organization_lineage_names": [], "type": "repository"}, "license": null, "license_id": null, "version": "submittedVersion", "is_accepted": false, "is_published": false, "raw_source_name": null, "raw_type": "G5 Artikkeliv\u00e4it\u00f6skirja"}, {"id": "pmh:oai:aaltodoc.aalto.fi:123456789/113972", "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "https://research.aalto.fi/en/publications/ab410ab6-8827-43b8-b076-8e8ab495234a", "pdf_url": null, "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306401662", "display_name": "Aaltodoc (Aalto University)", "issn_l": null, "issn": null, "is_oa": false, "is_in_doaj": false, "is_core": false, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/I9927081", "host_organization_name": "Aalto University", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I9927081"], "host_organization_lineage_names": [], "type": "repository"}, "license": "cc-by", "license_id": "https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by", "version": "submittedVersion", "is_accepted": false, "is_published": false, "raw_source_name": null, "raw_type": "info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}, {"id": "pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:cb428bdc86a0405db78ae8051934a26c", "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "https://doaj.org/article/cb428bdc86a0405db78ae8051934a26c", "pdf_url": null, "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306401280", "display_name": "DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)", "issn_l": null, "issn": null, "is_oa": false, "is_in_doaj": false, "is_core": false, "host_organization": null, "host_organization_name": null, "host_organization_lineage": [], "host_organization_lineage_names": [], "type": "repository"}, "license": "cc-by-sa", "license_id": "https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa", "version": "submittedVersion", "is_accepted": false, "is_published": false, "raw_source_name": "International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Vol 23, Iss 3665, p 3665 (2022)", "raw_type": "article"}, {"id": "pmh:oai:figshare.com:article/22336537", "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Smart_Hydrogels_for_Advanced_Drug_Delivery_Systems/22336537", "pdf_url": null, "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S4377196282", "display_name": "Figshare", "issn_l": null, "issn": null, "is_oa": false, "is_in_doaj": false, "is_core": false, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/I4210132348", "host_organization_name": "Figshare (United Kingdom)", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"], "host_organization_lineage_names": [], "type": "repository"}, "license": "cc-by", "license_id": "https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by", "version": "submittedVersion", "is_accepted": false, "is_published": false, "raw_source_name": "", "raw_type": "Text"}, {"id": "pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1422-0067/23/7/3665/", "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23073665", "pdf_url": null, "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306400947", "display_name": "MDPI (MDPI AG)", "issn_l": null, "issn": null, "is_oa": true, "is_in_doaj": false, "is_core": false, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/I4210097602", "host_organization_name": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"], "host_organization_lineage_names": [], "type": "repository"}, "license": "cc-by", "license_id": "https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by", "version": "submittedVersion", "is_accepted": false, "is_published": false, "raw_source_name": "International Journal of Molecular Sciences; Volume 23; Issue 7; Pages: 3665", "raw_type": "Text"}, {"id": "pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8998863", "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8998863", "pdf_url": null, "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S2764455111", "display_name": "PubMed Central", "issn_l": null, "issn": null, "is_oa": true, "is_in_doaj": false, "is_core": false, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/I1299303238", "host_organization_name": "National Institutes of Health", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"], "host_organization_lineage_names": [], "type": "repository"}, "license": "cc-by", "license_id": "https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by", "version": "submittedVersion", "is_accepted": false, "is_published": false, "raw_source_name": "Int J Mol Sci", "raw_type": "Text"}, {"id": "doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.22336537.v1", "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.22336537.v1", "pdf_url": null, "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S4377196282", "display_name": "Figshare", "issn_l": null, "issn": null, "is_oa": false, "is_in_doaj": false, "is_core": false, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/I4210132348", "host_organization_name": "Figshare (United Kingdom)", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"], "host_organization_lineage_names": [], "type": "repository"}, "license": "cc-by", "license_id": "https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by", "version": null, "is_accepted": false, "is_published": null, "raw_source_name": null, "raw_type": "article-journal"}], "best_oa_location": {"id": "doi:10.3390/ijms23073665", "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23073665", "pdf_url": null, "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S10623703", "display_name": "International Journal of Molecular Sciences", "issn_l": "1422-0067", "issn": ["1422-0067", "1661-6596"], "is_oa": true, "is_in_doaj": false, "is_core": true, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/P4310310987", "host_organization_name": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"], "host_organization_lineage_names": ["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"], "type": "journal"}, "license": "cc-by", "license_id": "https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by", "version": "publishedVersion", "is_accepted": true, "is_published": true, "raw_source_name": "International Journal of Molecular Sciences", "raw_type": "journal-article"}, "sustainable_development_goals": [], "awards": [], "funders": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/F4320321394", "display_name": "Aalto-Yliopisto", "ror": "https://ror.org/020hwjq30"}], "has_content": {"grobid_xml": false, "pdf": false}, "content_urls": null, "referenced_works_count": 108, "referenced_works": ["https://openalex.org/W1978935990", "https://openalex.org/W1995519145", "https://openalex.org/W2256572352", "https://openalex.org/W2527719646", "https://openalex.org/W2531812898", "https://openalex.org/W2573357049", "https://openalex.org/W2594729359", "https://openalex.org/W2600284086", "https://openalex.org/W2626989638", "https://openalex.org/W2746199839", "https://openalex.org/W2750709322", "https://openalex.org/W2758134292", "https://openalex.org/W2761609822", "https://openalex.org/W2766760929", "https://openalex.org/W2773548664", "https://openalex.org/W2778813663", "https://openalex.org/W2782475754", "https://openalex.org/W2782504069", "https://openalex.org/W2790904290", "https://openalex.org/W2791036738", "https://openalex.org/W2797407826", "https://openalex.org/W2800171049", "https://openalex.org/W2807582167", "https://openalex.org/W2808811208", "https://openalex.org/W2808968367", "https://openalex.org/W2810936709", "https://openalex.org/W2814055587", "https://openalex.org/W2885298089", "https://openalex.org/W2885720462", "https://openalex.org/W2895979184", "https://openalex.org/W2901751446", "https://openalex.org/W2902136207", "https://openalex.org/W2902873355", "https://openalex.org/W2906909161", "https://openalex.org/W2909778278", "https://openalex.org/W2910659382", "https://openalex.org/W2914896149", "https://openalex.org/W2922439236", "https://openalex.org/W2936667671", "https://openalex.org/W2943178877", "https://openalex.org/W2947754498", "https://openalex.org/W2952435598", "https://openalex.org/W2955113504", "https://openalex.org/W2956187124", "https://openalex.org/W2956447787", "https://openalex.org/W2964605829", "https://openalex.org/W2970434695", "https://openalex.org/W2971201981", "https://openalex.org/W2976773901", "https://openalex.org/W2981923807", "https://openalex.org/W2983143476", "https://openalex.org/W2990890437", "https://openalex.org/W2993911404", "https://openalex.org/W2995803935", "https://openalex.org/W2997751167", "https://openalex.org/W3006777109", "https://openalex.org/W3009179976", "https://openalex.org/W3009778213", "https://openalex.org/W3012243457", "https://openalex.org/W3016857464", "https://openalex.org/W3017233553", "https://openalex.org/W3022010535", "https://openalex.org/W3022831845", "https://openalex.org/W3034074813", "https://openalex.org/W3035280639", "https://openalex.org/W3036240520", "https://openalex.org/W3039504869", "https://openalex.org/W3043528717", "https://openalex.org/W3048559773", "https://openalex.org/W3059999278", "https://openalex.org/W3086454175", "https://openalex.org/W3088820961", "https://openalex.org/W3090950988", "https://openalex.org/W3092516881", "https://openalex.org/W3098186864", "https://openalex.org/W3109219685", "https://openalex.org/W3111367879", "https://openalex.org/W3113628829", "https://openalex.org/W3118874429", "https://openalex.org/W3126976046", "https://openalex.org/W3131795263", "https://openalex.org/W3134184155", "https://openalex.org/W3134811295", "https://openalex.org/W3150120077", "https://openalex.org/W3151559842", "https://openalex.org/W3152961882", "https://openalex.org/W3157057024", "https://openalex.org/W3158032295", "https://openalex.org/W3159093401", "https://openalex.org/W3164162397", "https://openalex.org/W3168754660", "https://openalex.org/W3176660859", "https://openalex.org/W3177850038", "https://openalex.org/W3183148910", "https://openalex.org/W3185334359", "https://openalex.org/W3201910227", "https://openalex.org/W3201961035", "https://openalex.org/W3203454891", "https://openalex.org/W3207551460", "https://openalex.org/W3208400952", "https://openalex.org/W4200398882", "https://openalex.org/W4200494293", "https://openalex.org/W4210520548", "https://openalex.org/W4210798837", "https://openalex.org/W4247611828", "https://openalex.org/W6752103069", "https://openalex.org/W6787496579", "https://openalex.org/W6795831466"], "related_works": ["https://openalex.org/W3110653194", "https://openalex.org/W1964821925", "https://openalex.org/W2165054589", "https://openalex.org/W2316932825", "https://openalex.org/W4401925798", "https://openalex.org/W4375951624", "https://openalex.org/W2809376314", "https://openalex.org/W1966288407", "https://openalex.org/W1458672946", "https://openalex.org/W2350003174"], "abstract_inverted_index": {"Since": [0], "the": [1, 5, 33, 91, 97, 101, 108, 112], "last": [2], "few": [3], "decades,": [4], "development": [6], "of": [7, 100, 114], "smart": [8, 46], "hydrogels,": [9], "which": [10], "can": [11, 48, 66], "respond": [12], "to": [13, 56, 121], "stimuli": [14, 80], "and": [15, 45, 62, 74, 86, 90, 118], "adapt": [16], "their": [17, 24, 57, 68], "responses": [18], "based": [19], "on": [20], "external": [21, 79], "cues": [22], "from": [23], "environments,": [25], "has": [26], "become": [27], "a": [28], "thriving": [29], "research": [30], "frontier": [31], "in": [32, 52, 96, 111], "biomedical": [34], "engineering": [35], "field.": [36], "Nowadays,": [37], "drug": [38], "delivery": [39], "systems": [40, 54], "have": [41], "received": [42], "great": [43], "attention": [44], "hydrogels": [47, 65, 117], "be": [49], "potentially": [50], "used": [51], "these": [53], "due": [55], "high": [58], "stability,": [59], "physicochemical": [60], "properties,": [61, 73], "biocompatibility.": [63], "Smart": [64], "change": [67], "hydrophilicity,": [69], "swelling": [70], "ability,": [71], "physical": [72], "molecules": [75], "permeability,": [76], "influenced": [77], "by": [78], "such": [81], "as": [82], "pH,": [83], "temperature,": [84], "electrical": [85], "magnetic": [87], "fields,": [88], "light,": [89], "biomolecules'": [92], "concentration,": [93], "thus": [94], "resulting": [95], "controlled": [98], "release": [99], "loaded": [102], "drugs.": [103], "Herein,": [104], "this": [105, 122], "review": [106], "encompasses": [107], "latest": [109], "investigations": [110], "field": [113], "stimuli-responsive": [115], "drug-loaded": [116], "our": [119], "contribution": [120], "matter.": [123]}, "counts_by_year": [{"year": 2026, "cited_by_count": 47}, {"year": 2025, "cited_by_count": 121}, {"year": 2024, "cited_by_count": 92}, {"year": 2023, "cited_by_count": 73}, {"year": 2022, "cited_by_count": 19}], "updated_date": "2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105", "created_date": "2025-10-10T00:00:00"}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/W3092735877", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-18801-1", "title": "Light-steered locomotion of muscle-like hydrogel by self-coordinated shape change and friction modulation", "display_name": "Light-steered locomotion of muscle-like hydrogel by self-coordinated shape change and friction modulation", "relevance_score": 281.01636, "publication_year": 2020, "publication_date": "2020-10-14", "ids": {"openalex": "https://openalex.org/W3092735877", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-18801-1", "mag": "3092735877", "pmid": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33056999"}, "language": "en", "primary_location": {"id": "doi:10.1038/s41467-020-18801-1", "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-18801-1", "pdf_url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-18801-1.pdf", "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S64187185", "display_name": "Nature Communications", "issn_l": "2041-1723", "issn": ["2041-1723"], "is_oa": true, "is_in_doaj": true, "is_core": true, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/P4310319908", "host_organization_name": "Nature Portfolio", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/P4310319908", "https://openalex.org/P4310319965"], "host_organization_lineage_names": ["Nature Portfolio", "Springer Nature"], "type": "journal"}, "license": "cc-by", "license_id": "https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by", "version": "publishedVersion", "is_accepted": true, "is_published": true, "raw_source_name": "Nature Communications", "raw_type": "journal-article"}, "type": "article", "indexed_in": ["crossref", "doaj", "pubmed"], "open_access": {"is_oa": true, "oa_status": "gold", "oa_url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-18801-1.pdf", "any_repository_has_fulltext": true}, "authorships": [{"author_position": "first", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5101500263", "display_name": "Qing Zhu", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5681-2978"}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I76130692", "display_name": "Zhejiang University", "ror": "https://ror.org/00a2xv884", "country_code": "CN", "type": "education", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}], "countries": ["CN"], "is_corresponding": false, "raw_author_name": "Qing Li Zhu", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China"], "raw_orcid": null, "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]}, {"author_position": "middle", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5101932246", "display_name": "Cong Du", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8098-987X"}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I76130692", "display_name": "Zhejiang University", "ror": "https://ror.org/00a2xv884", "country_code": "CN", "type": "education", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}], "countries": ["CN"], "is_corresponding": false, "raw_author_name": "Cong Du", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China"], "raw_orcid": null, "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]}, {"author_position": "middle", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5047177860", "display_name": "Yahao Dai", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6393-5514"}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I76130692", "display_name": "Zhejiang University", "ror": "https://ror.org/00a2xv884", "country_code": "CN", "type": "education", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}], "countries": ["CN"], "is_corresponding": false, "raw_author_name": "Yahao Dai", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China"], "raw_orcid": null, "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]}, {"author_position": "middle", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5039661501", "display_name": "Matthias Daab", "orcid": null}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I4210148454", "display_name": "Bavarian Polymer Institute", "ror": "https://ror.org/054zwas39", "country_code": "DE", "type": "facility", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I181369854", "https://openalex.org/I25974101", "https://openalex.org/I4210148454", "https://openalex.org/I54009628"]}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/I54009628", "display_name": "University of Bayreuth", "ror": "https://ror.org/0234wmv40", "country_code": "DE", "type": "education", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I54009628"]}], "countries": ["DE"], "is_corresponding": false, "raw_author_name": "Matthias Daab", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["Bavarian Polymer Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Bayreuth, Universit\u00e4tsstrasse 30, Bayreuth, 95440, Germany"], "raw_orcid": null, "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "Bavarian Polymer Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Bayreuth, Universit\u00e4tsstrasse 30, Bayreuth, 95440, Germany", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I4210148454", "https://openalex.org/I54009628"]}]}, {"author_position": "middle", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5056328623", "display_name": "Mari\u00e1n Matejdes", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3723-1844"}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I4210148454", "display_name": "Bavarian Polymer Institute", "ror": "https://ror.org/054zwas39", "country_code": "DE", "type": "facility", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I181369854", "https://openalex.org/I25974101", "https://openalex.org/I4210148454", "https://openalex.org/I54009628"]}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/I54009628", "display_name": "University of Bayreuth", "ror": "https://ror.org/0234wmv40", "country_code": "DE", "type": "education", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I54009628"]}], "countries": ["DE"], "is_corresponding": false, "raw_author_name": "Marian Matejdes", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["Bavarian Polymer Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Bayreuth, Universit\u00e4tsstrasse 30, Bayreuth, 95440, Germany"], "raw_orcid": null, "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "Bavarian Polymer Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Bayreuth, Universit\u00e4tsstrasse 30, Bayreuth, 95440, Germany", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I4210148454", "https://openalex.org/I54009628"]}]}, {"author_position": "middle", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5069743496", "display_name": "Josef Breu", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2547-3950"}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I4210148454", "display_name": "Bavarian Polymer Institute", "ror": "https://ror.org/054zwas39", "country_code": "DE", "type": "facility", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I181369854", "https://openalex.org/I25974101", "https://openalex.org/I4210148454", "https://openalex.org/I54009628"]}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/I54009628", "display_name": "University of Bayreuth", "ror": "https://ror.org/0234wmv40", "country_code": "DE", "type": "education", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I54009628"]}], "countries": ["DE"], "is_corresponding": false, "raw_author_name": "Josef Breu", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["Bavarian Polymer Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Bayreuth, Universit\u00e4tsstrasse 30, Bayreuth, 95440, Germany"], "raw_orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2547-3950", "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "Bavarian Polymer Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Bayreuth, Universit\u00e4tsstrasse 30, Bayreuth, 95440, Germany", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I4210148454", "https://openalex.org/I54009628"]}]}, {"author_position": "middle", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5019263952", "display_name": "Wei Hong", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6598-3456"}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I3045169105", "display_name": "Southern University of Science and Technology", "ror": "https://ror.org/049tv2d57", "country_code": "CN", "type": "education", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]}], "countries": ["CN"], "is_corresponding": true, "raw_author_name": "Wei Hong", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["Department of Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China. hongw@sustech.edu.cn", "Department of Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China"], "raw_orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6598-3456", "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "Department of Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China. hongw@sustech.edu.cn", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]}, {"raw_affiliation_string": "Department of Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]}]}, {"author_position": "middle", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5100695325", "display_name": "Qiang Zheng", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5787-4927"}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I76130692", "display_name": "Zhejiang University", "ror": "https://ror.org/00a2xv884", "country_code": "CN", "type": "education", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}], "countries": ["CN"], "is_corresponding": false, "raw_author_name": "Qiang Zheng", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China"], "raw_orcid": null, "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]}, {"author_position": "last", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5080605743", "display_name": "Zi Liang Wu", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1824-9563"}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I1327237609", "display_name": "Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China", "ror": "https://ror.org/01mv9t934", "country_code": "CN", "type": "government", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I1327237609", "https://openalex.org/I4210127390"]}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/I76130692", "display_name": "Zhejiang University", "ror": "https://ror.org/00a2xv884", "country_code": "CN", "type": "education", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}], "countries": ["CN"], "is_corresponding": false, "raw_author_name": "Zi Liang Wu", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China. wuziliang@zju.edu.cn", "Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China"], "raw_orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1824-9563", "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China. wuziliang@zju.edu.cn", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I1327237609"]}, {"raw_affiliation_string": "Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]}], "institutions": [], "countries_distinct_count": 2, "institutions_distinct_count": 5, "corresponding_author_ids": ["https://openalex.org/A5019263952"], "corresponding_institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"], "apc_list": {"value": 6290, "currency": "USD", "value_usd": 6290}, "apc_paid": {"value": 6290, "currency": "USD", "value_usd": 6290}, "fwci": 15.1225, "has_fulltext": true, "cited_by_count": 252, "citation_normalized_percentile": {"value": 0.99721073, "is_in_top_1_percent": true, "is_in_top_10_percent": true}, "cited_by_percentile_year": {"min": 94, "max": 100}, "biblio": {"volume": "11", "issue": "1", "first_page": "5166", "last_page": "5166"}, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "is_xpac": false, "primary_topic": {"id": "https://openalex.org/T11737", "display_name": "Advanced Materials and Mechanics", "score": 0.9998999834060669, "subfield": {"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/2210", "display_name": "Mechanical Engineering"}, "field": {"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/22", "display_name": "Engineering"}, "domain": {"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3", "display_name": "Physical Sciences"}}, "topics": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/T11737", "display_name": "Advanced Materials and Mechanics", "score": 0.9998999834060669, "subfield": {"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/2210", "display_name": "Mechanical Engineering"}, "field": {"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/22", "display_name": "Engineering"}, "domain": {"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3", "display_name": "Physical Sciences"}}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/T11486", "display_name": "Micro and Nano Robotics", "score": 0.9997000098228455, "subfield": {"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/3104", "display_name": "Condensed Matter Physics"}, "field": {"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/31", "display_name": "Physics and Astronomy"}, "domain": {"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3", "display_name": "Physical Sciences"}}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/T10338", "display_name": "Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials", "score": 0.9990000128746033, "subfield": {"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/2204", "display_name": "Biomedical Engineering"}, "field": {"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/22", "display_name": "Engineering"}, "domain": {"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3", "display_name": "Physical Sciences"}}], "keywords": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science", "display_name": "Materials science", "score": 0.757809042930603}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/self-healing-hydrogels", "display_name": "Self-healing hydrogels", "score": 0.7221323847770691}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-muscle", "display_name": "Artificial muscle", "score": 0.663734495639801}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/actuator", "display_name": "Actuator", "score": 0.622704029083252}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/nanotechnology", "display_name": "Nanotechnology", "score": 0.5677924156188965}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/creatures", "display_name": "Creatures", "score": 0.5119415521621704}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/soft-robotics", "display_name": "Soft robotics", "score": 0.5065571069717407}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/robot", "display_name": "Robot", "score": 0.5013852119445801}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/anisotropy", "display_name": "Anisotropy", "score": 0.47489896416664124}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/decoupling", "display_name": "Decoupling (probability)", "score": 0.4625493884086609}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/crawling", "display_name": "Crawling", "score": 0.4598551392555237}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/nanorobotics", "display_name": "Nanorobotics", "score": 0.4131728410720825}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science", "display_name": "Computer science", "score": 0.31149762868881226}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence", "display_name": "Artificial intelligence", "score": 0.12097042798995972}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/optics", "display_name": "Optics", "score": 0.10647842288017273}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/physics", "display_name": "Physics", "score": 0.09651806950569153}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/control-engineering", "display_name": "Control engineering", "score": 0.0881395936012268}], "concepts": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/C192562407", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736", "display_name": "Materials science", "level": 0, "score": 0.757809042930603}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C108586683", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17164826", "display_name": "Self-healing hydrogels", "level": 2, "score": 0.7221323847770691}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C196628372", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4801090", "display_name": "Artificial muscle", "level": 3, "score": 0.663734495639801}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C172707124", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q423488", "display_name": "Actuator", "level": 2, "score": 0.622704029083252}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C171250308", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468", "display_name": "Nanotechnology", "level": 1, "score": 0.5677924156188965}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C86792732", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1416338", "display_name": "Creatures", "level": 3, "score": 0.5119415521621704}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776058767", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q24327151", "display_name": "Soft robotics", "level": 3, "score": 0.5065571069717407}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C90509273", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012", "display_name": "Robot", "level": 2, "score": 0.5013852119445801}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C85725439", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466686", "display_name": "Anisotropy", "level": 2, "score": 0.47489896416664124}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C205606062", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5249645", "display_name": "Decoupling (probability)", "level": 2, "score": 0.4625493884086609}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C100368936", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411725", "display_name": "Crawling", "level": 2, "score": 0.4598551392555237}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C187911381", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q587024", "display_name": "Nanorobotics", "level": 2, "score": 0.4131728410720825}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198", "display_name": "Computer science", "level": 0, "score": 0.31149762868881226}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C154945302", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660", "display_name": "Artificial intelligence", "level": 1, "score": 0.12097042798995972}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C120665830", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620", "display_name": "Optics", "level": 1, "score": 0.10647842288017273}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413", "display_name": "Physics", "level": 0, "score": 0.09651806950569153}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C133731056", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288", "display_name": "Control engineering", "level": 1, "score": 0.0881395936012268}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C105702510", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q514", "display_name": "Anatomy", "level": 1, "score": 0.0}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190", "display_name": "Medicine", "level": 0, "score": 0.0}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498", "display_name": "Archaeology", "level": 1, "score": 0.0}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776608160", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4785462", "display_name": "Natural (archaeology)", "level": 2, "score": 0.0}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C188027245", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750446", "display_name": "Polymer chemistry", "level": 1, "score": 0.0}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023", "display_name": "Engineering", "level": 0, "score": 0.0}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309", "display_name": "History", "level": 0, "score": 0.0}], "mesh": [{"descriptor_ui": "D000080385", "descriptor_name": "Nanogels", "qualifier_ui": "Q000737", "qualifier_name": "chemistry", "is_major_topic": false}, {"descriptor_ui": "D000080385", "descriptor_name": "Nanogels", "qualifier_ui": "Q000737", "qualifier_name": "chemistry", "is_major_topic": false}, {"descriptor_ui": "D000080385", "descriptor_name": "Nanogels", "qualifier_ui": "Q000737", "qualifier_name": "chemistry", "is_major_topic": false}, {"descriptor_ui": "D008124", "descriptor_name": "Locomotion", "qualifier_ui": null, "qualifier_name": null, "is_major_topic": true}, {"descriptor_ui": "D008124", "descriptor_name": "Locomotion", "qualifier_ui": null, "qualifier_name": null, "is_major_topic": true}, {"descriptor_ui": "D008124", "descriptor_name": "Locomotion", "qualifier_ui": null, "qualifier_name": null, "is_major_topic": true}, {"descriptor_ui": "D012371", "descriptor_name": "Robotics", "qualifier_ui": "Q000379", "qualifier_name": "methods", "is_major_topic": false}, {"descriptor_ui": "D012371", "descriptor_name": "Robotics", "qualifier_ui": "Q000379", "qualifier_name": "methods", "is_major_topic": false}, {"descriptor_ui": "D012371", "descriptor_name": "Robotics", "qualifier_ui": "Q000379", "qualifier_name": "methods", "is_major_topic": false}, {"descriptor_ui": "D017276", "descriptor_name": "Friction", "qualifier_ui": null, "qualifier_name": null, "is_major_topic": false}, {"descriptor_ui": "D017276", "descriptor_name": "Friction", "qualifier_ui": null, "qualifier_name": null, "is_major_topic": false}, {"descriptor_ui": "D017276", "descriptor_name": "Friction", "qualifier_ui": null, "qualifier_name": null, "is_major_topic": false}, {"descriptor_ui": "D018482", "descriptor_name": "Muscle, Skeletal", "qualifier_ui": "Q000502", "qualifier_name": "physiology", "is_major_topic": false}, {"descriptor_ui": "D018482", "descriptor_name": "Muscle, Skeletal", "qualifier_ui": "Q000502", "qualifier_name": "physiology", "is_major_topic": false}, {"descriptor_ui": "D018482", "descriptor_name": "Muscle, Skeletal", "qualifier_ui": "Q000502", "qualifier_name": "physiology", "is_major_topic": false}, {"descriptor_ui": "D032701", "descriptor_name": "Biomimetics", "qualifier_ui": "Q000379", "qualifier_name": "methods", "is_major_topic": false}, {"descriptor_ui": "D032701", "descriptor_name": "Biomimetics", "qualifier_ui": "Q000379", "qualifier_name": "methods", "is_major_topic": false}, {"descriptor_ui": "D032701", "descriptor_name": "Biomimetics", "qualifier_ui": "Q000379", "qualifier_name": "methods", "is_major_topic": false}], "locations_count": 5, "locations": [{"id": "doi:10.1038/s41467-020-18801-1", "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-18801-1", "pdf_url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-18801-1.pdf", "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S64187185", "display_name": "Nature Communications", "issn_l": "2041-1723", "issn": ["2041-1723"], "is_oa": true, "is_in_doaj": true, "is_core": true, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/P4310319908", "host_organization_name": "Nature Portfolio", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/P4310319908", "https://openalex.org/P4310319965"], "host_organization_lineage_names": ["Nature Portfolio", "Springer Nature"], "type": "journal"}, "license": "cc-by", "license_id": "https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by", "version": "publishedVersion", "is_accepted": true, "is_published": true, "raw_source_name": "Nature Communications", "raw_type": "journal-article"}, {"id": "pmid:33056999", "is_oa": false, "landing_page_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33056999", "pdf_url": null, "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036", "display_name": "PubMed", "issn_l": null, "issn": null, "is_oa": false, "is_in_doaj": false, "is_core": false, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/I1299303238", "host_organization_name": "National Institutes of Health", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"], "host_organization_lineage_names": [], "type": "repository"}, "license": null, "license_id": null, "version": "publishedVersion", "is_accepted": true, "is_published": true, "raw_source_name": "Nature communications", "raw_type": null}, {"id": "pmh:oai:RePEc:nat:natcom:v:11:y:2020:i:1:d:10.1038_s41467-020-18801-1", "is_oa": false, "landing_page_url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-18801-1", "pdf_url": null, "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306401271", "display_name": "RePEc: Research Papers in Economics", "issn_l": null, "issn": null, "is_oa": false, "is_in_doaj": false, "is_core": false, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/I77793887", "host_organization_name": "Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I77793887"], "host_organization_lineage_names": [], "type": "repository"}, "license": null, "license_id": null, "version": "submittedVersion", "is_accepted": false, "is_published": false, "raw_source_name": null, "raw_type": "article"}, {"id": "pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:42081d7b43e4403ea3b8cfe3901f48eb", "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "https://doaj.org/article/42081d7b43e4403ea3b8cfe3901f48eb", "pdf_url": null, "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306401280", "display_name": "DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)", "issn_l": null, "issn": null, "is_oa": false, "is_in_doaj": false, "is_core": false, "host_organization": null, "host_organization_name": null, "host_organization_lineage": [], "host_organization_lineage_names": [], "type": "repository"}, "license": "cc-by-sa", "license_id": "https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa", "version": "submittedVersion", "is_accepted": false, "is_published": false, "raw_source_name": "Nature Communications, Vol 11, Iss 1, Pp 1-11 (2020)", "raw_type": "article"}, {"id": "pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7560679", "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7560679", "pdf_url": null, "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S2764455111", "display_name": "PubMed Central", "issn_l": null, "issn": null, "is_oa": true, "is_in_doaj": false, "is_core": false, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/I1299303238", "host_organization_name": "National Institutes of Health", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"], "host_organization_lineage_names": [], "type": "repository"}, "license": "cc-by", "license_id": "https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by", "version": "submittedVersion", "is_accepted": false, "is_published": false, "raw_source_name": "Nat Commun", "raw_type": "Text"}], "best_oa_location": {"id": "doi:10.1038/s41467-020-18801-1", "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-18801-1", "pdf_url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-18801-1.pdf", "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S64187185", "display_name": "Nature Communications", "issn_l": "2041-1723", "issn": ["2041-1723"], "is_oa": true, "is_in_doaj": true, "is_core": true, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/P4310319908", "host_organization_name": "Nature Portfolio", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/P4310319908", "https://openalex.org/P4310319965"], "host_organization_lineage_names": ["Nature Portfolio", "Springer Nature"], "type": "journal"}, "license": "cc-by", "license_id": "https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by", "version": "publishedVersion", "is_accepted": true, "is_published": true, "raw_source_name": "Nature Communications", "raw_type": "journal-article"}, "sustainable_development_goals": [], "awards": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/G1943897345", "display_name": "\u9ad8\u5f3a\u5ea6\u6c34\u51dd\u80f6\u5408\u6210\u5236\u5907\u3001\u6210\u578b\u52a0\u5de5\u53ca\u5176\u5e94\u7528\u57fa\u7840\u7814\u7a76", "funder_award_id": "LR19E030002", "funder_id": "https://openalex.org/F4320338464", "funder_display_name": "Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province"}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/G4891125372", "display_name": "3D\u6253\u5370\u9ad8\u5f3a\u5ea6\u7269\u7406\u6c34\u51dd\u80f6\u53ca\u5176\u5728\u53ef\u63a7\u53d8\u5f62\u3001\u7ec6\u80de\u652f\u67b6\u4e2d\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u7814\u7a76", "funder_award_id": "51773179", "funder_id": "https://openalex.org/F4320321001", "funder_display_name": "National Natural Science Foundation of China"}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/G6517790882", "display_name": null, "funder_award_id": "51773179, 51973189", "funder_id": "https://openalex.org/F4320321001", "funder_display_name": "National Natural Science Foundation of China"}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/G7395671556", "display_name": null, "funder_award_id": "LR19E030002", "funder_id": "https://openalex.org/F4320321001", "funder_display_name": "National Natural Science Foundation of China"}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/G8472392828", "display_name": "\u56fe\u6848\u5316\u590d\u5408\u6c34\u51dd\u80f6\u53ef\u63a7\u4e09\u7ef4\u53d8\u5f62\u53ca\u5176\u5728\u67d4\u6027\u7535\u5b50\u4e2d\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u57fa\u7840\u7814\u7a76", "funder_award_id": "51973189", "funder_id": "https://openalex.org/F4320321001", "funder_display_name": "National Natural Science Foundation of China"}], "funders": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/F4320321001", "display_name": "National Natural Science Foundation of China", "ror": "https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/F4320338464", "display_name": "Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province", "ror": "https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}], "has_content": {"grobid_xml": true, "pdf": true}, "content_urls": {"pdf": "https://content.openalex.org/works/W3092735877.pdf", "grobid_xml": "https://content.openalex.org/works/W3092735877.grobid-xml"}, "referenced_works_count": 56, "referenced_works": ["https://openalex.org/W1200370352", "https://openalex.org/W1486529190", "https://openalex.org/W1515749184", "https://openalex.org/W1977897177", "https://openalex.org/W1991955826", "https://openalex.org/W1993966058", "https://openalex.org/W2021903588", "https://openalex.org/W2046890061", "https://openalex.org/W2049078445", "https://openalex.org/W2056812260", "https://openalex.org/W2062141006", "https://openalex.org/W2075459747", "https://openalex.org/W2077228161", "https://openalex.org/W2079574144", "https://openalex.org/W2087401806", "https://openalex.org/W2093937828", "https://openalex.org/W2134581541", "https://openalex.org/W2156218502", "https://openalex.org/W2165476647", "https://openalex.org/W2266720690", "https://openalex.org/W2285898182", "https://openalex.org/W2295787054", "https://openalex.org/W2321638959", "https://openalex.org/W2327294914", "https://openalex.org/W2332299648", "https://openalex.org/W2413048531", "https://openalex.org/W2515930553", "https://openalex.org/W2517713314", "https://openalex.org/W2549739005", "https://openalex.org/W2560730116", "https://openalex.org/W2564130887", "https://openalex.org/W2584350454", "https://openalex.org/W2618978088", "https://openalex.org/W2725448720", "https://openalex.org/W2737227828", "https://openalex.org/W2755236976", "https://openalex.org/W2765687759", "https://openalex.org/W2785110060", "https://openalex.org/W2788127870", "https://openalex.org/W2790084889", "https://openalex.org/W2799721435", "https://openalex.org/W2805926569", "https://openalex.org/W2808772382", "https://openalex.org/W2883634730", "https://openalex.org/W2897276475", "https://openalex.org/W2909746498", "https://openalex.org/W2916891039", "https://openalex.org/W2945957160", "https://openalex.org/W2961614140", "https://openalex.org/W2964874266", "https://openalex.org/W2969509786", "https://openalex.org/W2976626448", "https://openalex.org/W2977571303", "https://openalex.org/W3007162068", "https://openalex.org/W4211124276", "https://openalex.org/W4251181231"], "related_works": ["https://openalex.org/W3094235490", "https://openalex.org/W4392865002", "https://openalex.org/W3160402413", "https://openalex.org/W3111785497", "https://openalex.org/W4388570999", "https://openalex.org/W4308998796", "https://openalex.org/W4253527034", "https://openalex.org/W4381597292", "https://openalex.org/W4307031992", "https://openalex.org/W381205944"], "abstract_inverted_index": {"Many": [0], "creatures": [1], "have": [2], "the": [3, 18, 89, 120], "ability": [4], "to": [5, 34], "traverse": [6], "challenging": [7], "environments": [8], "by": [9, 53, 63, 76, 123], "using": [10], "their": [11], "active": [12], "muscles": [13], "with": [14, 114, 147], "anisotropic": [15, 72], "structures": [16], "as": [17], "motors": [19], "in": [20, 100, 119], "a": [21, 41, 103], "highly": [22], "coordinated": [23], "fashion.": [24], "However,": [25], "most": [26], "artificial": [27], "robots": [28, 122, 146], "require": [29], "multiple": [30], "independently": [31], "activated": [32], "actuators": [33], "achieve": [35], "similar": [36], "purposes.": [37], "Here": [38], "we": [39], "report": [40], "hydrogel-based,": [42], "biomimetic": [43, 148], "soft": [44, 121, 145], "robot": [45], "capable": [46], "of": [47, 66, 126, 143], "multimodal": [48], "locomotion": [49], "fueled": [50], "and": [51, 68, 80, 97, 112, 129, 138], "steered": [52], "light": [54, 87, 134], "irradiation.": [55], "A": [56], "muscle-like": [57], "poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)": [58], "nanocomposite": [59], "hydrogel": [60], "is": [61], "prepared": [62], "electrical": [64, 78], "orientation": [65, 79], "nanosheets": [67], "subsequent": [69], "gelation.": [70], "Patterned": [71], "hydrogels": [73, 91], "are": [74, 117], "fabricated": [75], "multi-step": [77], "photolithographic": [81], "polymerization,": [82], "affording": [83], "programmed": [84], "deformations.": [85], "Under": [86], "irradiation,": [88], "gold-nanoparticle-incorporated": [90], "undergo": [92], "concurrent": [93], "fast": [94], "isochoric": [95], "deformation": [96], "rapid": [98], "increase": [99], "friction": [101, 130], "against": [102], "hydrophobic": [104], "substrate.": [105], "Versatile": [106], "motion": [107], "gaits": [108], "including": [109], "crawling,": [110], "walking,": [111], "turning": [113], "controllable": [115], "directions": [116], "realized": [118], "dynamic": [124], "synergy": [125], "localized": [127], "shape-changing": [128], "manipulation": [131], "under": [132], "spatiotemporal": [133], "stimuli.": [135], "The": [136], "principle": [137], "strategy": [139], "should": [140], "merit": [141], "designing": [142], "continuum": [144], "mechanisms.": [149]}, "counts_by_year": [{"year": 2026, "cited_by_count": 7}, {"year": 2025, "cited_by_count": 52}, {"year": 2024, "cited_by_count": 50}, {"year": 2023, "cited_by_count": 49}, {"year": 2022, "cited_by_count": 58}, {"year": 2021, "cited_by_count": 34}, {"year": 2020, "cited_by_count": 2}], "updated_date": "2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105", "created_date": "2025-10-10T00:00:00"}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/W4405991911", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11010030", "title": "Fundamentals and Advances in Stimuli-Responsive Hydrogels and Their Applications: A Review", "display_name": "Fundamentals and Advances in Stimuli-Responsive Hydrogels and Their Applications: A Review", "relevance_score": 279.2818, "publication_year": 2025, "publication_date": "2025-01-02", "ids": {"openalex": "https://openalex.org/W4405991911", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11010030", "pmid": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39852001"}, "language": "en", "primary_location": {"id": "doi:10.3390/gels11010030", "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11010030", "pdf_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2310-2861/11/1/30/pdf?version=1735813737", "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S2737559645", "display_name": "Gels", "issn_l": "2310-2861", "issn": ["2310-2861"], "is_oa": true, "is_in_doaj": true, "is_core": true, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/P4310310987", "host_organization_name": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"], "host_organization_lineage_names": ["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"], "type": "journal"}, "license": "cc-by", "license_id": "https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by", "version": "publishedVersion", "is_accepted": true, "is_published": true, "raw_source_name": "Gels", "raw_type": "journal-article"}, "type": "article", "indexed_in": ["crossref", "doaj", "pubmed"], "open_access": {"is_oa": true, "oa_status": "gold", "oa_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2310-2861/11/1/30/pdf?version=1735813737", "any_repository_has_fulltext": true}, "authorships": [{"author_position": "first", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5010539369", "display_name": "Iryna Protsak", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2817-2192"}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I129774422", "display_name": "University of Vienna", "ror": "https://ror.org/03prydq77", "country_code": "AT", "type": "education", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I129774422"]}], "countries": ["AT"], "is_corresponding": false, "raw_author_name": "Iryna S. Protsak", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["Department of Functional Materials and Catalysis, University of Vienna, W\u00e4hringer Strasse 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria"], "raw_orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2817-2192", "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "Department of Functional Materials and Catalysis, University of Vienna, W\u00e4hringer Strasse 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I129774422"]}]}, {"author_position": "last", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5021430963", "display_name": "Yevhenii M. Morozov", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9689-8641"}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I132118926", "display_name": "Austrian Institute of Technology", "ror": "https://ror.org/04knbh022", "country_code": "AT", "type": "facility", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I132118926"]}], "countries": ["AT"], "is_corresponding": true, "raw_author_name": "Yevhenii M. Morozov", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["AIT-Austrian Institute of Technology, Giefinggasse 4, 1210 Vienna, Austria"], "raw_orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9689-8641", "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "AIT-Austrian Institute of Technology, Giefinggasse 4, 1210 Vienna, Austria", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I132118926"]}]}], "institutions": [], "countries_distinct_count": 1, "institutions_distinct_count": 2, "corresponding_author_ids": ["https://openalex.org/A5021430963"], "corresponding_institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I132118926"], "apc_list": {"value": 1800, "currency": "CHF", "value_usd": 2004}, "apc_paid": {"value": 1800, "currency": "CHF", "value_usd": 2004}, "fwci": 47.9942, "has_fulltext": true, "cited_by_count": 144, "citation_normalized_percentile": {"value": 0.99963801, "is_in_top_1_percent": true, "is_in_top_10_percent": true}, "cited_by_percentile_year": {"min": 99, "max": 100}, "biblio": {"volume": "11", "issue": "1", "first_page": "30", "last_page": "30"}, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "is_xpac": false, "primary_topic": {"id": "https://openalex.org/T10343", "display_name": "Hydrogels: synthesis, properties, applications", "score": 0.9997000098228455, "subfield": {"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/1313", "display_name": "Molecular Medicine"}, "field": {"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/13", "display_name": "Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"}, "domain": {"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/1", "display_name": "Life Sciences"}}, "topics": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/T10343", "display_name": "Hydrogels: synthesis, properties, applications", "score": 0.9997000098228455, "subfield": {"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/1313", "display_name": "Molecular Medicine"}, "field": {"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/13", "display_name": "Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"}, "domain": {"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/1", "display_name": "Life Sciences"}}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/T11737", "display_name": "Advanced Materials and Mechanics", "score": 0.9995999932289124, "subfield": {"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/2210", "display_name": "Mechanical Engineering"}, "field": {"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/22", "display_name": "Engineering"}, "domain": {"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3", "display_name": "Physical Sciences"}}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/T10338", "display_name": "Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials", "score": 0.9994000196456909, "subfield": {"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/2204", "display_name": "Biomedical Engineering"}, "field": {"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/22", "display_name": "Engineering"}, "domain": {"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3", "display_name": "Physical Sciences"}}], "keywords": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/self-healing-hydrogels", "display_name": "Self-healing hydrogels", "score": 0.7618192434310913}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/nanotechnology", "display_name": "Nanotechnology", "score": 0.6048592329025269}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science", "display_name": "Computer science", "score": 0.49228277802467346}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/drug-delivery", "display_name": "Drug delivery", "score": 0.4371109902858734}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/soft-robotics", "display_name": "Soft robotics", "score": 0.4192246198654175}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction", "display_name": "Human\u2013computer interaction", "score": 0.33470454812049866}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/biochemical-engineering", "display_name": "Biochemical engineering", "score": 0.33459582924842834}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science", "display_name": "Materials science", "score": 0.25636881589889526}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering", "display_name": "Engineering", "score": 0.2503235340118408}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence", "display_name": "Artificial intelligence", "score": 0.1925639510154724}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/robot", "display_name": "Robot", "score": 0.16599223017692566}], "concepts": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/C108586683", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17164826", "display_name": "Self-healing hydrogels", "level": 2, "score": 0.7618192434310913}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C171250308", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468", "display_name": "Nanotechnology", "level": 1, "score": 0.6048592329025269}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198", "display_name": "Computer science", "level": 0, "score": 0.49228277802467346}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779820397", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1392806", "display_name": "Drug delivery", "level": 2, "score": 0.4371109902858734}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776058767", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q24327151", "display_name": "Soft robotics", "level": 3, "score": 0.4192246198654175}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C107457646", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434", "display_name": "Human\u2013computer interaction", "level": 1, "score": 0.33470454812049866}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C183696295", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2487696", "display_name": "Biochemical engineering", "level": 1, "score": 0.33459582924842834}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C192562407", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736", "display_name": "Materials science", "level": 0, "score": 0.25636881589889526}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023", "display_name": "Engineering", "level": 0, "score": 0.2503235340118408}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C154945302", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660", "display_name": "Artificial intelligence", "level": 1, "score": 0.1925639510154724}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C90509273", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012", "display_name": "Robot", "level": 2, "score": 0.16599223017692566}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C188027245", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750446", "display_name": "Polymer chemistry", "level": 1, "score": 0.0}], "mesh": [], "locations_count": 4, "locations": [{"id": "doi:10.3390/gels11010030", "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11010030", "pdf_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2310-2861/11/1/30/pdf?version=1735813737", "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S2737559645", "display_name": "Gels", "issn_l": "2310-2861", "issn": ["2310-2861"], "is_oa": true, "is_in_doaj": true, "is_core": true, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/P4310310987", "host_organization_name": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"], "host_organization_lineage_names": ["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"], "type": "journal"}, "license": "cc-by", "license_id": "https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by", "version": "publishedVersion", "is_accepted": true, "is_published": true, "raw_source_name": "Gels", "raw_type": "journal-article"}, {"id": "pmid:39852001", "is_oa": false, "landing_page_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39852001", "pdf_url": null, "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036", "display_name": "PubMed", "issn_l": null, "issn": null, "is_oa": false, "is_in_doaj": false, "is_core": false, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/I1299303238", "host_organization_name": "National Institutes of Health", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"], "host_organization_lineage_names": [], "type": "repository"}, "license": null, "license_id": null, "version": "publishedVersion", "is_accepted": true, "is_published": true, "raw_source_name": "Gels (Basel, Switzerland)", "raw_type": null}, {"id": "pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11765116", "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11765116", "pdf_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11765116/pdf/gels-11-00030.pdf", "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S2764455111", "display_name": "PubMed Central", "issn_l": null, "issn": null, "is_oa": true, "is_in_doaj": false, "is_core": false, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/I1299303238", "host_organization_name": "National Institutes of Health", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"], "host_organization_lineage_names": [], "type": "repository"}, "license": "cc-by", "license_id": "https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by", "version": "submittedVersion", "is_accepted": false, "is_published": false, "raw_source_name": "Gels", "raw_type": "Text"}, {"id": "pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:0076a22c58dc426f92fc5b7f0c713afd", "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "https://doaj.org/article/0076a22c58dc426f92fc5b7f0c713afd", "pdf_url": null, "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306401280", "display_name": "DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)", "issn_l": null, "issn": null, "is_oa": false, "is_in_doaj": false, "is_core": false, "host_organization": null, "host_organization_name": null, "host_organization_lineage": [], "host_organization_lineage_names": [], "type": "repository"}, "license": "cc-by-sa", "license_id": "https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa", "version": "submittedVersion", "is_accepted": false, "is_published": false, "raw_source_name": "Gels, Vol 11, Iss 1, p 30 (2025)", "raw_type": "article"}], "best_oa_location": {"id": "doi:10.3390/gels11010030", "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11010030", "pdf_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2310-2861/11/1/30/pdf?version=1735813737", "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S2737559645", "display_name": "Gels", "issn_l": "2310-2861", "issn": ["2310-2861"], "is_oa": true, "is_in_doaj": true, "is_core": true, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/P4310310987", "host_organization_name": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"], "host_organization_lineage_names": ["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"], "type": "journal"}, "license": "cc-by", "license_id": "https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by", "version": "publishedVersion", "is_accepted": true, "is_published": true, "raw_source_name": "Gels", "raw_type": "journal-article"}, "sustainable_development_goals": [], "awards": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/G4192081473", "display_name": null, "funder_award_id": "10.55776/ESP30", "funder_id": "https://openalex.org/F4320321181", "funder_display_name": "Austrian Science Fund"}], "funders": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/F4320321181", "display_name": "Austrian Science Fund", "ror": "https://ror.org/013tf3c58"}], "has_content": {"grobid_xml": true, "pdf": true}, "content_urls": {"pdf": "https://content.openalex.org/works/W4405991911.pdf", "grobid_xml": "https://content.openalex.org/works/W4405991911.grobid-xml"}, "referenced_works_count": 198, "referenced_works": ["https://openalex.org/W1200370352", "https://openalex.org/W1784652317", "https://openalex.org/W1965416889", "https://openalex.org/W1982218431", "https://openalex.org/W1986462180", "https://openalex.org/W1991088407", "https://openalex.org/W1994904293", "https://openalex.org/W1997947373", "https://openalex.org/W1997978522", "https://openalex.org/W2002365353", "https://openalex.org/W2015047890", "https://openalex.org/W2020689997", "https://openalex.org/W2021443749", "https://openalex.org/W2024306244", "https://openalex.org/W2025950581", "https://openalex.org/W2026780757", "https://openalex.org/W2029061676", "https://openalex.org/W2037065466", "https://openalex.org/W2044499942", "https://openalex.org/W2044699669", "https://openalex.org/W2045931865", "https://openalex.org/W2048571562", "https://openalex.org/W2050206269", "https://openalex.org/W2060186126", "https://openalex.org/W2060239018", "https://openalex.org/W2084064316", "https://openalex.org/W2115611712", "https://openalex.org/W2140831667", "https://openalex.org/W2315517127", "https://openalex.org/W2325046277", "https://openalex.org/W2330064811", "https://openalex.org/W2341782650", "https://openalex.org/W2403202184", "https://openalex.org/W2479963550", "https://openalex.org/W2514356667", "https://openalex.org/W2528661372", "https://openalex.org/W2539107597", "https://openalex.org/W2549739005", "https://openalex.org/W2586679405", "https://openalex.org/W2586722992", "https://openalex.org/W2587041470", "https://openalex.org/W2588800221", "https://openalex.org/W2591444020", "https://openalex.org/W2594755923", "https://openalex.org/W2609432871", "https://openalex.org/W2737085547", "https://openalex.org/W2743407655", "https://openalex.org/W2750271279", "https://openalex.org/W2760256730", "https://openalex.org/W2771974389", "https://openalex.org/W2772007278", "https://openalex.org/W2782650254", "https://openalex.org/W2787109125", "https://openalex.org/W2789610900", "https://openalex.org/W2790446147", "https://openalex.org/W2886307276", "https://openalex.org/W2887298245", "https://openalex.org/W2890236699", "https://openalex.org/W2896204984", "https://openalex.org/W2898762648", "https://openalex.org/W2900879334", "https://openalex.org/W2901468303", "https://openalex.org/W2903661297", "https://openalex.org/W2907868307", "https://openalex.org/W2911753981", "https://openalex.org/W2912439964", "https://openalex.org/W2920913823", "https://openalex.org/W2921147598", "https://openalex.org/W2922439236", "https://openalex.org/W2942349863", "https://openalex.org/W2955902092", "https://openalex.org/W2963094884", "https://openalex.org/W2989801973", "https://openalex.org/W2998288155", "https://openalex.org/W2998462992", "https://openalex.org/W2999898840", "https://openalex.org/W3000350579", "https://openalex.org/W3000527856", "https://openalex.org/W3005250601", "https://openalex.org/W3015018651", "https://openalex.org/W3030475013", "https://openalex.org/W3047411995", "https://openalex.org/W3049398895", "https://openalex.org/W3049681671", "https://openalex.org/W3078154952", "https://openalex.org/W3082906448", "https://openalex.org/W3085369155", "https://openalex.org/W3086454175", "https://openalex.org/W3087819274", "https://openalex.org/W3090850563", "https://openalex.org/W3099142110", "https://openalex.org/W3102874606", "https://openalex.org/W3109550400", "https://openalex.org/W3111367879", "https://openalex.org/W3111750080", "https://openalex.org/W3130187750", "https://openalex.org/W3131034435", "https://openalex.org/W3134811295", "https://openalex.org/W3154736103", "https://openalex.org/W3161851387", "https://openalex.org/W3164993034", "https://openalex.org/W3168754660", "https://openalex.org/W3171074142", "https://openalex.org/W3175098295", "https://openalex.org/W3175170665", "https://openalex.org/W3191646310", "https://openalex.org/W3199686647", "https://openalex.org/W3203208872", "https://openalex.org/W3208812898", "https://openalex.org/W3212200605", "https://openalex.org/W3213830279", "https://openalex.org/W4200494293", "https://openalex.org/W4200508503", "https://openalex.org/W4200595205", "https://openalex.org/W4205238743", "https://openalex.org/W4205485456", "https://openalex.org/W4210708207", "https://openalex.org/W4211043846", "https://openalex.org/W4211072456", "https://openalex.org/W4211203577", "https://openalex.org/W4220717558", "https://openalex.org/W4223607823", "https://openalex.org/W4223998283", "https://openalex.org/W4224225795", "https://openalex.org/W4224320411", "https://openalex.org/W4224950573", "https://openalex.org/W4226169827", "https://openalex.org/W4226344405", "https://openalex.org/W4280568787", "https://openalex.org/W4281626786", "https://openalex.org/W4281743802", "https://openalex.org/W4281775703", "https://openalex.org/W4281969219", "https://openalex.org/W4283221246", "https://openalex.org/W4285023164", "https://openalex.org/W4286504570", "https://openalex.org/W4295886933", "https://openalex.org/W4295941548", "https://openalex.org/W4297107635", "https://openalex.org/W4307384150", "https://openalex.org/W4309780553", "https://openalex.org/W4310453907", "https://openalex.org/W4311085593", "https://openalex.org/W4311271648", "https://openalex.org/W4311503827", "https://openalex.org/W4311948079", "https://openalex.org/W4315767352", "https://openalex.org/W4317866594", "https://openalex.org/W4321117025", "https://openalex.org/W4321438459", "https://openalex.org/W4322154669", "https://openalex.org/W4323308494", "https://openalex.org/W4327581674", "https://openalex.org/W4353016733", "https://openalex.org/W4361245934", "https://openalex.org/W4362582843", "https://openalex.org/W4362601328", "https://openalex.org/W4366548773", "https://openalex.org/W4372053212", "https://openalex.org/W4375955325", "https://openalex.org/W4383552368", "https://openalex.org/W4386507400", "https://openalex.org/W4386695583", "https://openalex.org/W4386713305", "https://openalex.org/W4387425251", "https://openalex.org/W4387911491", "https://openalex.org/W4388694894", "https://openalex.org/W4388850978", "https://openalex.org/W4388931023", "https://openalex.org/W4388934705", "https://openalex.org/W4389336156", "https://openalex.org/W4390508827", "https://openalex.org/W4390590100", "https://openalex.org/W4390613243", "https://openalex.org/W4390615366", "https://openalex.org/W4391017386", "https://openalex.org/W4392109231", "https://openalex.org/W4392183488", "https://openalex.org/W4393094445", "https://openalex.org/W4393150073", "https://openalex.org/W4393259241", "https://openalex.org/W4394877093", "https://openalex.org/W4394918196", "https://openalex.org/W4396895500", "https://openalex.org/W4396945800", "https://openalex.org/W4396975704", "https://openalex.org/W4400337608", "https://openalex.org/W4400472616", "https://openalex.org/W4400879903", "https://openalex.org/W4401015159", "https://openalex.org/W4401342030", "https://openalex.org/W4401344895", "https://openalex.org/W4401908732", "https://openalex.org/W4403637122", "https://openalex.org/W4405337905", "https://openalex.org/W6761981432", "https://openalex.org/W6838692842", "https://openalex.org/W6857692722"], "related_works": ["https://openalex.org/W2921683983", "https://openalex.org/W2784412223", "https://openalex.org/W2167791234", "https://openalex.org/W4285099618", "https://openalex.org/W3138949019", "https://openalex.org/W3092947717", "https://openalex.org/W2971201981", "https://openalex.org/W4313334364", "https://openalex.org/W3023990201", "https://openalex.org/W2891132044"], "abstract_inverted_index": {"This": [0, 133], "review": [1, 134], "summarizes": [2], "the": [3, 12, 24, 109, 146, 166], "fundamental": [4], "concepts,": [5], "recent": [6], "advancements,": [7], "and": [8, 30, 49, 57, 64, 72, 98, 105, 111, 114, 117, 123, 130, 142, 153, 159], "emerging": [9, 122], "trends": [10], "in": [11, 145, 155], "field": [13, 25], "of": [14, 54, 79, 139], "stimuli-responsive": [15, 42, 156], "hydrogels.": [16], "While": [17], "numerous": [18], "reviews": [19], "exist": [20], "on": [21, 45], "this": [22], "topic,": [23], "continues": [26], "to": [27, 149, 161, 165], "evolve": [28], "dynamically,": [29], "certain": [31], "research": [32, 158], "directions": [33], "are": [34, 82], "often": [35], "overlooked.": [36], "To": [37], "address": [38], "this,": [39], "we": [40, 120], "classify": [41], "hydrogels": [43], "based": [44], "their": [46], "response": [47], "mechanisms": [48], "provide": [50], "an": [51, 77], "in-depth": [52], "discussion": [53, 138], "key": [55], "properties": [56], "mechanisms,": [58], "including": [59, 90], "swelling": [60], "kinetics,": [61], "mechanical": [62], "properties,": [63], "biocompatibility/biodegradability.": [65], "We": [66], "then": [67], "explore": [68], "hydrogel": [69, 157], "design,": [70], "synthesis,": [71], "structural": [73], "engineering,": [74], "followed": [75], "by": [76], "overview": [78], "applications": [80, 102, 125, 160], "that": [81], "relatively": [83], "well": [84], "established": [85], "from": [86, 108], "a": [87, 137], "scientific": [88], "perspective,": [89], "biomedical": [91], "uses": [92], "(biosensing,": [93], "drug": [94], "delivery,": [95], "wound": [96], "healing,": [97], "tissue": [99], "engineering),": [100], "environmental": [101], "(heavy": [103], "metal": [104], "phosphate": [106], "removal": [107], "environment": [110], "polluted": [112], "water),": [113], "soft": [115], "robotics": [116], "actuation.": [118], "Additionally,": [119], "highlight": [121], "unconventional": [124], "such": [126], "as": [127], "local": [128], "micro-thermometers": [129], "cell": [131], "mechanotransduction.": [132], "concludes": [135], "with": [136], "current": [140], "challenges": [141], "future": [143], "prospects": [144], "field,": [147], "aiming": [148], "inspire": [150], "further": [151], "innovations": [152], "advancements": [154], "bring": [162], "them": [163], "closer": [164], "societal": [167], "needs.": [168]}, "counts_by_year": [{"year": 2026, "cited_by_count": 66}, {"year": 2025, "cited_by_count": 78}], "updated_date": "2026-07-25T15:57:00.446498", "created_date": "2025-10-10T00:00:00"}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/W3006401357", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3390/act9010010", "title": "Two-Way and Multiple-Way Shape Memory Polymers for Soft Robotics: An Overview", "display_name": "Two-Way and Multiple-Way Shape Memory Polymers for Soft Robotics: An Overview", "relevance_score": 275.18732, "publication_year": 2020, "publication_date": "2020-02-15", "ids": {"openalex": "https://openalex.org/W3006401357", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3390/act9010010", "mag": "3006401357"}, "language": "en", "primary_location": {"id": "doi:10.3390/act9010010", "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/act9010010", "pdf_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0825/9/1/10/pdf?version=1581760404", "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S2736557103", "display_name": "Actuators", "issn_l": "2076-0825", "issn": ["2076-0825"], "is_oa": true, "is_in_doaj": true, "is_core": true, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/P4310310987", "host_organization_name": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"], "host_organization_lineage_names": ["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"], "type": "journal"}, "license": "cc-by", "license_id": "https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by", "version": "publishedVersion", "is_accepted": true, "is_published": true, "raw_source_name": "Actuators", "raw_type": "journal-article"}, "type": "article", "indexed_in": ["crossref", "doaj"], "open_access": {"is_oa": true, "oa_status": "gold", "oa_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0825/9/1/10/pdf?version=1581760404", "any_repository_has_fulltext": true}, "authorships": [{"author_position": "first", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5041991871", "display_name": "Giulia Scalet", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7683-566X"}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I25217355", "display_name": "University of Pavia", "ror": "https://ror.org/00s6t1f81", "country_code": "IT", "type": "education", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I25217355"]}], "countries": ["IT"], "is_corresponding": true, "raw_author_name": "Giulia Scalet", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, via Ferrata 3, 27100 Pavia, Italy"], "raw_orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7683-566X", "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, via Ferrata 3, 27100 Pavia, Italy", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I25217355"]}]}], "institutions": [], "countries_distinct_count": 1, "institutions_distinct_count": 1, "corresponding_author_ids": ["https://openalex.org/A5041991871"], "corresponding_institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I25217355"], "apc_list": {"value": 1800, "currency": "CHF", "value_usd": 2004}, "apc_paid": {"value": 1800, "currency": "CHF", "value_usd": 2004}, "fwci": 10.1501, "has_fulltext": true, "cited_by_count": 197, "citation_normalized_percentile": {"value": 0.99257989, "is_in_top_1_percent": true, "is_in_top_10_percent": true}, "cited_by_percentile_year": {"min": 98, "max": 100}, "biblio": {"volume": "9", "issue": "1", "first_page": "10", "last_page": "10"}, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "is_xpac": false, "primary_topic": {"id": "https://openalex.org/T11737", "display_name": "Advanced Materials and Mechanics", "score": 0.9997000098228455, "subfield": {"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/2210", "display_name": "Mechanical Engineering"}, "field": {"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/22", "display_name": "Engineering"}, "domain": {"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3", "display_name": "Physical Sciences"}}, "topics": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/T11737", "display_name": "Advanced Materials and Mechanics", "score": 0.9997000098228455, "subfield": {"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/2210", "display_name": "Mechanical Engineering"}, "field": {"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/22", "display_name": "Engineering"}, "domain": {"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3", "display_name": "Physical Sciences"}}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/T10810", "display_name": "Polymer composites and self-healing", "score": 0.9994999766349792, "subfield": {"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/2507", "display_name": "Polymers and Plastics"}, "field": {"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/25", "display_name": "Materials Science"}, "domain": {"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3", "display_name": "Physical Sciences"}}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/T10338", "display_name": "Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials", "score": 0.9975000023841858, "subfield": {"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/2204", "display_name": "Biomedical Engineering"}, "field": {"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/22", "display_name": "Engineering"}, "domain": {"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3", "display_name": "Physical Sciences"}}], "keywords": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/robot", "display_name": "Robot", "score": 0.7621175050735474}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/soft-robotics", "display_name": "Soft robotics", "score": 0.7592467069625854}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/actuator", "display_name": "Actuator", "score": 0.6903866529464722}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/shape-memory-polymer", "display_name": "Shape-memory polymer", "score": 0.6796082854270935}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science", "display_name": "Computer science", "score": 0.6116902828216553}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/robotics", "display_name": "Robotics", "score": 0.5740835070610046}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence", "display_name": "Artificial intelligence", "score": 0.5123540163040161}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/control-engineering", "display_name": "Control engineering", "score": 0.5008664131164551}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-material", "display_name": "Smart material", "score": 0.44050148129463196}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture", "display_name": "Computer architecture", "score": 0.39042842388153076}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/shape-memory-alloy", "display_name": "Shape-memory alloy", "score": 0.3779822885990143}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering", "display_name": "Engineering", "score": 0.2934013307094574}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/nanotechnology", "display_name": "Nanotechnology", "score": 0.18768778443336487}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science", "display_name": "Materials science", "score": 0.13825836777687073}], "concepts": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/C90509273", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012", "display_name": "Robot", "level": 2, "score": 0.7621175050735474}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776058767", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q24327151", "display_name": "Soft robotics", "level": 3, "score": 0.7592467069625854}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C172707124", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q423488", "display_name": "Actuator", "level": 2, "score": 0.6903866529464722}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C185698529", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q906777", "display_name": "Shape-memory polymer", "level": 3, "score": 0.6796082854270935}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198", "display_name": "Computer science", "level": 0, "score": 0.6116902828216553}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C34413123", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170978", "display_name": "Robotics", "level": 3, "score": 0.5740835070610046}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C154945302", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660", "display_name": "Artificial intelligence", "level": 1, "score": 0.5123540163040161}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C133731056", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288", "display_name": "Control engineering", "level": 1, "score": 0.5008664131164551}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C88484716", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1474679", "display_name": "Smart material", "level": 2, "score": 0.44050148129463196}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C118524514", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212", "display_name": "Computer architecture", "level": 1, "score": 0.39042842388153076}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C49097943", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898455", "display_name": "Shape-memory alloy", "level": 2, "score": 0.3779822885990143}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023", "display_name": "Engineering", "level": 0, "score": 0.2934013307094574}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C171250308", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468", "display_name": "Nanotechnology", "level": 1, "score": 0.18768778443336487}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C192562407", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736", "display_name": "Materials science", "level": 0, "score": 0.13825836777687073}], "mesh": [], "locations_count": 3, "locations": [{"id": "doi:10.3390/act9010010", "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/act9010010", "pdf_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0825/9/1/10/pdf?version=1581760404", "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S2736557103", "display_name": "Actuators", "issn_l": "2076-0825", "issn": ["2076-0825"], "is_oa": true, "is_in_doaj": true, "is_core": true, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/P4310310987", "host_organization_name": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"], "host_organization_lineage_names": ["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"], "type": "journal"}, "license": "cc-by", "license_id": "https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by", "version": "publishedVersion", "is_accepted": true, "is_published": true, "raw_source_name": "Actuators", "raw_type": "journal-article"}, {"id": "pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e92c6b47c8a9413a9d7c19c864cdb45b", "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "https://doaj.org/article/e92c6b47c8a9413a9d7c19c864cdb45b", "pdf_url": null, "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306401280", "display_name": "DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)", "issn_l": null, "issn": null, "is_oa": false, "is_in_doaj": false, "is_core": false, "host_organization": null, "host_organization_name": null, "host_organization_lineage": [], "host_organization_lineage_names": [], "type": "repository"}, "license": "cc-by-sa", "license_id": "https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa", "version": "submittedVersion", "is_accepted": false, "is_published": false, "raw_source_name": "Actuators, Vol 9, Iss 1, p 10 (2020)", "raw_type": "article"}, {"id": "pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2076-0825/9/1/10/", "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/act9010010", "pdf_url": null, "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306400947", "display_name": "MDPI (MDPI AG)", "issn_l": null, "issn": null, "is_oa": true, "is_in_doaj": false, "is_core": false, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/I4210097602", "host_organization_name": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"], "host_organization_lineage_names": [], "type": "repository"}, "license": "cc-by", "license_id": "https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by", "version": "submittedVersion", "is_accepted": false, "is_published": false, "raw_source_name": "Actuators", "raw_type": "Text"}], "best_oa_location": {"id": "doi:10.3390/act9010010", "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/act9010010", "pdf_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0825/9/1/10/pdf?version=1581760404", "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S2736557103", "display_name": "Actuators", "issn_l": "2076-0825", "issn": ["2076-0825"], "is_oa": true, "is_in_doaj": true, "is_core": true, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/P4310310987", "host_organization_name": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"], "host_organization_lineage_names": ["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"], "type": "journal"}, "license": "cc-by", "license_id": "https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by", "version": "publishedVersion", "is_accepted": true, "is_published": true, "raw_source_name": "Actuators", "raw_type": "journal-article"}, "sustainable_development_goals": [{"id": "https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9", "score": 0.46000000834465027, "display_name": "Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}], "awards": [], "funders": [], "has_content": {"grobid_xml": true, "pdf": true}, "content_urls": {"pdf": "https://content.openalex.org/works/W3006401357.pdf", "grobid_xml": "https://content.openalex.org/works/W3006401357.grobid-xml"}, "referenced_works_count": 311, "referenced_works": ["https://openalex.org/W119655136", "https://openalex.org/W569674937", "https://openalex.org/W925467755", "https://openalex.org/W1041978032", "https://openalex.org/W1278467568", "https://openalex.org/W1552962134", "https://openalex.org/W1562746711", "https://openalex.org/W1602472127", "https://openalex.org/W1772287097", "https://openalex.org/W1826414460", "https://openalex.org/W1845388513", "https://openalex.org/W1900129950", "https://openalex.org/W1937389885", "https://openalex.org/W1941854894", "https://openalex.org/W1963962334", "https://openalex.org/W1969194929", "https://openalex.org/W1972289266", "https://openalex.org/W1972379798", "https://openalex.org/W1973485226", "https://openalex.org/W1975508278", "https://openalex.org/W1978363543", "https://openalex.org/W1981697937", "https://openalex.org/W1984663033", "https://openalex.org/W1985847842", "https://openalex.org/W1986132969", "https://openalex.org/W1986585779", "https://openalex.org/W1989320343", "https://openalex.org/W1990633676", "https://openalex.org/W1992936142", "https://openalex.org/W2002513249", "https://openalex.org/W2004709552", "https://openalex.org/W2005248260", "https://openalex.org/W2010175538", "https://openalex.org/W2010977787", "https://openalex.org/W2012241126", "https://openalex.org/W2012586451", "https://openalex.org/W2014247633", "https://openalex.org/W2015246185", "https://openalex.org/W2015689336", "https://openalex.org/W2018226396", "https://openalex.org/W2018923724", "https://openalex.org/W2021281472", "https://openalex.org/W2024129669", "https://openalex.org/W2025056376", "https://openalex.org/W2027110710", "https://openalex.org/W2027209499", "https://openalex.org/W2035293564", "https://openalex.org/W2036233283", "https://openalex.org/W2036864589", "https://openalex.org/W2038198774", "https://openalex.org/W2041152648", "https://openalex.org/W2042752648", "https://openalex.org/W2042905634", "https://openalex.org/W2043159120", "https://openalex.org/W2045022361", "https://openalex.org/W2045965184", "https://openalex.org/W2047310465", "https://openalex.org/W2048257693", "https://openalex.org/W2054134514", "https://openalex.org/W2054211299", "https://openalex.org/W2055232386", "https://openalex.org/W2055524690", "https://openalex.org/W2057334377", "https://openalex.org/W2058619241", "https://openalex.org/W2060645556", "https://openalex.org/W2061941235", "https://openalex.org/W2062639946", "https://openalex.org/W2062688215", "https://openalex.org/W2065792852", "https://openalex.org/W2067262806", "https://openalex.org/W2069332540", "https://openalex.org/W2071507927", "https://openalex.org/W2073367117", "https://openalex.org/W2073970656", "https://openalex.org/W2077373941", "https://openalex.org/W2078943477", "https://openalex.org/W2081239776", "https://openalex.org/W2084498938", "https://openalex.org/W2085589698", "https://openalex.org/W2085789422", "https://openalex.org/W2087825600", "https://openalex.org/W2088311110", "https://openalex.org/W2089065686", "https://openalex.org/W2089474580", "https://openalex.org/W2090037689", "https://openalex.org/W2090099234", "https://openalex.org/W2091992375", "https://openalex.org/W2094456859", "https://openalex.org/W2094723773", "https://openalex.org/W2094868720", "https://openalex.org/W2097314637", "https://openalex.org/W2097887196", "https://openalex.org/W2097925802", "https://openalex.org/W2102623702", "https://openalex.org/W2104254546", "https://openalex.org/W2106567248", "https://openalex.org/W2107061613", "https://openalex.org/W2111986742", "https://openalex.org/W2113059626", "https://openalex.org/W2117990848", "https://openalex.org/W2119812250", "https://openalex.org/W2122701995", "https://openalex.org/W2123741193", "https://openalex.org/W2124046972", "https://openalex.org/W2125276562", "https://openalex.org/W2129206581", "https://openalex.org/W2133265455", "https://openalex.org/W2134586963", "https://openalex.org/W2134620982", "https://openalex.org/W2141652277", "https://openalex.org/W2142466888", "https://openalex.org/W2143647212", "https://openalex.org/W2146314634", "https://openalex.org/W2147919058", "https://openalex.org/W2149567066", "https://openalex.org/W2149876443", "https://openalex.org/W2153402194", "https://openalex.org/W2153772642", "https://openalex.org/W2156370397", "https://openalex.org/W2162081039", "https://openalex.org/W2162896193", "https://openalex.org/W2163771702", "https://openalex.org/W2167638734", "https://openalex.org/W2168792760", "https://openalex.org/W2169159376", "https://openalex.org/W2171298836", "https://openalex.org/W2186295980", "https://openalex.org/W2201837834", "https://openalex.org/W2219732095", "https://openalex.org/W2224750552", "https://openalex.org/W2239962876", "https://openalex.org/W2265594935", "https://openalex.org/W2266720690", "https://openalex.org/W2269954294", "https://openalex.org/W2270064366", "https://openalex.org/W2287944777", "https://openalex.org/W2290274158", "https://openalex.org/W2290571675", "https://openalex.org/W2300049290", "https://openalex.org/W2310499923", "https://openalex.org/W2313075175", "https://openalex.org/W2313890350", "https://openalex.org/W2314546504", "https://openalex.org/W2320287430", "https://openalex.org/W2321530569", "https://openalex.org/W2323653704", "https://openalex.org/W2328262347", "https://openalex.org/W2330349169", "https://openalex.org/W2336992486", "https://openalex.org/W2342261973", "https://openalex.org/W2342974502", "https://openalex.org/W2346361302", "https://openalex.org/W2346513456", "https://openalex.org/W2347060539", "https://openalex.org/W2397945711", "https://openalex.org/W2399020318", "https://openalex.org/W2400949120", "https://openalex.org/W2409029364", "https://openalex.org/W2409341139", "https://openalex.org/W2414330814", "https://openalex.org/W2414501113", "https://openalex.org/W2419326180", "https://openalex.org/W2462630769", "https://openalex.org/W2465346047", "https://openalex.org/W2467345052", "https://openalex.org/W2469097969", "https://openalex.org/W2489920609", "https://openalex.org/W2489942847", "https://openalex.org/W2498497490", "https://openalex.org/W2508454390", "https://openalex.org/W2510714198", "https://openalex.org/W2515930553", "https://openalex.org/W2516358266", "https://openalex.org/W2519831124", "https://openalex.org/W2524129578", "https://openalex.org/W2528114856", "https://openalex.org/W2528474629", "https://openalex.org/W2528496775", "https://openalex.org/W2529786930", "https://openalex.org/W2530842462", "https://openalex.org/W2545429142", "https://openalex.org/W2553656821", "https://openalex.org/W2560730116", "https://openalex.org/W2563222650", "https://openalex.org/W2564130887", "https://openalex.org/W2566399367", "https://openalex.org/W2569944530", "https://openalex.org/W2572076474", "https://openalex.org/W2575037925", "https://openalex.org/W2582146061", "https://openalex.org/W2594218199", "https://openalex.org/W2594832926", "https://openalex.org/W2597699272", "https://openalex.org/W2598842450", "https://openalex.org/W2599287948", "https://openalex.org/W2601756065", "https://openalex.org/W2605898329", "https://openalex.org/W2606592538", "https://openalex.org/W2607594760", "https://openalex.org/W2608112407", "https://openalex.org/W2610870129", "https://openalex.org/W2622292322", "https://openalex.org/W2624365725", "https://openalex.org/W2624923551", "https://openalex.org/W2686900739", "https://openalex.org/W2719477690", "https://openalex.org/W2725412839", "https://openalex.org/W2726969371", "https://openalex.org/W2734165412", "https://openalex.org/W2734995975", "https://openalex.org/W2736163128", "https://openalex.org/W2737754785", "https://openalex.org/W2737977026", "https://openalex.org/W2750251730", "https://openalex.org/W2750829567", "https://openalex.org/W2753976593", "https://openalex.org/W2754694156", "https://openalex.org/W2761510069", "https://openalex.org/W2761732384", "https://openalex.org/W2764149823", "https://openalex.org/W2765671589", "https://openalex.org/W2766993511", "https://openalex.org/W2770149524", "https://openalex.org/W2771720567", "https://openalex.org/W2771751522", "https://openalex.org/W2776630832", "https://openalex.org/W2781827668", "https://openalex.org/W2782542523", "https://openalex.org/W2783420965", "https://openalex.org/W2784033758", "https://openalex.org/W2785357913", "https://openalex.org/W2787806708", "https://openalex.org/W2788127870", "https://openalex.org/W2789474405", "https://openalex.org/W2790239824", "https://openalex.org/W2790515043", "https://openalex.org/W2790615739", "https://openalex.org/W2791363855", "https://openalex.org/W2792981251", "https://openalex.org/W2793227423", "https://openalex.org/W2795452127", "https://openalex.org/W2800847878", "https://openalex.org/W2802632488", "https://openalex.org/W2803735436", "https://openalex.org/W2804084313", "https://openalex.org/W2804340326", "https://openalex.org/W2808077433", "https://openalex.org/W2808305563", "https://openalex.org/W2854195611", "https://openalex.org/W2884492333", "https://openalex.org/W2884751102", "https://openalex.org/W2886334707", "https://openalex.org/W2889077839", "https://openalex.org/W2896184991", "https://openalex.org/W2897240774", "https://openalex.org/W2897750711", "https://openalex.org/W2899265110", "https://openalex.org/W2899849323", "https://openalex.org/W2900418236", "https://openalex.org/W2901375363", "https://openalex.org/W2902013963", "https://openalex.org/W2902985912", "https://openalex.org/W2904532819", "https://openalex.org/W2906059073", "https://openalex.org/W2906334375", "https://openalex.org/W2909857791", "https://openalex.org/W2913364276", "https://openalex.org/W2913718688", "https://openalex.org/W2920729638", "https://openalex.org/W2926374707", "https://openalex.org/W2933287546", "https://openalex.org/W2941611239", "https://openalex.org/W2941838204", "https://openalex.org/W2944853685", "https://openalex.org/W2945701414", "https://openalex.org/W2946039829", "https://openalex.org/W2952260599", "https://openalex.org/W2952634067", "https://openalex.org/W2955631115", "https://openalex.org/W2965005738", "https://openalex.org/W2969922827", "https://openalex.org/W2978074599", "https://openalex.org/W2982183091", "https://openalex.org/W2993422485", "https://openalex.org/W2994659511", "https://openalex.org/W2994726857", "https://openalex.org/W2994971137", "https://openalex.org/W3026674261", "https://openalex.org/W3032581180", "https://openalex.org/W3066575742", "https://openalex.org/W3105070525", "https://openalex.org/W4210800415", "https://openalex.org/W4213028169", "https://openalex.org/W4235558310", "https://openalex.org/W4241955788", "https://openalex.org/W4244368039", "https://openalex.org/W4244915751", "https://openalex.org/W6639026658", "https://openalex.org/W6646823773", "https://openalex.org/W6659233696", "https://openalex.org/W6659305636", "https://openalex.org/W6666350332", "https://openalex.org/W6676573697", "https://openalex.org/W6681295361", "https://openalex.org/W6682721056", "https://openalex.org/W6683484678", "https://openalex.org/W6684947276", "https://openalex.org/W6704288464", "https://openalex.org/W6727161170", "https://openalex.org/W6741704120", "https://openalex.org/W6744197275"], "related_works": ["https://openalex.org/W2016798363", "https://openalex.org/W2062677871", "https://openalex.org/W3118360419", "https://openalex.org/W2003043540", "https://openalex.org/W2070037256", "https://openalex.org/W2082646976", "https://openalex.org/W2019589958", "https://openalex.org/W4306970981", "https://openalex.org/W4221105693", "https://openalex.org/W2082387010"], "abstract_inverted_index": {"Shape": [0], "memory": [1], "polymers": [2], "(SMPs)": [3], "are": [4, 93, 110], "smart": [5], "materials": [6], "capable": [7], "of": [8, 59, 77, 97, 100], "changing": [9], "their": [10], "shapes": [11], "in": [12, 26], "a": [13, 17], "predefined": [14], "manner": [15], "under": [16], "proper": [18], "applied": [19], "stimulus": [20], "and": [21, 32, 50, 65, 88, 90, 103, 107], "have": [22], "gained": [23], "considerable": [24], "interest": [25], "several": [27], "application": [28], "fields.": [29], "Particularly,": [30], "two-way": [31, 64], "multiple-way": [33, 66], "SMPs": [34], "offer": [35], "unique": [36], "opportunities": [37], "to": [38], "realize": [39], "untethered": [40], "soft": [41, 60, 101], "robots": [42, 61, 102], "with": [43], "programmable": [44], "morphology": [45], "and/or": [46], "properties,": [47], "repeatable": [48], "actuation,": [49], "advanced": [51], "multi-functionalities.": [52], "This": [53], "review": [54], "presents": [55], "the": [56, 70, 75, 81], "recent": [57], "progress": [58], "based": [62], "on": [63], "thermo-responsive": [67], "SMPs.": [68], "All": [69], "building": [71], "blocks": [72], "important": [73], "for": [74], "design": [76], "such": [78], "robots,": [79], "i.e.,": [80], "base": [82], "materials,": [83], "manufacturing": [84], "processes,": [85], "working": [86], "mechanisms,": [87], "modeling": [89], "simulation": [91], "tools,": [92], "covered.": [94], "Moreover,": [95], "examples": [96], "real-world": [98], "applications": [99], "related": [104], "actuators,": [105], "challenges,": [106], "future": [108], "directions": [109], "discussed.": [111]}, "counts_by_year": [{"year": 2026, "cited_by_count": 12}, {"year": 2025, "cited_by_count": 36}, {"year": 2024, "cited_by_count": 53}, {"year": 2023, "cited_by_count": 30}, {"year": 2022, "cited_by_count": 37}, {"year": 2021, "cited_by_count": 23}, {"year": 2020, "cited_by_count": 6}], "updated_date": "2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946", "created_date": "2025-10-10T00:00:00"}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/W3215550987", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-control-042920-014327", "title": "Stimuli-Responsive Polymers for Soft Robotics", "display_name": "Stimuli-Responsive Polymers for Soft Robotics", "relevance_score": 272.8352, "publication_year": 2021, "publication_date": "2021-11-18", "ids": {"openalex": "https://openalex.org/W3215550987", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-control-042920-014327", "mag": "3215550987"}, "language": "en", "primary_location": {"id": "doi:10.1146/annurev-control-042920-014327", "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-control-042920-014327", "pdf_url": "https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev-control-042920-014327", "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210191328", "display_name": "Annual Review of Control Robotics and Autonomous Systems", "issn_l": "2573-5144", "issn": ["2573-5144"], "is_oa": false, "is_in_doaj": false, "is_core": true, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/P4310320373", "host_organization_name": "Annual Reviews", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/P4310320373"], "host_organization_lineage_names": ["Annual Reviews"], "type": "journal"}, "license": null, "license_id": null, "version": "publishedVersion", "is_accepted": true, "is_published": true, "raw_source_name": "Annual Review of Control, Robotics, and Autonomous Systems", "raw_type": "journal-article"}, "type": "article", "indexed_in": ["crossref"], "open_access": {"is_oa": true, "oa_status": "bronze", "oa_url": "https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev-control-042920-014327", "any_repository_has_fulltext": false}, "authorships": [{"author_position": "first", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5083341121", "display_name": "Yusen Zhao", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9230-8883"}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I161318765", "display_name": "University of California, Los Angeles", "ror": "https://ror.org/046rm7j60", "country_code": "US", "type": "education", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}], "countries": ["US"], "is_corresponding": false, "raw_author_name": "Yusen Zhao", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA;"], "raw_orcid": null, "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA;", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}]}, {"author_position": "middle", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5001839231", "display_name": "Mutian Hua", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4079-316X"}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I161318765", "display_name": "University of California, Los Angeles", "ror": "https://ror.org/046rm7j60", "country_code": "US", "type": "education", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}], "countries": ["US"], "is_corresponding": false, "raw_author_name": "Mutian Hua", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA;"], "raw_orcid": null, "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA;", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}]}, {"author_position": "middle", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5019810767", "display_name": "Yichen Yan", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0717-3962"}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I161318765", "display_name": "University of California, Los Angeles", "ror": "https://ror.org/046rm7j60", "country_code": "US", "type": "education", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}], "countries": ["US"], "is_corresponding": false, "raw_author_name": "Yichen Yan", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA;"], "raw_orcid": null, "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA;", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}]}, {"author_position": "middle", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5079395971", "display_name": "Shuwang Wu", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4587-8979"}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I161318765", "display_name": "University of California, Los Angeles", "ror": "https://ror.org/046rm7j60", "country_code": "US", "type": "education", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}], "countries": ["US"], "is_corresponding": false, "raw_author_name": "Shuwang Wu", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA;"], "raw_orcid": null, "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA;", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}]}, {"author_position": "middle", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5017897129", "display_name": "Yousif Alsaid", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7563-6888"}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I161318765", "display_name": "University of California, Los Angeles", "ror": "https://ror.org/046rm7j60", "country_code": "US", "type": "education", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}], "countries": ["US"], "is_corresponding": false, "raw_author_name": "Yousif Alsaid", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA;"], "raw_orcid": null, "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA;", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}]}, {"author_position": "last", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5014986626", "display_name": "Ximin He", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8845-4637"}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I142207940", "display_name": "California NanoSystems Institute", "ror": "https://ror.org/00q7fqf35", "country_code": "US", "type": "facility", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I142207940", "https://openalex.org/I154570441", "https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/I161318765", "display_name": "University of California, Los Angeles", "ror": "https://ror.org/046rm7j60", "country_code": "US", "type": "education", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}], "countries": ["US"], "is_corresponding": true, "raw_author_name": "Ximin He", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["California Nanosystems Institute, Los Angeles, California, USA", "Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA;"], "raw_orcid": null, "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "California Nanosystems Institute, Los Angeles, California, USA", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I142207940"]}, {"raw_affiliation_string": "Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA;", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}]}], "institutions": [], "countries_distinct_count": 1, "institutions_distinct_count": 2, "corresponding_author_ids": ["https://openalex.org/A5014986626"], "corresponding_institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I142207940", "https://openalex.org/I161318765"], "apc_list": null, "apc_paid": null, "fwci": 5.4128, "has_fulltext": true, "cited_by_count": 97, "citation_normalized_percentile": {"value": 0.97279301, "is_in_top_1_percent": false, "is_in_top_10_percent": true}, "cited_by_percentile_year": {"min": 97, "max": 100}, "biblio": {"volume": "5", "issue": "1", "first_page": "515", "last_page": "545"}, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "is_xpac": false, "primary_topic": {"id": "https://openalex.org/T11737", "display_name": "Advanced Materials and Mechanics", "score": 0.9998999834060669, "subfield": {"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/2210", "display_name": "Mechanical Engineering"}, "field": {"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/22", "display_name": "Engineering"}, "domain": {"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3", "display_name": "Physical Sciences"}}, "topics": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/T11737", "display_name": "Advanced Materials and Mechanics", "score": 0.9998999834060669, "subfield": {"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/2210", "display_name": "Mechanical Engineering"}, "field": {"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/22", "display_name": "Engineering"}, "domain": {"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3", "display_name": "Physical Sciences"}}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/T10338", "display_name": "Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials", "score": 0.9988999962806702, "subfield": {"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/2204", "display_name": "Biomedical Engineering"}, "field": {"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/22", "display_name": "Engineering"}, "domain": {"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3", "display_name": "Physical Sciences"}}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/T10868", "display_name": "Soft Robotics and Applications", "score": 0.998199999332428, "subfield": {"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/2204", "display_name": "Biomedical Engineering"}, "field": {"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/22", "display_name": "Engineering"}, "domain": {"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3", "display_name": "Physical Sciences"}}], "keywords": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/soft-robotics", "display_name": "Soft robotics", "score": 0.7954182624816895}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/elastomer", "display_name": "Elastomer", "score": 0.694959282875061}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/polymer", "display_name": "Polymer", "score": 0.6297114491462708}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/self-healing-hydrogels", "display_name": "Self-healing hydrogels", "score": 0.5986036658287048}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/robotics", "display_name": "Robotics", "score": 0.5531453490257263}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/actuator", "display_name": "Actuator", "score": 0.5500407218933105}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/electroactive-polymers", "display_name": "Electroactive polymers", "score": 0.5240735411643982}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/bending", "display_name": "Bending", "score": 0.5049863457679749}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-muscle", "display_name": "Artificial muscle", "score": 0.5035356879234314}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science", "display_name": "Materials science", "score": 0.49063578248023987}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/robot", "display_name": "Robot", "score": 0.47939491271972656}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science", "display_name": "Computer science", "score": 0.47815069556236267}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence", "display_name": "Artificial intelligence", "score": 0.47500669956207275}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/nanotechnology", "display_name": "Nanotechnology", "score": 0.46352702379226685}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/composite-material", "display_name": "Composite material", "score": 0.11878910660743713}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/polymer-chemistry", "display_name": "Polymer chemistry", "score": 0.10304054617881775}], "concepts": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776058767", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q24327151", "display_name": "Soft robotics", "level": 3, "score": 0.7954182624816895}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C38052585", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q252266", "display_name": "Elastomer", "level": 2, "score": 0.694959282875061}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C521977710", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81163", "display_name": "Polymer", "level": 2, "score": 0.6297114491462708}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C108586683", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17164826", "display_name": "Self-healing hydrogels", "level": 2, "score": 0.5986036658287048}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C34413123", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170978", "display_name": "Robotics", "level": 3, "score": 0.5531453490257263}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C172707124", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q423488", "display_name": "Actuator", "level": 2, "score": 0.5500407218933105}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C167266352", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q543275", "display_name": "Electroactive polymers", "level": 3, "score": 0.5240735411643982}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C87210426", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1072476", "display_name": "Bending", "level": 2, "score": 0.5049863457679749}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C196628372", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4801090", "display_name": "Artificial muscle", "level": 3, "score": 0.5035356879234314}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C192562407", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736", "display_name": "Materials science", "level": 0, "score": 0.49063578248023987}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C90509273", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012", "display_name": "Robot", "level": 2, "score": 0.47939491271972656}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198", "display_name": "Computer science", "level": 0, "score": 0.47815069556236267}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C154945302", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660", "display_name": "Artificial intelligence", "level": 1, "score": 0.47500669956207275}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C171250308", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468", "display_name": "Nanotechnology", "level": 1, "score": 0.46352702379226685}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C159985019", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790", "display_name": "Composite material", "level": 1, "score": 0.11878910660743713}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C188027245", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750446", "display_name": "Polymer chemistry", "level": 1, "score": 0.10304054617881775}], "mesh": [], "locations_count": 1, "locations": [{"id": "doi:10.1146/annurev-control-042920-014327", "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-control-042920-014327", "pdf_url": "https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev-control-042920-014327", "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210191328", "display_name": "Annual Review of Control Robotics and Autonomous Systems", "issn_l": "2573-5144", "issn": ["2573-5144"], "is_oa": false, "is_in_doaj": false, "is_core": true, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/P4310320373", "host_organization_name": "Annual Reviews", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/P4310320373"], "host_organization_lineage_names": ["Annual Reviews"], "type": "journal"}, "license": null, "license_id": null, "version": "publishedVersion", "is_accepted": true, "is_published": true, "raw_source_name": "Annual Review of Control, Robotics, and Autonomous Systems", "raw_type": "journal-article"}], "best_oa_location": {"id": "doi:10.1146/annurev-control-042920-014327", "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-control-042920-014327", "pdf_url": "https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev-control-042920-014327", "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210191328", "display_name": "Annual Review of Control Robotics and Autonomous Systems", "issn_l": "2573-5144", "issn": ["2573-5144"], "is_oa": false, "is_in_doaj": false, "is_core": true, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/P4310320373", "host_organization_name": "Annual Reviews", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/P4310320373"], "host_organization_lineage_names": ["Annual Reviews"], "type": "journal"}, "license": null, "license_id": null, "version": "publishedVersion", "is_accepted": true, "is_published": true, "raw_source_name": "Annual Review of Control, Robotics, and Autonomous Systems", "raw_type": "journal-article"}, "sustainable_development_goals": [], "awards": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/G2028811960", "display_name": null, "funder_award_id": "N000141712117", "funder_id": "https://openalex.org/F4320337345", "funder_display_name": "Office of Naval Research"}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/G313063037", "display_name": "CAREER: Bioinspired Adaptively Reconfigurable Material Systems  for Programmable and Autonomous Metal Ion Separations", "funder_award_id": "1724526", "funder_id": "https://openalex.org/F4320306076", "funder_display_name": "National Science Foundation"}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/G6098521345", "display_name": null, "funder_award_id": "FA9550", "funder_id": "https://openalex.org/F4320337345", "funder_display_name": "Office of Naval Research"}], "funders": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/F4320306076", "display_name": "National Science Foundation", "ror": "https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/F4320337345", "display_name": "Office of Naval Research", "ror": "https://ror.org/00rk2pe57"}], "has_content": {"grobid_xml": true, "pdf": true}, "content_urls": {"pdf": "https://content.openalex.org/works/W3215550987.pdf", "grobid_xml": "https://content.openalex.org/works/W3215550987.grobid-xml"}, "referenced_works_count": 147, "referenced_works": ["https://openalex.org/W1200370352", "https://openalex.org/W1644795810", "https://openalex.org/W1930682875", "https://openalex.org/W1963821148", "https://openalex.org/W1978753416", "https://openalex.org/W1980261332", "https://openalex.org/W1987381981", "https://openalex.org/W1991297909", "https://openalex.org/W1992812695", "https://openalex.org/W2005875530", "https://openalex.org/W2006512803", "https://openalex.org/W2007924815", "https://openalex.org/W2010178738", "https://openalex.org/W2016298708", "https://openalex.org/W2021538330", "https://openalex.org/W2023173825", "https://openalex.org/W2024961805", "https://openalex.org/W2029407939", "https://openalex.org/W2035155402", "https://openalex.org/W2037901685", "https://openalex.org/W2038269690", "https://openalex.org/W2046658919", "https://openalex.org/W2053958022", "https://openalex.org/W2055524690", "https://openalex.org/W2056370235", "https://openalex.org/W2061223276", "https://openalex.org/W2067599426", "https://openalex.org/W2067957507", "https://openalex.org/W2071188031", "https://openalex.org/W2073731053", "https://openalex.org/W2074889279", "https://openalex.org/W2100995256", "https://openalex.org/W2122214061", "https://openalex.org/W2124046972", "https://openalex.org/W2126052881", "https://openalex.org/W2131155569", "https://openalex.org/W2139676030", "https://openalex.org/W2142640558", "https://openalex.org/W2147248299", "https://openalex.org/W2154963933", "https://openalex.org/W2158900663", "https://openalex.org/W2166097094", "https://openalex.org/W2168792760", "https://openalex.org/W2170562875", "https://openalex.org/W2189361793", "https://openalex.org/W2204643905", "https://openalex.org/W2222188174", "https://openalex.org/W2224750552", "https://openalex.org/W2266720690", "https://openalex.org/W2285898182", "https://openalex.org/W2323956509", "https://openalex.org/W2345116627", "https://openalex.org/W2412969968", "https://openalex.org/W2462604806", "https://openalex.org/W2463052324", "https://openalex.org/W2515930553", "https://openalex.org/W2517713314", "https://openalex.org/W2519944552", "https://openalex.org/W2524571899", "https://openalex.org/W2540149240", "https://openalex.org/W2549739005", "https://openalex.org/W2553141329", "https://openalex.org/W2560704029", "https://openalex.org/W2564130887", "https://openalex.org/W2566075616", "https://openalex.org/W2571484255", "https://openalex.org/W2572076474", "https://openalex.org/W2584350454", "https://openalex.org/W2586319151", "https://openalex.org/W2587041470", "https://openalex.org/W2589298423", "https://openalex.org/W2602316018", "https://openalex.org/W2605221221", "https://openalex.org/W2617647792", "https://openalex.org/W2620244975", "https://openalex.org/W2622630997", "https://openalex.org/W2624371094", "https://openalex.org/W2719477690", "https://openalex.org/W2725448720", "https://openalex.org/W2743548951", "https://openalex.org/W2755921665", "https://openalex.org/W2761310849", "https://openalex.org/W2763890960", "https://openalex.org/W2765248538", "https://openalex.org/W2766476288", "https://openalex.org/W2767139586", "https://openalex.org/W2773493742", "https://openalex.org/W2784911769", "https://openalex.org/W2785110060", "https://openalex.org/W2787690100", "https://openalex.org/W2789418330", "https://openalex.org/W2790084889", "https://openalex.org/W2790966826", "https://openalex.org/W2791180667", "https://openalex.org/W2795495723", "https://openalex.org/W2799667124", "https://openalex.org/W2803735436", "https://openalex.org/W2804970630", "https://openalex.org/W2805956980", "https://openalex.org/W2808804509", "https://openalex.org/W2883279767", "https://openalex.org/W2883681670", "https://openalex.org/W2888050400", "https://openalex.org/W2892704179", "https://openalex.org/W2892818922", "https://openalex.org/W2899265110", "https://openalex.org/W2899640472", "https://openalex.org/W2905880610", "https://openalex.org/W2911624429", "https://openalex.org/W2931643326", "https://openalex.org/W2938370964", "https://openalex.org/W2944859144", "https://openalex.org/W2947845026", "https://openalex.org/W2949174210", "https://openalex.org/W2955102412", "https://openalex.org/W2955631115", "https://openalex.org/W2966665557", "https://openalex.org/W2968879538", "https://openalex.org/W2969509786", "https://openalex.org/W2971278234", "https://openalex.org/W2984486137", "https://openalex.org/W2987068209", "https://openalex.org/W2991092615", "https://openalex.org/W2991578508", "https://openalex.org/W2996185064", "https://openalex.org/W3003175584", "https://openalex.org/W3004880846", "https://openalex.org/W3015336004", "https://openalex.org/W3024624164", "https://openalex.org/W3031329960", "https://openalex.org/W3035767355", "https://openalex.org/W3037874078", "https://openalex.org/W3043401817", "https://openalex.org/W3094053820", "https://openalex.org/W3094550415", "https://openalex.org/W3101960347", "https://openalex.org/W3104511684", "https://openalex.org/W3110083625", "https://openalex.org/W3125476309", "https://openalex.org/W3127987319", "https://openalex.org/W3129596738", "https://openalex.org/W3141178757", "https://openalex.org/W3145158847", "https://openalex.org/W3185031264", "https://openalex.org/W4210462362", "https://openalex.org/W4211158994", "https://openalex.org/W4242388220"], "related_works": ["https://openalex.org/W1898391171", "https://openalex.org/W3023990201", "https://openalex.org/W3112293155", "https://openalex.org/W2891132044", "https://openalex.org/W2364388585", "https://openalex.org/W4392865002", "https://openalex.org/W3195909288", "https://openalex.org/W4388570999", "https://openalex.org/W281255043", "https://openalex.org/W381205944"], "abstract_inverted_index": {"This": [0], "article": [1], "reviews": [2], "recent": [3], "progress": [4], "in": [5], "the": [6, 45, 50], "use": [7], "of": [8, 19, 47, 52, 63, 87], "stimuli-responsive": [9, 21, 69, 88], "polymers": [10, 27, 70], "for": [11, 57, 71, 91], "soft": [12, 64, 89], "robotics.": [13], "First,": [14], "we": [15, 81], "introduce": [16], "different": [17], "types": [18], "representative": [20], "polymers,": [22, 33, 37], "which": [23], "include": [24], "liquid": [25], "crystal": [26], "and": [28, 38, 49, 54, 77, 85], "elastomers,": [29, 35], "hydrogels,": [30], "shape": [31], "memory": [32], "magnetic": [34], "electroactive": [36], "thermal": [39], "expansion": [40], "actuators.": [41], "We": [42, 59], "focus": [43], "on": [44, 68], "mechanisms": [46], "actuation": [48], "evaluation": [51], "performance": [53], "discuss": [55, 82], "strategies": [56], "improvements.": [58], "then": [60], "present": [61], "examples": [62], "robotic": [65], "applications": [66], "based": [67], "bending,": [72], "grasping,": [73], "walking,": [74], "swimming,": [75], "flying,": [76], "sensing": [78], "control.": [79], "Finally,": [80], "current": [83], "opportunities": [84], "challenges": [86], "robots": [90], "future": [92], "study.": [93]}, "counts_by_year": [{"year": 2026, "cited_by_count": 10}, {"year": 2025, "cited_by_count": 31}, {"year": 2024, "cited_by_count": 38}, {"year": 2023, "cited_by_count": 13}, {"year": 2022, "cited_by_count": 5}], "updated_date": "2026-07-17T05:52:16.776730", "created_date": "2025-10-10T00:00:00"}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/W3208608566", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3390/gels7040182", "title": "Hydrogels Classification According to the Physical or Chemical Interactions and as Stimuli-Sensitive Materials", "display_name": "Hydrogels Classification According to the Physical or Chemical Interactions and as Stimuli-Sensitive Materials", "relevance_score": 270.21194, "publication_year": 2021, "publication_date": "2021-10-25", "ids": {"openalex": "https://openalex.org/W3208608566", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3390/gels7040182", "mag": "3208608566", "pmid": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34842654"}, "language": "en", "primary_location": {"id": "doi:10.3390/gels7040182", "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/gels7040182", "pdf_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2310-2861/7/4/182/pdf?version=1635486793", "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S2737559645", "display_name": "Gels", "issn_l": "2310-2861", "issn": ["2310-2861"], "is_oa": true, "is_in_doaj": true, "is_core": true, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/P4310310987", "host_organization_name": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"], "host_organization_lineage_names": ["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"], "type": "journal"}, "license": "cc-by", "license_id": "https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by", "version": "publishedVersion", "is_accepted": true, "is_published": true, "raw_source_name": "Gels", "raw_type": "journal-article"}, "type": "article", "indexed_in": ["crossref", "doaj", "pubmed"], "open_access": {"is_oa": true, "oa_status": "gold", "oa_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2310-2861/7/4/182/pdf?version=1635486793", "any_repository_has_fulltext": true}, "authorships": [{"author_position": "first", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5074396795", "display_name": "Mois\u00e9s Bustamante-Torres", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1550-8205"}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I3130401523", "display_name": "Universidad Yachay Tech", "ror": "https://ror.org/04jjswc10", "country_code": "EC", "type": "education", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I3130401523"]}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/I8961855", "display_name": "Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico", "ror": "https://ror.org/01tmp8f25", "country_code": "MX", "type": "education", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I8961855"]}], "countries": ["EC", "MX"], "is_corresponding": true, "raw_author_name": "Moises Bustamante-Torres", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["Departamento de Biolog\u00eda, Escuela de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas e Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad de Investigaci\u00f3n de Tecnolog\u00eda Experimental Yachay, Urcuqu\u00ed 100650, Ecuador", "Departamento de Qu\u00edmica de Radiaciones y Radioqu\u00edmica, Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 04510, Mexico"], "raw_orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1550-8205", "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "Departamento de Biolog\u00eda, Escuela de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas e Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad de Investigaci\u00f3n de Tecnolog\u00eda Experimental Yachay, Urcuqu\u00ed 100650, Ecuador", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I3130401523"]}, {"raw_affiliation_string": "Departamento de Qu\u00edmica de Radiaciones y Radioqu\u00edmica, Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 04510, Mexico", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I8961855"]}]}, {"author_position": "middle", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5001292367", "display_name": "David Romero-Fierro", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8548-1445"}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I3130401523", "display_name": "Universidad Yachay Tech", "ror": "https://ror.org/04jjswc10", "country_code": "EC", "type": "education", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I3130401523"]}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/I8961855", "display_name": "Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico", "ror": "https://ror.org/01tmp8f25", "country_code": "MX", "type": "education", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I8961855"]}], "countries": ["EC", "MX"], "is_corresponding": false, "raw_author_name": "David Romero-Fierro", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["Departamento de Qu\u00edmica de Radiaciones y Radioqu\u00edmica, Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 04510, Mexico", "Departamento de Qu\u00edmica, Escuela de Ciencias Qu\u00edmica e Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad de Investigaci\u00f3n de Tecnolog\u00eda Experimental Yachay, Urcuqu\u00ed 100650, Ecuador"], "raw_orcid": null, "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "Departamento de Qu\u00edmica de Radiaciones y Radioqu\u00edmica, Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 04510, Mexico", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I8961855"]}, {"raw_affiliation_string": "Departamento de Qu\u00edmica, Escuela de Ciencias Qu\u00edmica e Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad de Investigaci\u00f3n de Tecnolog\u00eda Experimental Yachay, Urcuqu\u00ed 100650, Ecuador", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I3130401523"]}]}, {"author_position": "middle", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5014621218", "display_name": "Bel\u00e9n Arcentales-Vera", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2433-0955"}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I3130401523", "display_name": "Universidad Yachay Tech", "ror": "https://ror.org/04jjswc10", "country_code": "EC", "type": "education", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I3130401523"]}], "countries": ["EC"], "is_corresponding": false, "raw_author_name": "Bel\u00e9n Arcentales-Vera", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["Departamento de Qu\u00edmica, Escuela de Ciencias Qu\u00edmica e Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad de Investigaci\u00f3n de Tecnolog\u00eda Experimental Yachay, Urcuqu\u00ed 100650, Ecuador"], "raw_orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2433-0955", "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "Departamento de Qu\u00edmica, Escuela de Ciencias Qu\u00edmica e Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad de Investigaci\u00f3n de Tecnolog\u00eda Experimental Yachay, Urcuqu\u00ed 100650, Ecuador", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I3130401523"]}]}, {"author_position": "middle", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5039383186", "display_name": "Kenia Palomino", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5650-2913"}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I173664879", "display_name": "Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Baja California", "ror": "https://ror.org/05xwcq167", "country_code": "MX", "type": "education", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I173664879"]}], "countries": ["MX"], "is_corresponding": false, "raw_author_name": "Kenia Palomino", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas e Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Baja California, Calzada Universidad 14418, Parque Industrial Internacional Tijuana, Tijuana 22390, Mexico"], "raw_orcid": null, "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas e Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Baja California, Calzada Universidad 14418, Parque Industrial Internacional Tijuana, Tijuana 22390, Mexico", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I173664879"]}]}, {"author_position": "middle", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5083525779", "display_name": "H\u00e9ctor Maga\u00f1a", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7977-8023"}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I173664879", "display_name": "Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Baja California", "ror": "https://ror.org/05xwcq167", "country_code": "MX", "type": "education", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I173664879"]}], "countries": ["MX"], "is_corresponding": true, "raw_author_name": "H\u00e9ctor Maga\u00f1a", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas e Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Baja California, Calzada Universidad 14418, Parque Industrial Internacional Tijuana, Tijuana 22390, Mexico"], "raw_orcid": null, "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas e Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Baja California, Calzada Universidad 14418, Parque Industrial Internacional Tijuana, Tijuana 22390, Mexico", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I173664879"]}]}, {"author_position": "last", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5079445789", "display_name": "Emilio Bucio", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4853-125X"}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I8961855", "display_name": "Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico", "ror": "https://ror.org/01tmp8f25", "country_code": "MX", "type": "education", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I8961855"]}], "countries": ["MX"], "is_corresponding": true, "raw_author_name": "Emilio Bucio", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["Departamento de Qu\u00edmica de Radiaciones y Radioqu\u00edmica, Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 04510, Mexico"], "raw_orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4853-125X", "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "Departamento de Qu\u00edmica de Radiaciones y Radioqu\u00edmica, Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 04510, Mexico", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I8961855"]}]}], "institutions": [], "countries_distinct_count": 2, "institutions_distinct_count": 3, "corresponding_author_ids": ["https://openalex.org/A5074396795", "https://openalex.org/A5079445789", "https://openalex.org/A5083525779"], "corresponding_institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I173664879", "https://openalex.org/I3130401523", "https://openalex.org/I8961855"], "apc_list": {"value": 1800, "currency": "CHF", "value_usd": 2004}, "apc_paid": {"value": 1800, "currency": "CHF", "value_usd": 2004}, "fwci": 13.0246, "has_fulltext": true, "cited_by_count": 387, "citation_normalized_percentile": {"value": 0.99572743, "is_in_top_1_percent": true, "is_in_top_10_percent": true}, "cited_by_percentile_year": {"min": 93, "max": 100}, "biblio": {"volume": "7", "issue": "4", "first_page": "182", "last_page": "182"}, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "is_xpac": false, "primary_topic": {"id": "https://openalex.org/T10343", "display_name": "Hydrogels: synthesis, properties, applications", "score": 0.9998000264167786, "subfield": {"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/1313", "display_name": "Molecular Medicine"}, "field": {"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/13", "display_name": "Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"}, "domain": {"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/1", "display_name": "Life Sciences"}}, "topics": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/T10343", "display_name": "Hydrogels: synthesis, properties, applications", "score": 0.9998000264167786, "subfield": {"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/1313", "display_name": "Molecular Medicine"}, "field": {"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/13", "display_name": "Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"}, "domain": {"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/1", "display_name": "Life Sciences"}}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/T11419", "display_name": "Supramolecular Self-Assembly in Materials", "score": 0.9969000220298767, "subfield": {"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/2502", "display_name": "Biomaterials"}, "field": {"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/25", "display_name": "Materials Science"}, "domain": {"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3", "display_name": "Physical Sciences"}}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/T10338", "display_name": "Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials", "score": 0.9944999814033508, "subfield": {"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/2204", "display_name": "Biomedical Engineering"}, "field": {"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/22", "display_name": "Engineering"}, "domain": {"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3", "display_name": "Physical Sciences"}}], "keywords": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/self-healing-hydrogels", "display_name": "Self-healing hydrogels", "score": 0.9731322526931763}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/amphiphile", "display_name": "Amphiphile", "score": 0.6984411478042603}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/copolymer", "display_name": "Copolymer", "score": 0.5970743298530579}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/crystallinity", "display_name": "Crystallinity", "score": 0.5855538845062256}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science", "display_name": "Materials science", "score": 0.570145308971405}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/nanotechnology", "display_name": "Nanotechnology", "score": 0.4739570617675781}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/drug-delivery", "display_name": "Drug delivery", "score": 0.45144814252853394}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/polymer", "display_name": "Polymer", "score": 0.43959274888038635}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/hydrogen-bond", "display_name": "Hydrogen bond", "score": 0.4199703633785248}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/chemical-engineering", "display_name": "Chemical engineering", "score": 0.4146944284439087}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/chemistry", "display_name": "Chemistry", "score": 0.30855536460876465}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/polymer-chemistry", "display_name": "Polymer chemistry", "score": 0.2675623297691345}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/molecule", "display_name": "Molecule", "score": 0.16317126154899597}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/organic-chemistry", "display_name": "Organic chemistry", "score": 0.10793313384056091}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/composite-material", "display_name": "Composite material", "score": 0.08316978812217712}], "concepts": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/C108586683", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17164826", "display_name": "Self-healing hydrogels", "level": 2, "score": 0.9731322526931763}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C67407626", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5723218", "display_name": "Amphiphile", "level": 4, "score": 0.6984411478042603}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C15920480", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q421281", "display_name": "Copolymer", "level": 3, "score": 0.5970743298530579}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C46275449", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2458815", "display_name": "Crystallinity", "level": 2, "score": 0.5855538845062256}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C192562407", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736", "display_name": "Materials science", "level": 0, "score": 0.570145308971405}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C171250308", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468", "display_name": "Nanotechnology", "level": 1, "score": 0.4739570617675781}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779820397", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1392806", "display_name": "Drug delivery", "level": 2, "score": 0.45144814252853394}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C521977710", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81163", "display_name": "Polymer", "level": 2, "score": 0.43959274888038635}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C112887158", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169324", "display_name": "Hydrogen bond", "level": 3, "score": 0.4199703633785248}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C42360764", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83588", "display_name": "Chemical engineering", "level": 1, "score": 0.4146944284439087}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C185592680", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329", "display_name": "Chemistry", "level": 0, "score": 0.30855536460876465}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C188027245", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750446", "display_name": "Polymer chemistry", "level": 1, "score": 0.2675623297691345}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C32909587", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11369", "display_name": "Molecule", "level": 2, "score": 0.16317126154899597}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C178790620", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351", "display_name": "Organic chemistry", "level": 1, "score": 0.10793313384056091}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C159985019", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790", "display_name": "Composite material", "level": 1, "score": 0.08316978812217712}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023", "display_name": "Engineering", "level": 0, "score": 0.0}], "mesh": [], "locations_count": 5, "locations": [{"id": "doi:10.3390/gels7040182", "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/gels7040182", "pdf_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2310-2861/7/4/182/pdf?version=1635486793", "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S2737559645", "display_name": "Gels", "issn_l": "2310-2861", "issn": ["2310-2861"], "is_oa": true, "is_in_doaj": true, "is_core": true, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/P4310310987", "host_organization_name": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"], "host_organization_lineage_names": ["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"], "type": "journal"}, "license": "cc-by", "license_id": "https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by", "version": "publishedVersion", "is_accepted": true, "is_published": true, "raw_source_name": "Gels", "raw_type": "journal-article"}, {"id": "pmid:34842654", "is_oa": false, "landing_page_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34842654", "pdf_url": null, "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036", "display_name": "PubMed", "issn_l": null, "issn": null, "is_oa": false, "is_in_doaj": false, "is_core": false, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/I1299303238", "host_organization_name": "National Institutes of Health", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"], "host_organization_lineage_names": [], "type": "repository"}, "license": null, "license_id": null, "version": "publishedVersion", "is_accepted": true, "is_published": true, "raw_source_name": "Gels (Basel, Switzerland)", "raw_type": null}, {"id": "pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:8d2b477d49104a12b697473ba02bddd9", "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "https://doaj.org/article/8d2b477d49104a12b697473ba02bddd9", "pdf_url": null, "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306401280", "display_name": "DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)", "issn_l": null, "issn": null, "is_oa": false, "is_in_doaj": false, "is_core": false, "host_organization": null, "host_organization_name": null, "host_organization_lineage": [], "host_organization_lineage_names": [], "type": "repository"}, "license": "cc-by-sa", "license_id": "https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa", "version": "submittedVersion", "is_accepted": false, "is_published": false, "raw_source_name": "Gels, Vol 7, Iss 4, p 182 (2021)", "raw_type": "article"}, {"id": "pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2310-2861/7/4/182/", "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels7040182", "pdf_url": null, "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306400947", "display_name": "MDPI (MDPI AG)", "issn_l": null, "issn": null, "is_oa": true, "is_in_doaj": false, "is_core": false, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/I4210097602", "host_organization_name": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"], "host_organization_lineage_names": [], "type": "repository"}, "license": "cc-by", "license_id": "https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by", "version": "submittedVersion", "is_accepted": false, "is_published": false, "raw_source_name": "Gels; Volume 7; Issue 4; Pages: 182", "raw_type": "Text"}, {"id": "pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8628675", "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8628675", "pdf_url": null, "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S2764455111", "display_name": "PubMed Central", "issn_l": null, "issn": null, "is_oa": true, "is_in_doaj": false, "is_core": false, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/I1299303238", "host_organization_name": "National Institutes of Health", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"], "host_organization_lineage_names": [], "type": "repository"}, "license": "cc-by", "license_id": "https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by", "version": "submittedVersion", "is_accepted": false, "is_published": false, "raw_source_name": "Gels", "raw_type": "Text"}], "best_oa_location": {"id": "doi:10.3390/gels7040182", "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/gels7040182", "pdf_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2310-2861/7/4/182/pdf?version=1635486793", "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S2737559645", "display_name": "Gels", "issn_l": "2310-2861", "issn": ["2310-2861"], "is_oa": true, "is_in_doaj": true, "is_core": true, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/P4310310987", "host_organization_name": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"], "host_organization_lineage_names": ["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"], "type": "journal"}, "license": "cc-by", "license_id": "https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by", "version": "publishedVersion", "is_accepted": true, "is_published": true, "raw_source_name": "Gels", "raw_type": "journal-article"}, "sustainable_development_goals": [{"id": "https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6", "score": 0.7099999785423279, "display_name": "Clean water and sanitation"}], "awards": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/G3193907213", "display_name": null, "funder_award_id": "CB2017-2018", "funder_id": "https://openalex.org/F4320321739", "funder_display_name": "Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda"}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/G6705382486", "display_name": null, "funder_award_id": "IN202320", "funder_id": "https://openalex.org/F4320335100", "funder_display_name": "Direcci\u00f3n General de Asuntos del Personal Acad\u00e9mico, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico"}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/G6958583472", "display_name": null, "funder_award_id": "A1-S-", "funder_id": "https://openalex.org/F4320321739", "funder_display_name": "Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda"}], "funders": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/F4320321739", "display_name": "Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda", "ror": "https://ror.org/059ex5q34"}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/F4320323401", "display_name": "Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico", "ror": "https://ror.org/01tmp8f25"}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/F4320335100", "display_name": "Direcci\u00f3n General de Asuntos del Personal Acad\u00e9mico, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico", "ror": "https://ror.org/01tmp8f25"}], "has_content": {"grobid_xml": false, "pdf": true}, "content_urls": {"pdf": "https://content.openalex.org/works/W3208608566.pdf"}, "referenced_works_count": 209, "referenced_works": ["https://openalex.org/W1573420", "https://openalex.org/W175748349", "https://openalex.org/W182121138", "https://openalex.org/W657862629", "https://openalex.org/W1494300026", "https://openalex.org/W1515338173", "https://openalex.org/W1517626843", "https://openalex.org/W1926825822", "https://openalex.org/W1963720333", "https://openalex.org/W1967203266", "https://openalex.org/W1969138604", "https://openalex.org/W1970438751", "https://openalex.org/W1972793675", "https://openalex.org/W1978943980", "https://openalex.org/W1982449258", "https://openalex.org/W1985753871", "https://openalex.org/W1986528315", "https://openalex.org/W1991986285", "https://openalex.org/W1994746216", "https://openalex.org/W1995168447", "https://openalex.org/W1996153600", "https://openalex.org/W1997870257", "https://openalex.org/W1997978522", "https://openalex.org/W1998451207", "https://openalex.org/W1998849050", "https://openalex.org/W2000319611", "https://openalex.org/W2000405623", "https://openalex.org/W2000864034", "https://openalex.org/W2001144863", "https://openalex.org/W2001630223", "https://openalex.org/W2003679027", "https://openalex.org/W2003904093", "https://openalex.org/W2005066460", "https://openalex.org/W2005440772", "https://openalex.org/W2007059562", "https://openalex.org/W2007262243", "https://openalex.org/W2010294481", "https://openalex.org/W2014628487", "https://openalex.org/W2014985870", "https://openalex.org/W2015796695", "https://openalex.org/W2016200917", "https://openalex.org/W2016983741", "https://openalex.org/W2020338027", "https://openalex.org/W2021366091", "https://openalex.org/W2022511160", "https://openalex.org/W2024022876", "https://openalex.org/W2024306244", "https://openalex.org/W2024906879", "https://openalex.org/W2024961805", "https://openalex.org/W2025230468", "https://openalex.org/W2029340155", "https://openalex.org/W2030960478", "https://openalex.org/W2031449366", "https://openalex.org/W2032104553", "https://openalex.org/W2032684696", "https://openalex.org/W2033278174", "https://openalex.org/W2034383957", "https://openalex.org/W2034576335", "https://openalex.org/W2034580231", "https://openalex.org/W2038505797", "https://openalex.org/W2043468722", "https://openalex.org/W2044076998", "https://openalex.org/W2044512869", "https://openalex.org/W2052614628", "https://openalex.org/W2053565205", "https://openalex.org/W2054600419", "https://openalex.org/W2054632115", "https://openalex.org/W2056558046", "https://openalex.org/W2058969317", "https://openalex.org/W2059563833", "https://openalex.org/W2060239018", "https://openalex.org/W2061894534", "https://openalex.org/W2062200635", "https://openalex.org/W2067599444", "https://openalex.org/W2067862631", "https://openalex.org/W2068422401", "https://openalex.org/W2068755680", "https://openalex.org/W2069508413", "https://openalex.org/W2069908372", "https://openalex.org/W2070338617", "https://openalex.org/W2070354803", "https://openalex.org/W2073693016", "https://openalex.org/W2074630757", "https://openalex.org/W2078414892", "https://openalex.org/W2082375534", "https://openalex.org/W2082511674", "https://openalex.org/W2085583717", "https://openalex.org/W2086245549", "https://openalex.org/W2087208805", "https://openalex.org/W2089869065", "https://openalex.org/W2092232077", "https://openalex.org/W2092285586", "https://openalex.org/W2092860016", "https://openalex.org/W2093161248", "https://openalex.org/W2095312194", "https://openalex.org/W2099111658", "https://openalex.org/W2104288857", "https://openalex.org/W2105532128", "https://openalex.org/W2105643583", "https://openalex.org/W2105718958", "https://openalex.org/W2108559938", "https://openalex.org/W2110766428", "https://openalex.org/W2112404993", "https://openalex.org/W2114526630", "https://openalex.org/W2115552610", "https://openalex.org/W2116212113", "https://openalex.org/W2117208960", "https://openalex.org/W2118330521", "https://openalex.org/W2126017645", "https://openalex.org/W2126956733", "https://openalex.org/W2141168393", "https://openalex.org/W2141393522", "https://openalex.org/W2141947008", "https://openalex.org/W2142956278", "https://openalex.org/W2144965887", "https://openalex.org/W2145496621", "https://openalex.org/W2150473827", "https://openalex.org/W2152199881", "https://openalex.org/W2153902823", "https://openalex.org/W2154869591", "https://openalex.org/W2161823115", "https://openalex.org/W2165694975", "https://openalex.org/W2175485517", "https://openalex.org/W2223271283", "https://openalex.org/W2236350172", "https://openalex.org/W2261607103", "https://openalex.org/W2284049329", "https://openalex.org/W2309781678", "https://openalex.org/W2343599395", "https://openalex.org/W2347001395", "https://openalex.org/W2419002953", "https://openalex.org/W2436586113", "https://openalex.org/W2467822901", "https://openalex.org/W2488235017", "https://openalex.org/W2489880094", "https://openalex.org/W2498260557", "https://openalex.org/W2507122172", "https://openalex.org/W2520185776", "https://openalex.org/W2527569309", "https://openalex.org/W2531279819", "https://openalex.org/W2539107597", "https://openalex.org/W2559482062", "https://openalex.org/W2581108109", "https://openalex.org/W2594569179", "https://openalex.org/W2602314360", "https://openalex.org/W2605877413", "https://openalex.org/W2606251873", "https://openalex.org/W2756940977", "https://openalex.org/W2759800843", "https://openalex.org/W2764051437", "https://openalex.org/W2765789075", "https://openalex.org/W2800680006", "https://openalex.org/W2810136166", "https://openalex.org/W2878752601", "https://openalex.org/W2886354371", "https://openalex.org/W2889915229", "https://openalex.org/W2890082438", "https://openalex.org/W2909925856", "https://openalex.org/W2911082515", "https://openalex.org/W2935245346", "https://openalex.org/W2937376514", "https://openalex.org/W2950922659", "https://openalex.org/W2953338946", "https://openalex.org/W2964605829", "https://openalex.org/W2967926105", "https://openalex.org/W2969065707", "https://openalex.org/W2979675549", "https://openalex.org/W2980691871", "https://openalex.org/W2980763124", "https://openalex.org/W2985552843", "https://openalex.org/W2988139359", "https://openalex.org/W2995972452", "https://openalex.org/W2998248368", "https://openalex.org/W2999898840", "https://openalex.org/W3005888159", "https://openalex.org/W3009046733", "https://openalex.org/W3009179976", "https://openalex.org/W3011827102", "https://openalex.org/W3013059604", "https://openalex.org/W3015986035", "https://openalex.org/W3022831845", "https://openalex.org/W3037874078", "https://openalex.org/W3043212772", "https://openalex.org/W3044070360", "https://openalex.org/W3048604944", "https://openalex.org/W3107339266", "https://openalex.org/W3131165021", "https://openalex.org/W3157868936", "https://openalex.org/W3159984328", "https://openalex.org/W3165130963", "https://openalex.org/W3168754660", "https://openalex.org/W3182473761", "https://openalex.org/W3197491844", "https://openalex.org/W3199371411", "https://openalex.org/W4206558038", "https://openalex.org/W4211038111", "https://openalex.org/W4232320828", "https://openalex.org/W4237639082", "https://openalex.org/W4240194331", "https://openalex.org/W4241712141", "https://openalex.org/W4244427868", "https://openalex.org/W4244523227", "https://openalex.org/W4251987311", "https://openalex.org/W4255998397", "https://openalex.org/W4256414847", "https://openalex.org/W4298279660", "https://openalex.org/W6607153982", "https://openalex.org/W6677578919", "https://openalex.org/W6677597118"], "related_works": ["https://openalex.org/W2259847155", "https://openalex.org/W2921683983", "https://openalex.org/W2167791234", "https://openalex.org/W2784412223", "https://openalex.org/W4285099618", "https://openalex.org/W2313636171", "https://openalex.org/W2971201981", "https://openalex.org/W3152268662", "https://openalex.org/W4313334364", "https://openalex.org/W3092947717"], "abstract_inverted_index": {"Hydrogels": [0], "are": [1, 16, 63, 112], "attractive": [2], "biomaterials": [3, 33], "with": [4], "favorable": [5], "characteristics": [6], "due": [7], "to": [8, 39, 47], "their": [9, 45, 132], "water": [10], "uptake": [11], "capacity.": [12], "However,": [13], "hydrogel": [14], "properties": [15], "determined": [17], "by": [18, 44, 65, 103, 131], "the": [19, 24, 27, 30, 40, 53, 60, 92, 145, 150, 154, 162, 169], "cross-linking": [20, 109], "degree": [21], "and": [22, 26, 43, 87, 111, 120, 139, 183], "nature,": [23], "tacticity,": [25], "crystallinity": [28], "of": [29, 147, 161, 165], "polymer.": [31], "These": [32, 68], "can": [34, 56, 71, 95], "be": [35, 57, 72, 96], "sorted": [36], "out": [37], "according": [38], "internal": [41, 54, 61, 93, 151], "structure": [42, 152], "response": [46], "external": [48, 133, 155], "factors.": [49], "In": [50, 90], "this": [51], "case,": [52], "interaction": [55, 94], "reversible": [58], "when": [59], "chains": [62], "led": [64], "physicochemical": [66], "interactions.": [67, 89], "physical": [69], "hydrogels": [70, 102, 126, 167], "synthesized": [73], "through": [74, 98], "several": [75], "techniques": [76], "such": [77, 172], "as": [78, 173], "crystallization,": [79], "amphiphilic": [80], "copolymers,": [81], "charge": [82], "interactions,": [83], "hydrogen": [84], "bonds,": [85], "stereo-complexing,": [86], "protein": [88], "contrast,": [91], "irreversible": [97], "covalent": [99], "cross-linking.": [100], "Synthesized": [101], "chemical": [104], "interactions": [105], "present": [106], "a": [107], "high": [108], "density": [110], "employed": [113], "using": [114], "graft": [115], "copolymerization,": [116], "reactive": [117], "functional": [118], "groups,": [119], "enzymatic": [121], "methods.": [122], "Moreover,": [123], "specific": [124], "smart": [125], "have": [127], "also": [128], "been": [129], "denoted": [130], "response,": [134], "pH,": [135], "temperature,": [136], "electric,": [137], "light,": [138], "enzyme.": [140], "This": [141], "review": [142], "deeply": [143], "details": [144], "type": [146], "hydrogel,": [148], "either": [149], "or": [153], "response.": [156], "Furthermore,": [157], "we": [158], "detail": [159], "some": [160], "main": [163], "applications": [164], "these": [166], "in": [168], "biomedicine": [170], "field,": [171], "drug": [174], "delivery": [175], "systems,": [176], "scaffolds": [177], "for": [178], "tissue": [179], "engineering,": [180], "actuators,": [181], "biosensors,": [182], "many": [184], "other": [185], "applications.": [186]}, "counts_by_year": [{"year": 2026, "cited_by_count": 58}, {"year": 2025, "cited_by_count": 143}, {"year": 2024, "cited_by_count": 96}, {"year": 2023, "cited_by_count": 55}, {"year": 2022, "cited_by_count": 33}, {"year": 2021, "cited_by_count": 2}], "updated_date": "2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105", "created_date": "2025-10-10T00:00:00"}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/W3047968485", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-17775-4", "title": "In-air fast response and high speed jumping and rolling of a light-driven hydrogel actuator", "display_name": "In-air fast response and high speed jumping and rolling of a light-driven hydrogel actuator", "relevance_score": 254.34196, "publication_year": 2020, "publication_date": "2020-08-10", "ids": {"openalex": "https://openalex.org/W3047968485", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-17775-4", "mag": "3047968485", "pmid": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32778650"}, "language": "en", "primary_location": {"id": "doi:10.1038/s41467-020-17775-4", "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-17775-4", "pdf_url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-17775-4.pdf", "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S64187185", "display_name": "Nature Communications", "issn_l": "2041-1723", "issn": ["2041-1723"], "is_oa": true, "is_in_doaj": true, "is_core": true, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/P4310319908", "host_organization_name": "Nature Portfolio", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/P4310319908", "https://openalex.org/P4310319965"], "host_organization_lineage_names": ["Nature Portfolio", "Springer Nature"], "type": "journal"}, "license": "cc-by", "license_id": "https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by", "version": "publishedVersion", "is_accepted": true, "is_published": true, "raw_source_name": "Nature Communications", "raw_type": "journal-article"}, "type": "article", "indexed_in": ["crossref", "doaj", "pubmed"], "open_access": {"is_oa": true, "oa_status": "gold", "oa_url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-17775-4.pdf", "any_repository_has_fulltext": true}, "authorships": [{"author_position": "first", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5061379723", "display_name": "Mingtong Li", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1685-6052"}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I3923682", "display_name": "Soochow University", "ror": "https://ror.org/05t8y2r12", "country_code": "CN", "type": "education", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I3923682"]}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/I4210135521", "display_name": "Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems", "ror": "https://ror.org/04fq9j139", "country_code": "DE", "type": "facility", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I149899117", "https://openalex.org/I4210135521"]}], "countries": ["CN", "DE"], "is_corresponding": false, "raw_author_name": "Mingtong Li", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 215123, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China", "Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany"], "raw_orcid": null, "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 215123, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I3923682"]}, {"raw_affiliation_string": "Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I4210135521"]}]}, {"author_position": "middle", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5100327912", "display_name": "Xin Wang", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2373-6139"}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I3923682", "display_name": "Soochow University", "ror": "https://ror.org/05t8y2r12", "country_code": "CN", "type": "education", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I3923682"]}], "countries": ["CN"], "is_corresponding": false, "raw_author_name": "Xin Wang", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 215123, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China"], "raw_orcid": null, "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 215123, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I3923682"]}]}, {"author_position": "middle", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5017499337", "display_name": "Bin Dong", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5681-372X"}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I3923682", "display_name": "Soochow University", "ror": "https://ror.org/05t8y2r12", "country_code": "CN", "type": "education", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I3923682"]}], "countries": ["CN"], "is_corresponding": true, "raw_author_name": "Bin Dong", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 215123, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China. bdong@suda.edu.cn", "Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 215123, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China"], "raw_orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5681-372X", "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 215123, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China. bdong@suda.edu.cn", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I3923682"]}, {"raw_affiliation_string": "Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 215123, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I3923682"]}]}, {"author_position": "last", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5079968392", "display_name": "Metin Sitti", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8249-3854"}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I4210135521", "display_name": "Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems", "ror": "https://ror.org/04fq9j139", "country_code": "DE", "type": "facility", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I149899117", "https://openalex.org/I4210135521"]}], "countries": ["DE"], "is_corresponding": true, "raw_author_name": "Metin Sitti", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany. sitti@is.mpg.de", "Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany"], "raw_orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8249-3854", "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany. sitti@is.mpg.de", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I4210135521"]}, {"raw_affiliation_string": "Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I4210135521"]}]}], "institutions": [], "countries_distinct_count": 2, "institutions_distinct_count": 2, "corresponding_author_ids": ["https://openalex.org/A5017499337", "https://openalex.org/A5079968392"], "corresponding_institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I3923682", "https://openalex.org/I4210135521"], "apc_list": {"value": 6290, "currency": "USD", "value_usd": 6290}, "apc_paid": {"value": 6290, "currency": "USD", "value_usd": 6290}, "fwci": 14.6995, "has_fulltext": true, "cited_by_count": 233, "citation_normalized_percentile": {"value": 0.99701639, "is_in_top_1_percent": true, "is_in_top_10_percent": true}, "cited_by_percentile_year": {"min": 94, "max": 100}, "biblio": {"volume": "11", "issue": "1", "first_page": "3988", "last_page": "3988"}, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "is_xpac": false, "primary_topic": {"id": "https://openalex.org/T11737", "display_name": "Advanced Materials and Mechanics", "score": 0.9998999834060669, "subfield": {"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/2210", "display_name": "Mechanical Engineering"}, "field": {"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/22", "display_name": "Engineering"}, "domain": {"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3", "display_name": "Physical Sciences"}}, "topics": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/T11737", "display_name": "Advanced Materials and Mechanics", "score": 0.9998999834060669, "subfield": {"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/2210", "display_name": "Mechanical Engineering"}, "field": {"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/22", "display_name": "Engineering"}, "domain": {"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3", "display_name": "Physical Sciences"}}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/T11486", "display_name": "Micro and Nano Robotics", "score": 0.9998000264167786, "subfield": {"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/3104", "display_name": "Condensed Matter Physics"}, "field": {"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/31", "display_name": "Physics and Astronomy"}, "domain": {"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3", "display_name": "Physical Sciences"}}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/T10338", "display_name": "Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials", "score": 0.9987999796867371, "subfield": {"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/2204", "display_name": "Biomedical Engineering"}, "field": {"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/22", "display_name": "Engineering"}, "domain": {"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3", "display_name": "Physical Sciences"}}], "keywords": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/actuator", "display_name": "Actuator", "score": 0.751480758190155}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science", "display_name": "Materials science", "score": 0.7046605348587036}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/self-healing-hydrogels", "display_name": "Self-healing hydrogels", "score": 0.5463703870773315}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/swelling", "display_name": "Swelling", "score": 0.5403850674629211}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/nanotechnology", "display_name": "Nanotechnology", "score": 0.5341495871543884}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/soft-robotics", "display_name": "Soft robotics", "score": 0.5232604742050171}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/photothermal-effect", "display_name": "Photothermal effect", "score": 0.48146548867225647}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/drug-delivery", "display_name": "Drug delivery", "score": 0.41518154740333557}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/photothermal-therapy", "display_name": "Photothermal therapy", "score": 0.38500452041625977}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science", "display_name": "Computer science", "score": 0.3516538739204407}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/composite-material", "display_name": "Composite material", "score": 0.20902296900749207}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence", "display_name": "Artificial intelligence", "score": 0.1828288435935974}], "concepts": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/C172707124", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q423488", "display_name": "Actuator", "level": 2, "score": 0.751480758190155}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C192562407", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736", "display_name": "Materials science", "level": 0, "score": 0.7046605348587036}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C108586683", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17164826", "display_name": "Self-healing hydrogels", "level": 2, "score": 0.5463703870773315}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778540859", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q152234", "display_name": "Swelling", "level": 2, "score": 0.5403850674629211}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C171250308", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468", "display_name": "Nanotechnology", "level": 1, "score": 0.5341495871543884}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776058767", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q24327151", "display_name": "Soft robotics", "level": 3, "score": 0.5232604742050171}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777742735", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187921", "display_name": "Photothermal effect", "level": 3, "score": 0.48146548867225647}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779820397", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1392806", "display_name": "Drug delivery", "level": 2, "score": 0.41518154740333557}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C182606246", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187926", "display_name": "Photothermal therapy", "level": 2, "score": 0.38500452041625977}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198", "display_name": "Computer science", "level": 0, "score": 0.3516538739204407}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C159985019", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790", "display_name": "Composite material", "level": 1, "score": 0.20902296900749207}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C154945302", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660", "display_name": "Artificial intelligence", "level": 1, "score": 0.1828288435935974}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C188027245", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750446", "display_name": "Polymer chemistry", "level": 1, "score": 0.0}], "mesh": [], "locations_count": 5, "locations": [{"id": "doi:10.1038/s41467-020-17775-4", "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-17775-4", "pdf_url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-17775-4.pdf", "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S64187185", "display_name": "Nature Communications", "issn_l": "2041-1723", "issn": ["2041-1723"], "is_oa": true, "is_in_doaj": true, "is_core": true, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/P4310319908", "host_organization_name": "Nature Portfolio", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/P4310319908", "https://openalex.org/P4310319965"], "host_organization_lineage_names": ["Nature Portfolio", "Springer Nature"], "type": "journal"}, "license": "cc-by", "license_id": "https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by", "version": "publishedVersion", "is_accepted": true, "is_published": true, "raw_source_name": "Nature Communications", "raw_type": "journal-article"}, {"id": "pmid:32778650", "is_oa": false, "landing_page_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32778650", "pdf_url": null, "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306525036", "display_name": "PubMed", "issn_l": null, "issn": null, "is_oa": false, "is_in_doaj": false, "is_core": false, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/I1299303238", "host_organization_name": "National Institutes of Health", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"], "host_organization_lineage_names": [], "type": "repository"}, "license": null, "license_id": null, "version": "publishedVersion", "is_accepted": true, "is_published": true, "raw_source_name": "Nature communications", "raw_type": null}, {"id": "pmh:oai:RePEc:nat:natcom:v:11:y:2020:i:1:d:10.1038_s41467-020-17775-4", "is_oa": false, "landing_page_url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-17775-4", "pdf_url": null, "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306401271", "display_name": "RePEc: Research Papers in Economics", "issn_l": null, "issn": null, "is_oa": false, "is_in_doaj": false, "is_core": false, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/I77793887", "host_organization_name": "Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I77793887"], "host_organization_lineage_names": [], "type": "repository"}, "license": null, "license_id": null, "version": "submittedVersion", "is_accepted": false, "is_published": false, "raw_source_name": null, "raw_type": "article"}, {"id": "pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f5b0fc9272414198b87189c6f47a94db", "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "https://doaj.org/article/f5b0fc9272414198b87189c6f47a94db", "pdf_url": null, "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306401280", "display_name": "DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)", "issn_l": null, "issn": null, "is_oa": false, "is_in_doaj": false, "is_core": false, "host_organization": null, "host_organization_name": null, "host_organization_lineage": [], "host_organization_lineage_names": [], "type": "repository"}, "license": "cc-by-sa", "license_id": "https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa", "version": "submittedVersion", "is_accepted": false, "is_published": false, "raw_source_name": "Nature Communications, Vol 11, Iss 1, Pp 1-10 (2020)", "raw_type": "article"}, {"id": "pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7417580", "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7417580", "pdf_url": null, "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S2764455111", "display_name": "PubMed Central", "issn_l": null, "issn": null, "is_oa": true, "is_in_doaj": false, "is_core": false, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/I1299303238", "host_organization_name": "National Institutes of Health", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"], "host_organization_lineage_names": [], "type": "repository"}, "license": "cc-by", "license_id": "https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by", "version": "submittedVersion", "is_accepted": false, "is_published": false, "raw_source_name": "Nat Commun", "raw_type": "Text"}], "best_oa_location": {"id": "doi:10.1038/s41467-020-17775-4", "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-17775-4", "pdf_url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-17775-4.pdf", "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S64187185", "display_name": "Nature Communications", "issn_l": "2041-1723", "issn": ["2041-1723"], "is_oa": true, "is_in_doaj": true, "is_core": true, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/P4310319908", "host_organization_name": "Nature Portfolio", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/P4310319908", "https://openalex.org/P4310319965"], "host_organization_lineage_names": ["Nature Portfolio", "Springer Nature"], "type": "journal"}, "license": "cc-by", "license_id": "https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by", "version": "publishedVersion", "is_accepted": true, "is_published": true, "raw_source_name": "Nature Communications", "raw_type": "journal-article"}, "sustainable_development_goals": [{"id": "https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6", "score": 0.75, "display_name": "Clean water and sanitation"}], "awards": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/G1474490597", "display_name": null, "funder_award_id": "111 Project", "funder_id": "https://openalex.org/F4320321001", "funder_display_name": "National Natural Science Foundation of China"}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/G5779973511", "display_name": "\u591a\u5ba4\u578b\u9ad8\u5206\u5b50\u5fae\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u53ef\u63a7\u6784\u7b51\u53ca\u5176\u523a\u6fc0\u6027\u54cd\u5e94\u8fd0\u52a8\u6027\u8d28\u7684\u7814\u7a76", "funder_award_id": "21574094", "funder_id": "https://openalex.org/F4320321001", "funder_display_name": "National Natural Science Foundation of China"}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/G6728121801", "display_name": null, "funder_award_id": "2018YFE0306105", "funder_id": "https://openalex.org/F4320321001", "funder_display_name": "National Natural Science Foundation of China"}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/G7918971738", "display_name": null, "funder_award_id": "2018YFE0306105", "funder_id": "https://openalex.org/F4320335777", "funder_display_name": "National Key Research and Development Program of China"}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/G825641221", "display_name": null, "funder_award_id": "111 Project", "funder_id": "https://openalex.org/F4320327518", "funder_display_name": "Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions"}], "funders": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/F4320321001", "display_name": "National Natural Science Foundation of China", "ror": "https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/F4320321605", "display_name": "Government of Jiangsu Province", "ror": "https://ror.org/004svx814"}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/F4320322434", "display_name": "Max-Planck-Gesellschaft", "ror": "https://ror.org/01hhn8329"}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/F4320322725", "display_name": "China Scholarship Council", "ror": "https://ror.org/04atp4p48"}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/F4320327518", "display_name": "Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions", "ror": null}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/F4320327912", "display_name": "Higher Education Discipline Innovation Project", "ror": null}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/F4320335777", "display_name": "National Key Research and Development Program of China", "ror": null}], "has_content": {"grobid_xml": true, "pdf": true}, "content_urls": {"pdf": "https://content.openalex.org/works/W3047968485.pdf", "grobid_xml": "https://content.openalex.org/works/W3047968485.grobid-xml"}, "referenced_works_count": 67, "referenced_works": ["https://openalex.org/W1200370352", "https://openalex.org/W1483774543", "https://openalex.org/W1641583058", "https://openalex.org/W1969339340", "https://openalex.org/W1976221960", "https://openalex.org/W1987193865", "https://openalex.org/W1997479102", "https://openalex.org/W2004869664", "https://openalex.org/W2026789174", "https://openalex.org/W2034973407", "https://openalex.org/W2038728654", "https://openalex.org/W2041159531", "https://openalex.org/W2060449729", "https://openalex.org/W2089053182", "https://openalex.org/W2092860016", "https://openalex.org/W2141947008", "https://openalex.org/W2145400887", "https://openalex.org/W2151080396", "https://openalex.org/W2168741573", "https://openalex.org/W2215119525", "https://openalex.org/W2403797475", "https://openalex.org/W2496835252", "https://openalex.org/W2508529554", "https://openalex.org/W2526011581", "https://openalex.org/W2540149240", "https://openalex.org/W2560388013", "https://openalex.org/W2567242052", "https://openalex.org/W2584350454", "https://openalex.org/W2604366518", "https://openalex.org/W2604736958", "https://openalex.org/W2610835085", "https://openalex.org/W2736059156", "https://openalex.org/W2742325466", "https://openalex.org/W2743522005", "https://openalex.org/W2747290139", "https://openalex.org/W2761310849", "https://openalex.org/W2765383414", "https://openalex.org/W2768169234", "https://openalex.org/W2773783903", "https://openalex.org/W2783641035", "https://openalex.org/W2785110060", "https://openalex.org/W2791490000", "https://openalex.org/W2801769328", "https://openalex.org/W2805926569", "https://openalex.org/W2878752601", "https://openalex.org/W2883415186", "https://openalex.org/W2897276475", "https://openalex.org/W2897554258", "https://openalex.org/W2898730947", "https://openalex.org/W2900533731", "https://openalex.org/W2905335417", "https://openalex.org/W2908553400", "https://openalex.org/W2914747747", "https://openalex.org/W2915540037", "https://openalex.org/W2922439236", "https://openalex.org/W2939171770", "https://openalex.org/W2945957160", "https://openalex.org/W2953034476", "https://openalex.org/W2966113523", "https://openalex.org/W2969509786", "https://openalex.org/W2972310391", "https://openalex.org/W2984486137", "https://openalex.org/W2988139359", "https://openalex.org/W3011749655", "https://openalex.org/W3026238167", "https://openalex.org/W3099332428", "https://openalex.org/W6727702680"], "related_works": ["https://openalex.org/W4244396274", "https://openalex.org/W1999386415", "https://openalex.org/W3046719367", "https://openalex.org/W2125027697", "https://openalex.org/W4280492383", "https://openalex.org/W3023990201", "https://openalex.org/W3110819540", "https://openalex.org/W4393254148", "https://openalex.org/W4293002997", "https://openalex.org/W4328099285"], "abstract_inverted_index": {"Stimuli-responsive": [0], "hydrogel": [1, 12, 42, 69, 113], "actuators": [2], "have": [3], "promising": [4, 123], "applications": [5], "in": [6], "various": [7], "fields.": [8], "However,": [9], "the": [10, 16, 31, 80, 84, 89, 92, 97, 101, 105], "typical": [11], "actuation": [13], "relies": [14], "on": [15, 73], "swelling": [17], "and": [18, 28, 62, 96, 119, 137], "de-swelling": [19], "process": [20], "caused": [21, 99], "by": [22, 100], "osmotic-pressure": [23], "changes,": [24], "which": [25], "is": [26, 70], "slow": [27], "normally": [29], "requires": [30], "presence": [32], "of": [33, 91, 104, 128], "water": [34], "environment.": [35], "Herein,": [36], "we": [37], "report": [38], "a": [39, 74, 125], "light-powered": [40], "in-air": [41], "actuator": [43, 114], "with": [44], "remarkable": [45], "performances,": [46], "including": [47], "ultrafast": [48], "motion": [49, 117], "speed": [50], "(up": [51], "to": [52], "1.6": [53], "m/s),": [54], "rapid": [55], "response": [56], "(as": [57], "fast": [58], "as": [59], "800": [60], "ms)": [61], "high": [63], "jumping": [64], "height": [65], "(~15": [66], "cm).": [67], "The": [68, 111], "operated": [71], "based": [72], "fundamentally": [75], "different": [76], "mechanism": [77], "that": [78], "harnesses": [79], "synergetic": [81], "interactions": [82], "between": [83], "binary": [85], "constituent": [86], "parts,": [87], "i.e.": [88], "elasticity": [90], "poly(sodium": [93], "acrylate)": [94], "hydrogel,": [95], "bubble": [98], "photothermal": [102], "effect": [103], "embedded": [106], "magnetic": [107], "iron": [108], "oxide": [109], "nanoparticles.": [110], "current": [112], "exhibits": [115], "controlled": [116, 134], "velocity": [118], "direction,": [120], "making": [121], "it": [122], "for": [124], "wide": [126], "range": [127], "mobile": [129], "robotics,": [130, 132], "soft": [131], "sensors,": [133], "drug": [135], "delivery": [136], "other": [138], "miniature": [139], "device": [140], "applications.": [141]}, "counts_by_year": [{"year": 2026, "cited_by_count": 7}, {"year": 2025, "cited_by_count": 35}, {"year": 2024, "cited_by_count": 52}, {"year": 2023, "cited_by_count": 50}, {"year": 2022, "cited_by_count": 47}, {"year": 2021, "cited_by_count": 40}, {"year": 2020, "cited_by_count": 2}], "updated_date": "2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105", "created_date": "2025-10-10T00:00:00"}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/W2891132044", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1002/polb.24724", "title": "Shape changing hydrogels and their applications as soft actuators", "display_name": "Shape changing hydrogels and their applications as soft actuators", "relevance_score": 248.62991, "publication_year": 2018, "publication_date": "2018-09-02", "ids": {"openalex": "https://openalex.org/W2891132044", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1002/polb.24724", "mag": "2891132044"}, "language": "en", "primary_location": {"id": "doi:10.1002/polb.24724", "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/polb.24724", "pdf_url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/polb.24724", "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S175770247", "display_name": "Journal of Polymer Science Part B Polymer Physics", "issn_l": "0887-6266", "issn": ["0887-6266", "1099-0488"], "is_oa": false, "is_in_doaj": false, "is_core": true, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/P4310320595", "host_organization_name": "Wiley", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"], "host_organization_lineage_names": ["Wiley"], "type": "journal"}, "license": null, "license_id": null, "version": "publishedVersion", "is_accepted": true, "is_published": true, "raw_source_name": "Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics", "raw_type": "journal-article"}, "type": "article", "indexed_in": ["crossref"], "open_access": {"is_oa": true, "oa_status": "bronze", "oa_url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/polb.24724", "any_repository_has_fulltext": false}, "authorships": [{"author_position": "first", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5023485380", "display_name": "Xin Peng", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5992-7678"}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I25254941", "display_name": "Beijing Normal University", "ror": "https://ror.org/022k4wk35", "country_code": "CN", "type": "education", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}], "countries": ["CN"], "is_corresponding": false, "raw_author_name": "Xin Peng", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials, College of Chemistry Beijing Normal University  Beijing 100875 People's Republic of China", "Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875 People's Republic of China"], "raw_orcid": null, "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials, College of Chemistry Beijing Normal University  Beijing 100875 People's Republic of China", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}, {"raw_affiliation_string": "Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875 People's Republic of China", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}]}, {"author_position": "last", "author": {"id": "https://openalex.org/A5026319956", "display_name": "Huiliang Wang", "orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7964-0809"}, "institutions": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/I25254941", "display_name": "Beijing Normal University", "ror": "https://ror.org/022k4wk35", "country_code": "CN", "type": "education", "lineage": ["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}], "countries": ["CN"], "is_corresponding": true, "raw_author_name": "Huiliang Wang", "raw_affiliation_strings": ["Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials, College of Chemistry Beijing Normal University  Beijing 100875 People's Republic of China", "Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875 People's Republic of China"], "raw_orcid": "https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7964-0809", "affiliations": [{"raw_affiliation_string": "Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials, College of Chemistry Beijing Normal University  Beijing 100875 People's Republic of China", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}, {"raw_affiliation_string": "Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875 People's Republic of China", "institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}]}], "institutions": [], "countries_distinct_count": 1, "institutions_distinct_count": 1, "corresponding_author_ids": ["https://openalex.org/A5026319956"], "corresponding_institution_ids": ["https://openalex.org/I25254941"], "apc_list": {"value": 3200, "currency": "USD", "value_usd": 3200}, "apc_paid": null, "fwci": 5.6787, "has_fulltext": true, "cited_by_count": 90, "citation_normalized_percentile": {"value": 0.97107746, "is_in_top_1_percent": false, "is_in_top_10_percent": true}, "cited_by_percentile_year": {"min": 90, "max": 100}, "biblio": {"volume": "56", "issue": "19", "first_page": "1314", "last_page": "1324"}, "is_retracted": false, "is_paratext": false, "is_xpac": false, "primary_topic": {"id": "https://openalex.org/T11737", "display_name": "Advanced Materials and Mechanics", "score": 1.0, "subfield": {"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/2210", "display_name": "Mechanical Engineering"}, "field": {"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/22", "display_name": "Engineering"}, "domain": {"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3", "display_name": "Physical Sciences"}}, "topics": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/T11737", "display_name": "Advanced Materials and Mechanics", "score": 1.0, "subfield": {"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/2210", "display_name": "Mechanical Engineering"}, "field": {"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/22", "display_name": "Engineering"}, "domain": {"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3", "display_name": "Physical Sciences"}}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/T10343", "display_name": "Hydrogels: synthesis, properties, applications", "score": 0.9986000061035156, "subfield": {"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/1313", "display_name": "Molecular Medicine"}, "field": {"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/13", "display_name": "Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"}, "domain": {"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/1", "display_name": "Life Sciences"}}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/T10338", "display_name": "Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials", "score": 0.9979000091552734, "subfield": {"id": "https://openalex.org/subfields/2204", "display_name": "Biomedical Engineering"}, "field": {"id": "https://openalex.org/fields/22", "display_name": "Engineering"}, "domain": {"id": "https://openalex.org/domains/3", "display_name": "Physical Sciences"}}], "keywords": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/self-healing-hydrogels", "display_name": "Self-healing hydrogels", "score": 0.9789097309112549}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/shape-change", "display_name": "Shape change", "score": 0.8124517798423767}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/soft-robotics", "display_name": "Soft robotics", "score": 0.7538672685623169}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/actuator", "display_name": "Actuator", "score": 0.7412747144699097}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/soft-materials", "display_name": "Soft materials", "score": 0.6211639642715454}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science", "display_name": "Materials science", "score": 0.4929635524749756}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/nanotechnology", "display_name": "Nanotechnology", "score": 0.4556463360786438}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science", "display_name": "Computer science", "score": 0.44585397839546204}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/microfluidics", "display_name": "Microfluidics", "score": 0.4308335781097412}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/perspective", "display_name": "Perspective (graphical)", "score": 0.43019503355026245}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence", "display_name": "Artificial intelligence", "score": 0.3554531931877136}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/polymer-chemistry", "display_name": "Polymer chemistry", "score": 0.13266274333000183}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/keywords/biophysics", "display_name": "Biophysics", "score": 0.11512112617492676}], "concepts": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/C108586683", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17164826", "display_name": "Self-healing hydrogels", "level": 2, "score": 0.9789097309112549}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C2986098051", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1925011", "display_name": "Shape change", "level": 2, "score": 0.8124517798423767}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776058767", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q24327151", "display_name": "Soft robotics", "level": 3, "score": 0.7538672685623169}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C172707124", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q423488", "display_name": "Actuator", "level": 2, "score": 0.7412747144699097}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C2982836594", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q902144", "display_name": "Soft materials", "level": 2, "score": 0.6211639642715454}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C192562407", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736", "display_name": "Materials science", "level": 0, "score": 0.4929635524749756}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C171250308", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468", "display_name": "Nanotechnology", "level": 1, "score": 0.4556463360786438}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198", "display_name": "Computer science", "level": 0, "score": 0.44585397839546204}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C8673954", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q138845", "display_name": "Microfluidics", "level": 2, "score": 0.4308335781097412}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C12713177", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281", "display_name": "Perspective (graphical)", "level": 2, "score": 0.43019503355026245}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C154945302", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660", "display_name": "Artificial intelligence", "level": 1, "score": 0.3554531931877136}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C188027245", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750446", "display_name": "Polymer chemistry", "level": 1, "score": 0.13266274333000183}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C12554922", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7100", "display_name": "Biophysics", "level": 1, "score": 0.11512112617492676}, {"id": "https://openalex.org/C86803240", "wikidata": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420", "display_name": "Biology", "level": 0, "score": 0.0}], "mesh": [], "locations_count": 1, "locations": [{"id": "doi:10.1002/polb.24724", "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/polb.24724", "pdf_url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/polb.24724", "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S175770247", "display_name": "Journal of Polymer Science Part B Polymer Physics", "issn_l": "0887-6266", "issn": ["0887-6266", "1099-0488"], "is_oa": false, "is_in_doaj": false, "is_core": true, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/P4310320595", "host_organization_name": "Wiley", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"], "host_organization_lineage_names": ["Wiley"], "type": "journal"}, "license": null, "license_id": null, "version": "publishedVersion", "is_accepted": true, "is_published": true, "raw_source_name": "Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics", "raw_type": "journal-article"}], "best_oa_location": {"id": "doi:10.1002/polb.24724", "is_oa": true, "landing_page_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/polb.24724", "pdf_url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/polb.24724", "source": {"id": "https://openalex.org/S175770247", "display_name": "Journal of Polymer Science Part B Polymer Physics", "issn_l": "0887-6266", "issn": ["0887-6266", "1099-0488"], "is_oa": false, "is_in_doaj": false, "is_core": true, "host_organization": "https://openalex.org/P4310320595", "host_organization_name": "Wiley", "host_organization_lineage": ["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"], "host_organization_lineage_names": ["Wiley"], "type": "journal"}, "license": null, "license_id": null, "version": "publishedVersion", "is_accepted": true, "is_published": true, "raw_source_name": "Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics", "raw_type": "journal-article"}, "sustainable_development_goals": [{"id": "https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7", "score": 0.7799999713897705, "display_name": "Affordable and clean energy"}], "awards": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/G1753823200", "display_name": null, "funder_award_id": "21274013", "funder_id": "https://openalex.org/F4320321001", "funder_display_name": "National Natural Science Foundation of China"}], "funders": [{"id": "https://openalex.org/F4320321001", "display_name": "National Natural Science Foundation of China", "ror": "https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}], "has_content": {"grobid_xml": true, "pdf": true}, "content_urls": {"pdf": "https://content.openalex.org/works/W2891132044.pdf", "grobid_xml": "https://content.openalex.org/works/W2891132044.grobid-xml"}, "referenced_works_count": 107, "referenced_works": ["https://openalex.org/W1965648750", "https://openalex.org/W1969339340", "https://openalex.org/W1971500643", "https://openalex.org/W1972286738", "https://openalex.org/W1973233997", "https://openalex.org/W1974329537", "https://openalex.org/W1975207418", "https://openalex.org/W1976996871", "https://openalex.org/W1977897177", "https://openalex.org/W1978753416", "https://openalex.org/W1985718165", "https://openalex.org/W1987381981", "https://openalex.org/W1989906606", "https://openalex.org/W1991955826", "https://openalex.org/W1992361536", "https://openalex.org/W1993966058", "https://openalex.org/W1996386520", "https://openalex.org/W1997497836", "https://openalex.org/W1997498462", "https://openalex.org/W2006786194", "https://openalex.org/W2010729975", "https://openalex.org/W2012458690", "https://openalex.org/W2015197352", "https://openalex.org/W2015600510", "https://openalex.org/W2015859743", "https://openalex.org/W2016298708", "https://openalex.org/W2021540635", "https://openalex.org/W2022770403", "https://openalex.org/W2023499088", "https://openalex.org/W2024961805", "https://openalex.org/W2026883071", "https://openalex.org/W2032181424", "https://openalex.org/W2041159531", "https://openalex.org/W2044643776", "https://openalex.org/W2045102664", "https://openalex.org/W2051644313", "https://openalex.org/W2054415570", "https://openalex.org/W2054630868", "https://openalex.org/W2054790322", "https://openalex.org/W2055143263", "https://openalex.org/W2063660832", "https://openalex.org/W2069894596", "https://openalex.org/W2073972235", "https://openalex.org/W2074630757", "https://openalex.org/W2075459747", "https://openalex.org/W2076568319", "https://openalex.org/W2082511674", "https://openalex.org/W2086186760", "https://openalex.org/W2092860016", "https://openalex.org/W2093362732", "https://openalex.org/W2099045194", "https://openalex.org/W2108462048", "https://openalex.org/W2113085068", "https://openalex.org/W2114963672", "https://openalex.org/W2127429886", "https://openalex.org/W2138030047", "https://openalex.org/W2145400887", "https://openalex.org/W2146894143", "https://openalex.org/W2152896006", "https://openalex.org/W2154112901", "https://openalex.org/W2168741573", "https://openalex.org/W2196637990", "https://openalex.org/W2205743670", "https://openalex.org/W2266720690", "https://openalex.org/W2314957848", "https://openalex.org/W2315517127", "https://openalex.org/W2316832791", "https://openalex.org/W2317581351", "https://openalex.org/W2318921584", "https://openalex.org/W2326835180", "https://openalex.org/W2335171300", "https://openalex.org/W2398293563", "https://openalex.org/W2403797475", "https://openalex.org/W2409568254", "https://openalex.org/W2410289362", "https://openalex.org/W2415144944", "https://openalex.org/W2419154208", "https://openalex.org/W2505183111", "https://openalex.org/W2516088967", "https://openalex.org/W2523532614", "https://openalex.org/W2526572521", "https://openalex.org/W2534616911", "https://openalex.org/W2540149240", "https://openalex.org/W2560691721", "https://openalex.org/W2580019508", "https://openalex.org/W2587041470", "https://openalex.org/W2589185314", "https://openalex.org/W2594584422", "https://openalex.org/W2601249173", "https://openalex.org/W2686900739", "https://openalex.org/W2735536331", "https://openalex.org/W2736059156", "https://openalex.org/W2747567282", "https://openalex.org/W2753588757", "https://openalex.org/W2754164803", "https://openalex.org/W2755439262", "https://openalex.org/W2766732199", "https://openalex.org/W2767026223", "https://openalex.org/W2771751522", "https://openalex.org/W2772417212", "https://openalex.org/W2773783903", "https://openalex.org/W2774631014", "https://openalex.org/W2776535929", "https://openalex.org/W2789776725", "https://openalex.org/W4231386790", "https://openalex.org/W4241853147", "https://openalex.org/W4302481164"], "related_works": ["https://openalex.org/W4372197527", "https://openalex.org/W3134474396", "https://openalex.org/W3133803716", "https://openalex.org/W1978753416", "https://openalex.org/W1515749184", "https://openalex.org/W4367041227", "https://openalex.org/W2809957681", "https://openalex.org/W2806506062", "https://openalex.org/W4285221039", "https://openalex.org/W3023990201"], "abstract_inverted_index": {"ABSTRACT": [0], "In": [1], "nature,": [2], "plants": [3, 23], "or": [4, 15], "animals": [5], "change": [6, 30], "their": [7, 31], "geometric": [8, 32], "shapes": [9, 33], "and": [10, 24, 67, 107, 123], "hence": [11], "realize": [12, 54], "different": [13], "functions": [14], "movements.": [16], "Inspired": [17], "by": [18], "the": [19, 55, 82, 86, 129], "shape": [20, 47, 56, 83, 94, 130], "changes": [21, 57, 84], "of": [22, 46, 58, 85, 93, 126], "animals,": [25], "several": [26], "hydrogels": [27, 63, 88, 96], "that": [28, 60, 79], "can": [29, 80], "upon": [34], "external": [35, 77], "stimuli": [36, 70, 78], "have": [37, 109], "been": [38, 110], "developed.": [39], "This": [40], "article": [41], "provides": [42], "a": [43], "brief": [44], "overview": [45], "changing": [48, 95, 131], "hydrogels.": [49], "First,": [50], "two": [51], "strategies": [52], "to": [53], "hydrogels,": [59, 73], "is,": [61], "preparing": [62], "with": [64], "inhomogeneous": [65, 69], "structures": [66], "applying": [68], "onto": [71], "homogeneous": [72], "are": [74, 89], "discussed.": [75], "Then,": [76], "actuate": [81], "stimuli\u2010responsive": [87], "presented.": [90], "The": [91], "applications": [92], "such": [97], "as": [98], "soft": [99, 101], "machines,": [100], "robotics,": [102], "drug": [103], "carriers,": [104], "microfluidic": [105], "valves,": [106], "sensors": [108], "provided": [111], "in": [112], "third": [113], "part.": [114], "Finally,": [115], "we": [116], "offer": [117], "our": [118], "perspective": [119], "on": [120], "open": [121], "challenges": [122], "future": [124], "areas": [125], "interest": [127], "for": [128], "hydrogel": [132], "actuators.": [133], "\u00a9": [134], "2018": [135, 146], "Wiley": [136], "Periodicals,": [137], "Inc.": [138], "J.": [139], "Polym.": [140, 144], "Sci.,": [141], "Part": [142], "B:": [143], "Phys.": [145], ",": [147, 149], "56": [148], "1314\u20131324": [150]}, "counts_by_year": [{"year": 2026, "cited_by_count": 5}, {"year": 2025, "cited_by_count": 10}, {"year": 2024, "cited_by_count": 7}, {"year": 2023, "cited_by_count": 11}, {"year": 2022, "cited_by_count": 17}, {"year": 2021, "cited_by_count": 18}, {"year": 2020, "cited_by_count": 15}, {"year": 2019, "cited_by_count": 6}, {"year": 2018, "cited_by_count": 1}], "updated_date": "2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105", "created_date": "2025-10-10T00:00:00"}], "group_by": []}