{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7204076847","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries12090322","title":"Mission-Phase Feature Learning for eVTOL Li-Ion Battery Prognostics: A Leakage-Safe Cell-Held-Out Benchmark for SOC, SOH, and RUL","display_name":"Mission-Phase Feature Learning for eVTOL Li-Ion Battery Prognostics: A Leakage-Safe Cell-Held-Out Benchmark for SOC, SOH, and RUL","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7204076847","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries12090322"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/batteries12090322","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries12090322","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries12090322","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2737090608","display_name":"Batteries","issn_l":"2313-0105","issn":["2313-0105"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Batteries","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries12090322","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126343854","display_name":"SU Yan","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Su Yan","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Civil Aviation, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Civil Aviation, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5118626043","display_name":"Musa Wiston","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6469-1418","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6469-1418"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Musa Wiston","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Civil Aviation, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6469-1418","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Civil Aviation, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5126343854"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"],"apc_list":{"value":2700,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3258},"apc_paid":{"value":2700,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3258},"fwci":1.4,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.757701,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"9","first_page":"322","last_page":"322"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10663","display_name":"Battery Modeling and Management","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10663","display_name":"Battery Modeling and Management","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10018","display_name":"Advancements in Battery Materials","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12737","display_name":"Electrical Fault Detection and Protection","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/battery-prognostics","display_name":"battery prognostics","score":0.906000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evtol-aircraft","display_name":"eVTOL aircraft","score":0.9229999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lithium-ion-batteries","display_name":"lithium-ion batteries","score":0.9649999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state-of-charge-estimation","display_name":"state of charge estimation","score":0.8029999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state-of-health-estimation","display_name":"state of health estimation","score":0.9290000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remaining-useful-life-prediction","display_name":"remaining useful life prediction","score":0.8849999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrothermal-modeling","display_name":"electro-thermal modeling","score":0.6100000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark-dataset","display_name":"benchmark dataset","score":0.5189999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"random forest","score":0.4880000054836273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"transformer models","score":0.8029999732971191}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129364497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3042561","display_name":"Prognostics","level":2,"score":0.7796000242233276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.7307000160217285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555008776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q267298","display_name":"Battery (electricity)","level":3,"score":0.6617000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777294910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4050070","display_name":"State of health","level":4,"score":0.6180999875068665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5874000191688538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.5455999970436096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.4684999883174896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.43950000405311584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4097000062465668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.3790999948978424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776582896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5368536","display_name":"State of charge","level":4,"score":0.375900000333786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780695315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3799040","display_name":"Unobservable","level":2,"score":0.35190001130104065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.34790000319480896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.34360000491142273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.32659998536109924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778355321","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17079427","display_name":"Identity (music)","level":2,"score":0.3179999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.3059000074863434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44280652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104837","display_name":"Phase (matter)","level":2,"score":0.296999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.2842000126838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86251818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816754","display_name":"Benchmarking","level":2,"score":0.27810001373291016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.27649998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.2669000029563904}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/batteries12090322","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries12090322","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries12090322","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2737090608","display_name":"Batteries","issn_l":"2313-0105","issn":["2313-0105"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Batteries","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:0d096bfc0ef5431590fc1c0fb8227bb4","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/0d096bfc0ef5431590fc1c0fb8227bb4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Batteries, Vol 12, Iss 9, p 322 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/batteries12090322","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries12090322","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries12090322","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2737090608","display_name":"Batteries","issn_l":"2313-0105","issn":["2313-0105"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Batteries","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.75}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2007672025","https://openalex.org/W2102148524","https://openalex.org/W2790625295","https://openalex.org/W2924382816","https://openalex.org/W4295933307","https://openalex.org/W4317938431","https://openalex.org/W4379197289","https://openalex.org/W4391629624","https://openalex.org/W4401283779","https://openalex.org/W4401822774","https://openalex.org/W4404970800","https://openalex.org/W4408120516","https://openalex.org/W4412427294","https://openalex.org/W4413392704"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7130328171","https://openalex.org/W7169838590","https://openalex.org/W4295933307","https://openalex.org/W7135416844","https://openalex.org/W4317938431","https://openalex.org/W4400870773","https://openalex.org/W7131124372","https://openalex.org/W4415042458","https://openalex.org/W4400058998","https://openalex.org/W7172526450"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Reliable":[0],"battery":[1,32],"prognostics":[2],"for":[3,39,128,134],"electric":[4],"vertical":[5],"take-off":[6],"and":[7,34,49,89,95,132,143,150,179,184],"landing":[8],"(eVTOL)":[9],"aircraft":[10],"require":[11],"models":[12,103],"that":[13,157,175,185],"preserve":[14],"phase-dependent":[15],"electrothermal":[16],"information":[17],"while":[18],"generalizing":[19],"to":[20,86],"cells":[21,68],"absent":[22],"from":[23,75],"training.":[24],"This":[25],"study":[26],"reconstructs":[27],"the":[28,76,117,129,147],"public":[29],"CMU":[30],"eVTOL":[31],"dataset":[33],"establishes":[35],"a":[36],"leakage-safe":[37,180],"benchmark":[38],"state":[40,45],"of":[41,46,121],"charge":[42],"(SOC),":[43],"five-mission-ahead":[44],"health":[47,78,102],"(SOH),":[48],"threshold-based":[50],"remaining":[51],"useful":[52],"life":[53],"(RUL).":[54],"A":[55],"protocol-based":[56],"screen":[57],"identified":[58],"441":[59],"valid":[60],"C/5":[61],"reference-performance-test":[62],"anchors":[63],"across":[64],"22":[65],"cells;":[66],"three":[67],"with":[69,92,110,126],"non-monotone":[70],"diagnostic-capacity":[71],"trajectories":[72],"were":[73,84,104,140,160],"excluded":[74],"primary":[77],"benchmark,":[79],"leaving":[80],"19":[81],"cells.":[82],"Predictors":[83],"restricted":[85],"telemetry-derived":[87],"phase":[88],"mission":[90],"features,":[91],"cell":[93],"identity":[94],"target-":[96],"or":[97],"future-derived":[98],"quantities":[99],"excluded.":[100],"All":[101],"evaluated":[105],"using":[106],"outer":[107],"leave-one-cell-out":[108],"validation":[109,181],"matched":[111],"20-mission":[112],"histories.":[113],"Random":[114],"Forest":[115],"achieved":[116],"lowest":[118],"SOH":[119,152],"MAE":[120],"0.620":[122],"percentage":[123],"points,":[124],"compared":[125],"1.252":[127],"mission-phase":[130],"Transformer":[131],"1.471":[133],"Attention-LSTM-MoE.":[135],"The":[136],"best":[137],"RUL":[138],"MAEs":[139],"24.067,":[141],"46.527,":[142],"122.198":[144],"missions":[145],"at":[146],"90%,":[148],"85%,":[149],"80%":[151],"thresholds.":[153],"Cell-bootstrap":[154],"uncertainty":[155],"showed":[156],"model":[158],"differences":[159],"threshold-dependent.":[161],"Row-random":[162],"splitting":[163],"produced":[164],"substantially":[165],"more":[166],"optimistic":[167],"errors":[168],"than":[169],"cell-held-out":[170],"evaluation.":[171],"These":[172],"results":[173],"show":[174],"rigorous":[176],"target":[177],"construction":[178],"are":[182],"critical":[183],"increased":[186],"sequence-model":[187],"complexity":[188],"does":[189],"not":[190],"guarantee":[191],"superior":[192],"unseen-cell":[193],"generalization.":[194]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2026-08-25T00:00:00"}
