{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1603186899","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.920625","title":"Integrity: A Positive Model that Incorporates the Normative Phenomena of Morality, Ethics and Legality","display_name":"Integrity: A Positive Model that Incorporates the Normative Phenomena of Morality, Ethics and Legality","publication_year":2006,"publication_date":"2006-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1603186899","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.920625","mag":"1603186899"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.920625","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.920625","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.920625","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.920625","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051870182","display_name":"Werner Erhard","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2046-4999","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2046-4999"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Werner Erhard","raw_affiliation_strings":["Independent, HOME PAGE:, http://www.wernererhard.net","Independent"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2046-4999","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Independent, HOME PAGE:, http://www.wernererhard.net","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Independent","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068490503","display_name":"Michael C. Jensen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9084-1361","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9084-1361"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321305853","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04grmx538","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136188","display_name":"European Corporate Governance Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/04egehb02","country_code":"BE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136188"]}],"countries":["BE","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Michael C. Jensen (Deceased)","raw_affiliation_strings":["European Corporate Governance Institute (ECGI)","Harvard University - Accounting & Control Unit","Harvard University - Business School (HBS)","National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)","SSRN, HOME PAGE:, http://ssrn.com/author=9","Harvard Business School"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"European Corporate Governance Institute (ECGI)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136188"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard University - Accounting & Control Unit","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard University - Business School (HBS)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"SSRN, HOME PAGE:, http://ssrn.com/author=9","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard Business School","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017288921","display_name":"Steve Zaffron","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Steve Zaffron","raw_affiliation_strings":["Landmark Worldwide LLC, 353 Sacramento St., Suite 200, San Francisco, CA 94111, United States","Vanto Group, 353 Sacramento Street, Suite 200, San Francisco, CA 94111, United States","Landmark Worldwide LLC","Vanto Group"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Landmark Worldwide LLC, 353 Sacramento St., Suite 200, San Francisco, CA 94111, United States","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vanto Group, 353 Sacramento Street, Suite 200, San Francisco, CA 94111, United States","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Landmark Worldwide LLC","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vanto Group","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5068490503"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853","https://openalex.org/I136199984","https://openalex.org/I4210136188"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":113,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11058","display_name":"Ethics in Business and Education","score":0.9531000256538391,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1802","display_name":"Information Systems and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11058","display_name":"Ethics in Business and Education","score":0.9531000256538391,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1802","display_name":"Information Systems and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10297","display_name":"Philosophical Ethics and Theory","score":0.04390000179409981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1211","display_name":"Philosophy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11492","display_name":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","score":0.000699999975040555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/integrity","display_name":"integrity","score":0.9559999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/morality","display_name":"morality","score":0.7680000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ethics","display_name":"ethics","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/legality","display_name":"legality","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workability","display_name":"workability","score":0.6359999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/organizational-performance","display_name":"organizational performance","score":0.8399999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/organizational-health","display_name":"organizational health","score":0.3779999911785126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/organizational-vitality","display_name":"organizational vitality","score":0.4189999997615814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/organizational-resilience","display_name":"organizational resilience","score":0.460999995470047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/organizational-agility","display_name":"organizational agility","score":0.3959999978542328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/organizational-adaptability","display_name":"organizational adaptability","score":0.5170000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/organizational-learning","display_name":"organizational learning","score":0.36800000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/organizational-change","display_name":"organizational change","score":0.38999998569488525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/organizational-culture","display_name":"organizational culture","score":0.46399998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/organizational-values","display_name":"organizational values","score":0.5389999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/organizational-mission","display_name":"organizational mission","score":0.375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/organizational-vision","display_name":"organizational vision","score":0.5479999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/organizational-purpose","display_name":"organizational purpose","score":0.46000000834465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/organizational-mission-statements","display_name":"organizational mission statements","score":0.382999986410141}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200113983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48324","display_name":"Morality","level":2,"score":0.764268159866333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42027317","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2307054","display_name":"Principle of legality","level":2,"score":0.7640433311462402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44725695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q288156","display_name":"Normative","level":2,"score":0.6479970812797546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776291640","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2912517","display_name":"Value (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4688146114349365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204983608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2111958","display_name":"Productivity","level":2,"score":0.44087567925453186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.43215256929397583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778348673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739302","display_name":"Production (economics)","level":2,"score":0.426870733499527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.4044417440891266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118084267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26110","display_name":"Positive economics","level":1,"score":0.391406387090683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.36947524547576904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.33910995721817017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.33455124497413635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.31669092178344727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.28682076930999756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.2364928424358368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.22209268808364868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.19556212425231934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.13585785031318665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.10269692540168762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.920625","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.920625","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.920625","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.920625","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.920625","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.920625","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.46000000834465027,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W204058340","https://openalex.org/W1493280977","https://openalex.org/W1493510335","https://openalex.org/W1517362298","https://openalex.org/W1526773057","https://openalex.org/W1534881517","https://openalex.org/W1544979388","https://openalex.org/W1564260651","https://openalex.org/W1565693361","https://openalex.org/W1581387623","https://openalex.org/W1588142672","https://openalex.org/W1600478373","https://openalex.org/W1604168536","https://openalex.org/W1748703215","https://openalex.org/W1918885444","https://openalex.org/W1978283268","https://openalex.org/W1986278892","https://openalex.org/W1987789700","https://openalex.org/W1995561053","https://openalex.org/W2038351948","https://openalex.org/W2039280449","https://openalex.org/W2045462450","https://openalex.org/W2049473565","https://openalex.org/W2126474339","https://openalex.org/W2129264276","https://openalex.org/W2141968006","https://openalex.org/W2152780114","https://openalex.org/W2185278700","https://openalex.org/W2252953284","https://openalex.org/W2261729211","https://openalex.org/W2265392252","https://openalex.org/W2271385631","https://openalex.org/W2415702172","https://openalex.org/W2912813310","https://openalex.org/W3121130824","https://openalex.org/W3126131304","https://openalex.org/W3127702745","https://openalex.org/W3160009597","https://openalex.org/W4206954593","https://openalex.org/W4235073904","https://openalex.org/W7213324186"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2135683287","https://openalex.org/W2614880524","https://openalex.org/W2652007163","https://openalex.org/W2344982045","https://openalex.org/W1722096520","https://openalex.org/W2734782004","https://openalex.org/W1562523432","https://openalex.org/W2980293507","https://openalex.org/W1910641137","https://openalex.org/W2122161109"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}