{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4312179235","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448221142007","title":"Too human and not human enough: A grounded theory analysis of mental health harms from emotional dependence on the social chatbot Replika","display_name":"Too human and not human enough: A grounded theory analysis of mental health harms from emotional dependence on the social chatbot Replika","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-12-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4312179235","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448221142007"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/14614448221142007","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448221142007","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S88603889","display_name":"New Media & Society","issn_l":"1461-4448","issn":["1461-4448","1461-7315"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-3","norway-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"New Media & Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078817033","display_name":"Linnea Laestadius","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3272-9317"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43579087","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Milwaukee","ror":"https://ror.org/031q21x57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43579087"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Linnea Laestadius","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Wisconsin\u2013Milwaukee, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3272-9317","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Milwaukee, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43579087"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085910682","display_name":"Andrea Bishop","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7256-8672"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43579087","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Milwaukee","ror":"https://ror.org/031q21x57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43579087"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrea Bishop","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Wisconsin\u2013Milwaukee, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Milwaukee, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43579087"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026417644","display_name":"Michael Gonzalez","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43579087","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Milwaukee","ror":"https://ror.org/031q21x57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43579087"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Gonzalez","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Wisconsin\u2013Milwaukee, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Milwaukee, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43579087"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076181036","display_name":"Diana Illen\u010d\u00edk","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43579087","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Milwaukee","ror":"https://ror.org/031q21x57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43579087"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Diana Illen\u010d\u00edk","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Wisconsin\u2013Milwaukee, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Milwaukee, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43579087"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030336086","display_name":"Celeste Campos\u2010Castillo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7376-1842"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43579087","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Milwaukee","ror":"https://ror.org/031q21x57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43579087"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Celeste Campos-Castillo","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Wisconsin\u2013Milwaukee, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Milwaukee, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43579087"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5078817033"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43579087"],"apc_list":{"value":3500,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3500},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":27.8126,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":380,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99813982,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":"10","first_page":"5923","last_page":"5941"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11519","display_name":"Digital Mental Health Interventions","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3202","display_name":"Applied Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11519","display_name":"Digital Mental Health Interventions","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3202","display_name":"Applied Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12128","display_name":"AI in Service Interactions","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10355","display_name":"Impact of Technology on Adolescents","score":0.9918000102043152,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chatbot","display_name":"Chatbot","score":0.6979254484176636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mental-health","display_name":"Mental health","score":0.6777956485748291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/popularity","display_name":"Popularity","score":0.6642064452171326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.5820108652114868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grounded-theory","display_name":"Grounded theory","score":0.5579462051391602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallels","display_name":"Parallels","score":0.4937385022640228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-media","display_name":"Social media","score":0.4859265387058258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.4721256196498871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dependency","display_name":"Dependency (UML)","score":0.4559233486652374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpersonal-relationship","display_name":"Interpersonal relationship","score":0.43117085099220276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.25056594610214233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/qualitative-research","display_name":"Qualitative research","score":0.1947876513004303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychotherapist","display_name":"Psychotherapist","score":0.1778828203678131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.13203302025794983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.12820130586624146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-science","display_name":"Social science","score":0.0948452353477478}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779041454","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q870780","display_name":"Chatbot","level":2,"score":0.6979254484176636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134362201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q317309","display_name":"Mental health","level":2,"score":0.6777956485748291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586970","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1357284","display_name":"Popularity","level":2,"score":0.6642064452171326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5820108652114868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156325361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1152864","display_name":"Grounded theory","level":3,"score":0.5579462051391602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775922551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7135033","display_name":"Parallels","level":2,"score":0.4937385022640228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518677369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202833","display_name":"Social media","level":2,"score":0.4859265387058258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.4721256196498871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19768560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q320727","display_name":"Dependency (UML)","level":2,"score":0.4559233486652374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91034043","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q223642","display_name":"Interpersonal relationship","level":2,"score":0.43117085099220276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.25056594610214233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190248442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q839486","display_name":"Qualitative research","level":2,"score":0.1947876513004303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.1778828203678131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.13203302025794983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.12820130586624146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0948452353477478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/14614448221142007","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448221142007","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S88603889","display_name":"New Media & Society","issn_l":"1461-4448","issn":["1461-4448","1461-7315"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-3","norway-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"New Media & Society","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.46000000834465027,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1516534262","https://openalex.org/W1638773224","https://openalex.org/W1738630770","https://openalex.org/W1969332924","https://openalex.org/W1982185667","https://openalex.org/W1985945240","https://openalex.org/W1987225600","https://openalex.org/W1989452694","https://openalex.org/W1991015565","https://openalex.org/W2000808819","https://openalex.org/W2020690369","https://openalex.org/W2050068614","https://openalex.org/W2090264253","https://openalex.org/W2141288445","https://openalex.org/W2293723806","https://openalex.org/W2397551464","https://openalex.org/W2588443021","https://openalex.org/W2604647713","https://openalex.org/W2608014122","https://openalex.org/W2623779865","https://openalex.org/W2745501985","https://openalex.org/W2793601628","https://openalex.org/W2808281222","https://openalex.org/W2844935412","https://openalex.org/W2897690397","https://openalex.org/W2899595177","https://openalex.org/W2907444120","https://openalex.org/W2920018355","https://openalex.org/W2922711788","https://openalex.org/W2953021932","https://openalex.org/W2955088691","https://openalex.org/W3002330681","https://openalex.org/W3009936362","https://openalex.org/W3026935399","https://openalex.org/W3040823075","https://openalex.org/W3085890295","https://openalex.org/W3088691004","https://openalex.org/W3120329323","https://openalex.org/W3125770638","https://openalex.org/W3133702157","https://openalex.org/W3163286462","https://openalex.org/W3211107706","https://openalex.org/W4205736032","https://openalex.org/W4205828084","https://openalex.org/W4293491508","https://openalex.org/W4312553419"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2277794996","https://openalex.org/W4383501580","https://openalex.org/W4214931137","https://openalex.org/W4387007686","https://openalex.org/W4313813117","https://openalex.org/W4382052417","https://openalex.org/W3192088754","https://openalex.org/W1964879957","https://openalex.org/W2504593154","https://openalex.org/W2005046750"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Social":[0],"chatbot":[1],"(SC)":[2],"applications":[3],"offering":[4],"social":[5,132],"companionship":[6],"and":[7,18,64,109,122,133,139,146],"basic":[8],"therapy":[9],"tools":[10],"have":[11],"grown":[12],"in":[13,57,85],"popularity":[14],"for":[15,34],"emotional,":[16],"social,":[17],"psychological":[19],"support.":[20],"While":[21,117],"use":[22],"appears":[23],"to":[24,111,142],"offer":[25],"mental":[26,41,52],"health":[27,42,53],"benefits,":[28],"few":[29],"studies":[30],"unpack":[31],"the":[32,45,58,113,144],"potential":[33],"harms.":[35],"Our":[36],"grounded":[37],"theory":[38],"study":[39],"analyzes":[40],"experiences":[43],"with":[44],"popular":[46],"SC":[47],"application":[48],"Replika.":[49],"We":[50,70],"identified":[51],"relevant":[54],"posts":[55],"made":[56],"r/Replika":[59],"Reddit":[60],"community":[61],"between":[62],"2017":[63],"2021":[65],"(":[66],"n":[67],"=":[68],"582).":[69],"find":[71],"evidence":[72],"of":[73,91,148],"harms,":[74],"facilitated":[75],"via":[76],"emotional":[77],"dependence":[78],"on":[79],"Replika":[80,104],"that":[81,103,136],"resembles":[82],"patterns":[83],"seen":[84],"human\u2013human":[86,123],"relationships.":[87],"Unlike":[88],"other":[89],"forms":[90],"technology":[92],"dependency,":[93],"this":[94],"dependency":[95],"is":[96],"marked":[97],"by":[98],"role-taking,":[99],"whereby":[100],"users":[101],"felt":[102],"had":[105],"its":[106],"own":[107],"needs":[108],"emotions":[110],"which":[112],"user":[114],"must":[115],"attend.":[116],"prior":[118],"research":[119],"suggests":[120],"human\u2013chatbot":[121],"interactions":[124],"may":[125],"not":[126],"resemble":[127],"each":[128],"other,":[129],"we":[130],"identify":[131],"technological":[134],"factors":[135],"promote":[137],"parallels":[138],"suggest":[140],"ways":[141],"balance":[143],"benefits":[145],"risks":[147],"SCs.":[149]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":171},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":151},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":49},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-09-19T07:32:40.446753","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}