{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2166265073","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797614535810","title":"Deliberate Practice and Performance in Music, Games, Sports, Education, and Professions: A Meta-Analysis","display_name":"Deliberate Practice and Performance in Music, Games, Sports, Education, and Professions: A Meta-Analysis","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2166265073","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797614535810","mag":"2166265073","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24986855"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/0956797614535810","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797614535810","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797614535810","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S58854535","display_name":"Psychological Science","issn_l":"0956-7976","issn":["0956-7976","1467-9280"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","erih-plus","fnege-2","ft50","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Psychological Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015034199","display_name":"Brooke N. Macnamara","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1056-4996","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1056-4996"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Brooke N. Macnamara","raw_affiliation_strings":["Princeton University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Princeton University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070926148","display_name":"David Zachary Hambrick","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5315-5597","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5315-5597"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87216513","display_name":"Michigan State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hs6h993","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Z. Hambrick","raw_affiliation_strings":["Michigan State University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Michigan State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087326867","display_name":"Frederick Louis Oswald","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7275-5408","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7275-5408"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74775410","display_name":"Rice University","ror":"https://ror.org/008zs3103","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74775410"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Frederick L. Oswald","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rice University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rice University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74775410"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5015034199"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"],"apc_list":{"value":3900,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3900},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.2402,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":740,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99333333,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":"8","first_page":"1608","last_page":"1618"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10813","display_name":"Sport Psychology and Performance","score":0.9413999915122986,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10813","display_name":"Sport Psychology and Performance","score":0.9413999915122986,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11425","display_name":"Diverse Music Education Insights","score":0.024700000882148743,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1210","display_name":"Music"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13542","display_name":"Grit, Self-Efficacy, and Motivation","score":0.010200000368058681,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deliberate-practice","display_name":"deliberate practice","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/individual-differences-in-performance","display_name":"individual differences in performance","score":0.8640000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/musical-performance","display_name":"music performance","score":0.75},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/athletic-performance","display_name":"athletic performance","score":0.875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/games","display_name":"games","score":0.49000000953674316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/education","display_name":"education","score":0.7089999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/professional-development","display_name":"professional development","score":0.6019999980926514}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.7912873029708862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95190672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815382","display_name":"Meta-analysis","level":2,"score":0.5951647162437439},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75630572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q538904","display_name":"Applied psychology","level":1,"score":0.4889613389968872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196083921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7915758","display_name":"Variance (accounting)","level":2,"score":0.47895342111587524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166052673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83021","display_name":"Empirical evidence","level":2,"score":0.4606364667415619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133753094","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q632190","display_name":"Sport psychology","level":2,"score":0.4499354362487793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.4279111921787262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.36569803953170776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.35377198457717896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.14473861455917358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121955636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214","display_name":"Accounting","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000124","descriptor_name":"Achievement","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004522","descriptor_name":"Educational Status","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004651","descriptor_name":"Employment","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007206","descriptor_name":"Individuality","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009146","descriptor_name":"Music","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011214","descriptor_name":"Practice, Psychological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011998","descriptor_name":"Recreation","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013177","descriptor_name":"Sports","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014937","descriptor_name":"Work","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D054874","descriptor_name":"Athletic Performance","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/0956797614535810","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797614535810","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797614535810","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S58854535","display_name":"Psychological Science","issn_l":"0956-7976","issn":["0956-7976","1467-9280"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","erih-plus","fnege-2","ft50","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Psychological Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:24986855","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24986855","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Psychological science","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.rice.edu:1911/76260","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://doi.org/10.1177/0956797614535810.","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401268","display_name":"Rice Research Repository (Rice University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I74775410","host_organization_name":"Rice University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74775410"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarship.rice.edu:1911/76260","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1911/76260","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401268","display_name":"Rice Research Repository (Rice University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I74775410","host_organization_name":"Rice University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74775410"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Journal article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:share.osf.io:1f9917d4-2f32-41c0-a3e6-7b0cab73eae0","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://osf.io/rhfsk","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401127","display_name":"OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2799848540","host_organization_name":"Center for Open Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799848540"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Project"},{"id":"pmh:oai:share.osf.io:E019E-D4F-246","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://api.osf.io/v2/nodes/rhfsk/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401127","display_name":"OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2799848540","host_organization_name":"Center for Open Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799848540"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"project"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/systematic-review","display_name":"Systematic Review"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/meta-analysis","display_name":"Meta-Analysis"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W134311315","https://openalex.org/W173694919","https://openalex.org/W585616880","https://openalex.org/W600203457","https://openalex.org/W1506975691","https://openalex.org/W1557941956","https://openalex.org/W1597857836","https://openalex.org/W1675129679","https://openalex.org/W1889619166","https://openalex.org/W1968610030","https://openalex.org/W1995924398","https://openalex.org/W2000285754","https://openalex.org/W2013223191","https://openalex.org/W2018071042","https://openalex.org/W2033585778","https://openalex.org/W2036532475","https://openalex.org/W2041937447","https://openalex.org/W2042095867","https://openalex.org/W2043565183","https://openalex.org/W2048040523","https://openalex.org/W2050239761","https://openalex.org/W2051130243","https://openalex.org/W2052652489","https://openalex.org/W2063026846","https://openalex.org/W2075111500","https://openalex.org/W2076820560","https://openalex.org/W2078017330","https://openalex.org/W2092968198","https://openalex.org/W2093199582","https://openalex.org/W2101015441","https://openalex.org/W2103222385","https://openalex.org/W2117051063","https://openalex.org/W2134432271","https://openalex.org/W2136971664","https://openalex.org/W2137247190","https://openalex.org/W2151370561","https://openalex.org/W2153432403","https://openalex.org/W2162703505","https://openalex.org/W2166754847","https://openalex.org/W2333479289","https://openalex.org/W2468996569","https://openalex.org/W2498814850","https://openalex.org/W2668272839","https://openalex.org/W2903044920","https://openalex.org/W2947538338","https://openalex.org/W2973478209","https://openalex.org/W2991792334","https://openalex.org/W4230762936","https://openalex.org/W4294215472"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2981991170","https://openalex.org/W2403295411","https://openalex.org/W1999121510","https://openalex.org/W2985806415","https://openalex.org/W2406206091","https://openalex.org/W2904319237","https://openalex.org/W2402959502","https://openalex.org/W7096713885","https://openalex.org/W7008849616","https://openalex.org/W3206695588"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"More":[0],"than":[1,104],"20":[2],"years":[3],"ago,":[4],"researchers":[5],"proposed":[6],"that":[7,81,110],"individual":[8,22],"differences":[9,23],"in":[10,12,24,34,42,72,89],"performance":[11,41,90],"such":[13],"domains":[14,71],"as":[15,32,117,119],"music,":[16,95],"sports,":[17,98],"and":[18,102],"games":[19],"largely":[20],"reflect":[21],"amount":[25],"of":[26,51,86],"deliberate":[27,74,82,111],"practice,":[28],"which":[29,73],"was":[30],"defined":[31],"engagement":[33],"structured":[35],"activities":[36],"created":[37],"specifically":[38],"to":[39],"improve":[40],"a":[43,48,66],"domain.":[44],"This":[45],"view":[46],"is":[47,54,113],"frequent":[49],"topic":[50],"popular-science":[52],"writing-but":[53],"it":[55],"supported":[56],"by":[57],"empirical":[58],"evidence?":[59],"To":[60],"answer":[61],"this":[62],"question,":[63],"we":[64],"conducted":[65],"meta-analysis":[67],"covering":[68],"all":[69],"major":[70],"practice":[75,83,112],"has":[76,120],"been":[77,121],"investigated.":[78],"We":[79,108],"found":[80],"explained":[84],"26%":[85],"the":[87],"variance":[88],"for":[91,94,97,100,106],"games,":[92],"21%":[93],"18%":[96],"4%":[99],"education,":[101],"less":[103],"1%":[105],"professions.":[107],"conclude":[109],"important,":[114],"but":[115],"not":[116],"important":[118],"argued.":[122]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":59},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":77},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":49},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":42},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":62},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":89},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":89},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":63},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":53},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":58},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":50},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":41},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}