{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2140730837","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.2.234","title":"Effectiveness of training in organizations: A meta-analysis of design and evaluation features.","display_name":"Effectiveness of training in organizations: A meta-analysis of design and evaluation features.","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2140730837","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.2.234","mag":"2140730837","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12731707"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1037/0021-9010.88.2.234","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.2.234","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.2.234","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S166002381","display_name":"Journal of Applied Psychology","issn_l":"0021-9010","issn":["0021-9010","1939-1854"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","erih-plus","fnege-1-star","ft50","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320262","host_organization_name":"American Psychological Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320262"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychological Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Applied Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112235625","display_name":"Winfred Arthur","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2826-3892","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2826-3892"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91045830","display_name":"Texas A&M University","ror":"https://ror.org/01f5ytq51","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Winfred Arthur","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4235, USA. wea@psyc.tamu.edu","Department of Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4235, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4235, USA. wea@psyc.tamu.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4235, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076228355","display_name":"Winston R. Bennett","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Winston Bennett","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030302650","display_name":"PAMELA S. EDENS","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91045830","display_name":"Texas A&M University","ror":"https://ror.org/01f5ytq51","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pamela S. Edens","raw_affiliation_strings":["Texas A&M U, Dept of Psychology, College Station, TX, US"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Texas A&M U, Dept of Psychology, College Station, TX, US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101872937","display_name":"Suzanne T. Bell","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7442-2255","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7442-2255"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91045830","display_name":"Texas A&M University","ror":"https://ror.org/01f5ytq51","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Suzanne T. Bell","raw_affiliation_strings":["Texas A&M U, Dept of Psychology, College Station, TX, US"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Texas A&M U, Dept of Psychology, College Station, TX, US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.7011,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1403,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98275862,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"88","issue":"2","first_page":"234","last_page":"245"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11994","display_name":"Human Resource Development and Performance Evaluation","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3202","display_name":"Applied Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11994","display_name":"Human Resource Development and Performance Evaluation","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3202","display_name":"Applied Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12010","display_name":"Evaluation and Performance Assessment","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3321","display_name":"Public Administration"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11039","display_name":"Evaluation of Teaching Practices","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/employee-training","display_name":"employee training","score":0.7680000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/training-effectiveness","display_name":"training effectiveness","score":0.9869999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/training-program-design","display_name":"training program design","score":0.7789999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/training-evaluation","display_name":"training evaluation","score":0.8999999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/learning-criteria","display_name":"learning criteria","score":0.968999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/behavioral-criteria","display_name":"behavioral criteria","score":0.9259999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/training-methods","display_name":"training methods","score":0.8560000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task-characteristics","display_name":"task characteristics","score":0.5139999985694885}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.7398462891578674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95190672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815382","display_name":"Meta-analysis","level":2,"score":0.7336790561676025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5897188782691956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75630572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q538904","display_name":"Applied psychology","level":1,"score":0.5039228796958923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777211547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141490","display_name":"Training (meteorology)","level":2,"score":0.48873353004455566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.4404739737510681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108363010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7102014","display_name":"Organizational effectiveness","level":2,"score":0.43336546421051025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.3411839008331299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.20766738057136536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.18593350052833557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.11666074395179749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.1000995934009552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.09834212064743042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013663","descriptor_name":"Teaching","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015279","descriptor_name":"Organizational Culture","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D020380","descriptor_name":"Needs Assessment","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1037/0021-9010.88.2.234","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.2.234","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.2.234","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S166002381","display_name":"Journal of Applied Psychology","issn_l":"0021-9010","issn":["0021-9010","1939-1854"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","erih-plus","fnege-1-star","ft50","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320262","host_organization_name":"American Psychological Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320262"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychological Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Applied Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:12731707","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12731707","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of applied psychology","raw_type":"Evaluation Study"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.466.9647","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.466.9647","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.ispi.org/archives/resources/effectivenessoftrainingarthur_etal.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6164000034332275,"display_name":"Quality education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Systematic Review","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/systematic-review"},{"display_name":"Meta-Analysis","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/meta-analysis"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":76,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W582633616","https://openalex.org/W583176748","https://openalex.org/W642707634","https://openalex.org/W1138474716","https://openalex.org/W1498969431","https://openalex.org/W1511920456","https://openalex.org/W1548110863","https://openalex.org/W1698395493","https://openalex.org/W1703043657","https://openalex.org/W1707104629","https://openalex.org/W1714029004","https://openalex.org/W1773440208","https://openalex.org/W1781282999","https://openalex.org/W1965116150","https://openalex.org/W1967643317","https://openalex.org/W1970516453","https://openalex.org/W1971867794","https://openalex.org/W1987167354","https://openalex.org/W1990276394","https://openalex.org/W1995790159","https://openalex.org/W1996228195","https://openalex.org/W2006477274","https://openalex.org/W2013068849","https://openalex.org/W2015064790","https://openalex.org/W2019003643","https://openalex.org/W2022113252","https://openalex.org/W2022222237","https://openalex.org/W2026689473","https://openalex.org/W2026820407","https://openalex.org/W2030235029","https://openalex.org/W2030441548","https://openalex.org/W2035609388","https://openalex.org/W2037557484","https://openalex.org/W2038012988","https://openalex.org/W2038610102","https://openalex.org/W2039352270","https://openalex.org/W2044355296","https://openalex.org/W2048623804","https://openalex.org/W2054544260","https://openalex.org/W2055804082","https://openalex.org/W2070951839","https://openalex.org/W2079747200","https://openalex.org/W2085539738","https://openalex.org/W2089635163","https://openalex.org/W2092412352","https://openalex.org/W2104375282","https://openalex.org/W2109262595","https://openalex.org/W2115277030","https://openalex.org/W2116836937","https://openalex.org/W2119983086","https://openalex.org/W2120210892","https://openalex.org/W2120380779","https://openalex.org/W2128070591","https://openalex.org/W2139594552","https://openalex.org/W2145703310","https://openalex.org/W2158460088","https://openalex.org/W2158639851","https://openalex.org/W2165868487","https://openalex.org/W2167131774","https://openalex.org/W2178159936","https://openalex.org/W2226274695","https://openalex.org/W2272460226","https://openalex.org/W2323267312","https://openalex.org/W2334678408","https://openalex.org/W2495476574","https://openalex.org/W2603138823","https://openalex.org/W2971236572","https://openalex.org/W2974096294","https://openalex.org/W3000062869","https://openalex.org/W3029111276","https://openalex.org/W3150499043","https://openalex.org/W4214708643","https://openalex.org/W4229570919","https://openalex.org/W4242279460","https://openalex.org/W4248092662","https://openalex.org/W6659855005"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2740968335","https://openalex.org/W3211935003","https://openalex.org/W2599163594","https://openalex.org/W2613871289","https://openalex.org/W4283837795","https://openalex.org/W66522856","https://openalex.org/W2601563656","https://openalex.org/W1569252213","https://openalex.org/W2004320599","https://openalex.org/W4236246759"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"authors":[1],"used":[2],"meta-analytic":[3],"procedures":[4],"to":[5,80,107],"examine":[6],"the":[7,17,25,89,93,100,108,115],"relationship":[8],"between":[9],"specified":[10],"training":[11,20,28,90,111],"design":[12],"and":[13,16,64,99],"evaluation":[14,103],"features":[15],"effectiveness":[18,29,109],"of":[19,24,33,102,110,114],"in":[21],"organizations.":[22],"Results":[23],"meta-analysis":[26],"revealed":[27],"sample-weighted":[30],"mean":[31],"ds":[32],"0.60":[34],"(k":[35,45,55,66],"=":[36,39,46,49,56,59,67,70],"15,":[37],"N":[38,48,58,69],"936)":[40],"for":[41,51,61,72,84,120],"reaction":[42],"criteria,":[43,53,63],"0.63":[44],"234,":[47],"15,014)":[50],"learning":[52],"0.62":[54,65],"122,":[57],"15,627)":[60],"behavioral":[62],"26,":[68],"1,748)":[71],"results":[73,76],"criteria.":[74],"These":[75],"suggest":[77],"a":[78],"medium":[79],"large":[81],"effect":[82],"size":[83],"organizational":[85],"training.":[86],"In":[87],"addition,":[88],"method":[91],"used,":[92],"skill":[94],"or":[95],"task":[96],"characteristic":[97],"trained,":[98],"choice":[101],"criteria":[104],"were":[105],"related":[106],"programs.":[112],"Limitations":[113],"study":[116],"along":[117],"with":[118],"suggestions":[119],"future":[121],"research":[122],"are":[123],"discussed.":[124]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":83},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":62},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":67},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":74},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":60},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":63},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":82},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":77},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":74},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":75},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":69},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":93},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":89},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":80},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":70}],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}