{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2188298277","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3217/978-3-85125-378-8-61","title":"Motor Imagery Brain-Computer Interfaces: Random Forests Vs Regularized Lda - Non-Linear Beats Linear","display_name":"Motor Imagery Brain-Computer Interfaces: Random Forests Vs Regularized Lda - Non-Linear Beats Linear","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-04-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2188298277","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3217/978-3-85125-378-8-61","mag":"2188298277"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3217/978-3-85125-378-8-61","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3217/978-3-85125-378-8-61","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400660","display_name":"TUGraz OPEN Library (Graz University of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4092182","host_organization_name":"Graz University of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3217/978-3-85125-378-8-61","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062937184","display_name":"David Steyrl","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3215-8115"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Steyrl, David","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Neural Engineering (7090)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Neural Engineering (7090)","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106686479","display_name":"Reinhold Scherer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3407-9709"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Scherer, Reinhold","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Neural Engineering (7090)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Neural Engineering (7090)","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"F\u0094rstner, Oswin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4092182","display_name":"Graz University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00d7xrm67","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"F\u0094rstner, Oswin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graz University of Technology,#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graz University of Technology,#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"M\u0081ller-Putz, Gernot R.","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M\u0081ller-Putz, Gernot R.","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Neural Engineering (7090)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Neural Engineering (7090)","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5062937184"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.388,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":38,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88752739,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"061-1","last_page":"061-4"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11447","display_name":"Blind Source Separation Techniques","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10581","display_name":"Neural dynamics and brain function","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linear-discriminant-analysis","display_name":"Linear discriminant analysis","score":0.8114438056945801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brain\u2013computer-interface","display_name":"Brain\u2013computer interface","score":0.8037230372428894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.774516761302948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.7269701361656189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6256549954414368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.606010377407074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.575232207775116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electroencephalography","display_name":"Electroencephalography","score":0.5520041584968567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quadratic-classifier","display_name":"Quadratic classifier","score":0.45752888917922974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/motor-imagery","display_name":"Motor imagery","score":0.43111705780029297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linear-classifier","display_name":"Linear classifier","score":0.4279763400554657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.41525983810424805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.334641695022583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.1298004388809204}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69738355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1228929","display_name":"Linear discriminant analysis","level":2,"score":0.8114438056945801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173201364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q897410","display_name":"Brain\u2013computer interface","level":3,"score":0.8037230372428894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.774516761302948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.7269701361656189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6256549954414368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.606010377407074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.575232207775116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522805319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179965","display_name":"Electroencephalography","level":2,"score":0.5520041584968567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52620605","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7268357","display_name":"Quadratic classifier","level":3,"score":0.45752888917922974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54808283","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6918191","display_name":"Motor imagery","level":4,"score":0.43111705780029297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139532973","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2679259","display_name":"Linear classifier","level":3,"score":0.4279763400554657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.41525983810424805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.334641695022583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.1298004388809204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3217/978-3-85125-378-8-61","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3217/978-3-85125-378-8-61","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400660","display_name":"TUGraz OPEN Library (Graz University of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4092182","host_organization_name":"Graz University of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"mag:2188298277","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://graz.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/motor-imagery-brain-computer-interfaces-random-forests-vs-regular","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3217/978-3-85125-378-8-61","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3217/978-3-85125-378-8-61","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400660","display_name":"TUGraz OPEN Library (Graz University of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4092182","host_organization_name":"Graz University of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.6499999761581421,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":6,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W77461691","https://openalex.org/W2125992711","https://openalex.org/W2140413964","https://openalex.org/W2142280324","https://openalex.org/W2152171700","https://openalex.org/W2911964244"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2142280324","https://openalex.org/W3189931812","https://openalex.org/W2783060250","https://openalex.org/W2135619806","https://openalex.org/W3038257312","https://openalex.org/W3135670473","https://openalex.org/W2998852862","https://openalex.org/W2144916842","https://openalex.org/W2785539697","https://openalex.org/W2535006068","https://openalex.org/W2788738944","https://openalex.org/W3010360429","https://openalex.org/W2293374094","https://openalex.org/W3048596150","https://openalex.org/W3013528112","https://openalex.org/W1566285224","https://openalex.org/W2955714720","https://openalex.org/W2604997776","https://openalex.org/W3197435484","https://openalex.org/W2562754841"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Nowadays,":[0],"non-linear":[1],"classifiers":[2,148],"are":[3,139],"available":[4],"that":[5,52,78,132,136],"claim":[6],"to":[7],"generalize":[8],"well":[9],"at":[10],"a":[11,23,65,69,111,156],"low":[12],"amount":[13],"of":[14,58,86],"data.":[15],"Recently,":[16],"we":[17,50,130],"conducted":[18],"an":[19,30],"on-line":[20],"study,":[21],"where":[22],"random":[24],"forest":[25],"(RF)":[26],"classifier":[27,67,81,157],"successfully":[28],"drove":[29],"electroencephalography":[31],"(EEG)":[32],"based":[33],"sensorimotor":[34],"rhythms":[35],"(SMR)":[36],"brain-computer":[37],"interface":[38],"(BCI)":[39],"by":[40,105],"classifying":[41],"discrete":[42],"Fourier":[43],"transform":[44],"(DFT)":[45],"features.":[46],"In":[47],"this":[48],"work,":[49],"re-analyse":[51],"data-set":[53],"and":[54,68,90,95,107,124,146],"simulate":[55],"the":[56,79,87,100,127,133],"use":[57,85],"common":[59],"spatial":[60],"patterns":[61],"(CSP)":[62],"features":[63,89],"with":[64],"RF":[66,80,112,147],"shrinkage":[70],"regularized":[71],"linear":[72,137],"discriminant":[73],"analysis":[74],"(sLDA).":[75],"We":[76],"found":[77],"could":[82],"make":[83],"better":[84],"CSP":[88],"outperformed":[91],"sLDA.":[92],"The":[93,114],"mean":[94],"median":[96],"classification":[97],"accuracy":[98],"during":[99],"feedback":[101],"period":[102],"were":[103],"improved":[104],"2%":[106],"3%":[108],"when":[109,154],"using":[110],"classifier.":[113],"eect":[115],"is":[116],"small,":[117],"but":[118],"statistically":[119],"significant":[120],"(p":[121],"<":[122],"0.05)":[123],"consistent":[125],"over":[126],"participants.":[128],"Therefore,":[129],"argue":[131],"widespread":[134],"view":[135],"methods":[138],"ideal":[140],"for":[141,158],"BCIs":[142],"should":[143,149],"be":[144,150],"reconsidered":[145],"taken":[151],"into":[152],"account":[153],"choosing":[155],"SMR-BCIs.":[159]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-21T08:09:41.155169","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
