{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3217601465","doi":"https://doi.org/10.9781/ijimai.2021.11.002","title":"Multimodal Human Eye Blink Recognition Using Z-score Based Thresholding and Weighted Features.","display_name":"Multimodal Human Eye Blink Recognition Using Z-score Based Thresholding and Weighted Features.","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3217601465","doi":"https://doi.org/10.9781/ijimai.2021.11.002","mag":"3217601465"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.9781/ijimai.2021.11.002","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.9781/ijimai.2021.11.002","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.9781/ijimai.2021.11.002","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738898797","display_name":"International Journal of Interactive Multimedia and Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"1989-1660","issn":["1989-1660"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310321767","host_organization_name":"International University of La Rioja","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310321767"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["International University of La Rioja"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Interactive Multimedia and Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.9781/ijimai.2021.11.002","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030305389","display_name":"Puneet Singh Lamba","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1648-6802"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887998513","display_name":"Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University","ror":"https://ror.org/0052mmx10","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887998513"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I105454292","display_name":"Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University","ror":"https://ror.org/034q1za58","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I105454292"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Puneet Singh Lamba","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bharati Vidyapeeth's College of Engineering, Paschim Vihar, New Delhi (India)","University School of Information, Communication and Technology, GGSIPU, Sector 16 C, Dwarka, Delhi (India)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bharati Vidyapeeth's College of Engineering, Paschim Vihar, New Delhi (India)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887998513"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University School of Information, Communication and Technology, GGSIPU, Sector 16 C, Dwarka, Delhi (India)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I105454292"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054245097","display_name":"Deepali Virmani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4132-9254"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Deepali Virmani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Vivekananda Institute of Professional Studies-Technical Campus, New Delhi (India)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vivekananda Institute of Professional Studies-Technical Campus, New Delhi (India)","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012962174","display_name":"Manu S. Pillai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6995-6279"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887998513","display_name":"Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University","ror":"https://ror.org/0052mmx10","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887998513"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Manu S. Pillai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bharati Vidyapeeth's College of Engineering, Paschim Vihar, New Delhi (India)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bharati Vidyapeeth's College of Engineering, Paschim Vihar, New Delhi (India)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887998513"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090801167","display_name":"Gopal Chaudhary","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3991-3291"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887998513","display_name":"Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University","ror":"https://ror.org/0052mmx10","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887998513"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Gopal Chaudhary","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bharati Vidyapeeth's College of Engineering, Paschim Vihar, New Delhi (India)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bharati Vidyapeeth's College of Engineering, Paschim Vihar, New Delhi (India)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887998513"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5090801167"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887998513"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.16150327,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"4","first_page":"100","last_page":"111"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.8398000001907349,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.8398000001907349,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.7581999897956848,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12702","display_name":"Brain Tumor Detection and Classification","score":0.7282000184059143,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2808","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7963885068893433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thresholding","display_name":"Thresholding","score":0.7207449674606323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5764749050140381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-eye","display_name":"Human eye","score":0.45027628540992737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4457893967628479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.1320292055606842}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7963885068893433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191178318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2256906","display_name":"Thresholding","level":3,"score":0.7207449674606323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5764749050140381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781427961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q430024","display_name":"Human eye","level":2,"score":0.45027628540992737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4457893967628479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.1320292055606842}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.9781/ijimai.2021.11.002","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.9781/ijimai.2021.11.002","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.9781/ijimai.2021.11.002","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738898797","display_name":"International Journal of Interactive Multimedia and Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"1989-1660","issn":["1989-1660"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310321767","host_organization_name":"International University of La Rioja","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310321767"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["International University of La Rioja"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Interactive Multimedia and Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dialnet.unirioja.es:ART0001584931","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/oaiart?codigo=8841907","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401293","display_name":"Dialnet (Universidad de la Rioja)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I3032752892","host_organization_name":"Universidad Internacional de La Rioja","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3032752892"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IJIMAI, ISSN 1989-1660, Vol. 7, N\u00ba. 4, 2022, pags. 100-111","raw_type":"text (article)"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:2a4437c663e5475797134ad93addd190","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/2a4437c663e5475797134ad93addd190","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Interactive Multimedia and Artificial Intelligence, Vol 7, Iss 4 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:dcc4a78b4c5c4c0b94a92300d4a27565","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/dcc4a78b4c5c4c0b94a92300d4a27565","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Interactive Multimedia and Artificial Intelligence, Vol 7, Iss 4, Pp 100-111 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:reunir.unir.net:123456789/13570","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://reunir.unir.net/handle/123456789/13570","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400329","display_name":"Re-Unir (International University of La Rioja)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.9781/ijimai.2021.11.002","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.9781/ijimai.2021.11.002","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.9781/ijimai.2021.11.002","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738898797","display_name":"International Journal of Interactive Multimedia and Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"1989-1660","issn":["1989-1660"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310321767","host_organization_name":"International University of La Rioja","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310321767"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["International University of La Rioja"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Interactive Multimedia and Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3217601465.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3217601465.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1583105533","https://openalex.org/W1976376589","https://openalex.org/W1979845503","https://openalex.org/W1988528025","https://openalex.org/W1994221098","https://openalex.org/W1995247412","https://openalex.org/W2063085826","https://openalex.org/W2067812665","https://openalex.org/W2073651803","https://openalex.org/W2102512156","https://openalex.org/W2106390385","https://openalex.org/W2108972617","https://openalex.org/W2121684305","https://openalex.org/W2133180260","https://openalex.org/W2134582869","https://openalex.org/W2136110672","https://openalex.org/W2137292470","https://openalex.org/W2144597867","https://openalex.org/W2144970373","https://openalex.org/W2151343288","https://openalex.org/W2163279030","https://openalex.org/W2165690232","https://openalex.org/W2166266461","https://openalex.org/W2218357776","https://openalex.org/W2619651298","https://openalex.org/W2745467889","https://openalex.org/W2785824681","https://openalex.org/W2792234223","https://openalex.org/W2798002193","https://openalex.org/W2804813663","https://openalex.org/W2887862133","https://openalex.org/W2889548350","https://openalex.org/W2919536381","https://openalex.org/W2923350720","https://openalex.org/W2935803957","https://openalex.org/W3005245618","https://openalex.org/W3005515904","https://openalex.org/W3020946444","https://openalex.org/W3022319101","https://openalex.org/W3101998545","https://openalex.org/W3161325351","https://openalex.org/W4237851134","https://openalex.org/W6672184925","https://openalex.org/W6678197658","https://openalex.org/W6681392806","https://openalex.org/W6684278462"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2953058328","https://openalex.org/W1542224353","https://openalex.org/W1661087619","https://openalex.org/W2750730210","https://openalex.org/W2236974868","https://openalex.org/W2106145857","https://openalex.org/W2033914206","https://openalex.org/W2042327336"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"novel":[1],"real-time":[2],"multimodal":[3],"eye":[4,24,55,76],"blink":[5],"detection":[6],"method":[7,102,128],"using":[8],"an":[9],"amalgam":[10],"of":[11,40,90,125],"five":[12,29,69],"unique":[13],"weighted":[14,70],"features":[15,71],"extracted":[16],"from":[17,22],"the":[18,23,54,59,68,88,91,100,126,133],"circle":[19],"boundary":[20],"formed":[21],"landmarks":[25],"is":[26,72,84,129],"proposed.":[27],"The":[28,123],"features,":[30],"namely":[31],"(Vertical":[32],"Head":[33],"Positioning,":[34],"Orientation":[35],"Factor,":[36],"Proportional":[37],"Ratio,":[38],"Area":[39],"Intersection,":[41],"and":[42,57,64,96,105,112],"Upper":[43],"Eyelid":[44],"Radius),":[45],"provide":[46],"imperative":[47],"gen":[48],"(z":[49],"score":[50],"threshold)":[51],"accurately":[52],"predicting":[53],"status":[56,77],"thus":[58],"blinking":[60],"status.":[61],"An":[62],"accurate":[63],"precise":[65],"algorithm":[66],"employing":[67],"proposed":[73,101,127],"to":[74,86,118,131],"predict":[75],"(open/close).":[78],"One":[79],"state-of-the-art":[80,134],"dataset":[81],"ZJU":[82],"(eye-blink),":[83],"used":[85],"measure":[87,99],"performance":[89,103],"method.":[92],"Precision,":[93],"recall,":[94],"F1-score,":[95],"ROC":[97],"curve":[98],"qualitatively":[104],"quantitatively.":[106],"Increased":[107],"accuracy":[108],"(of":[109],"around":[110],"97.2%)":[111],"precision":[113],"(97.4%)":[114],"are":[115],"obtained":[116],"compared":[117],"other":[119],"existing":[120],"unimodal":[121],"approaches.":[122],"efficiency":[124],"shown":[130],"outperform":[132],"methods.":[135]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2021-12-06T00:00:00"}