{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2993949519","doi":"https://doi.org/10.9781/ijimai.2016.412","title":"Offline Face Recognition System Based on Gabor- Fisher Descriptors and Hidden Markov Models","display_name":"Offline Face Recognition System Based on Gabor- Fisher Descriptors and Hidden Markov Models","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-02-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2993949519","doi":"https://doi.org/10.9781/ijimai.2016.412","mag":"2993949519"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.9781/ijimai.2016.412","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.9781/ijimai.2016.412","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738898797","display_name":"International Journal of Interactive Multimedia and Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"1989-1660","issn":["1989-1660"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310321767","host_organization_name":"International University of La Rioja","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310321767"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["International University of La Rioja"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Interactive Multimedia and Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.9781/ijimai.2016.412","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062499946","display_name":"Zineb Elgarrai","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210145365","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 Hassan 1er","ror":"https://ror.org/03cdvht47","country_code":"MA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210145365"]}],"countries":["MA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zineb Elgarrai","raw_affiliation_strings":["FST of Hassan 1st University Settat /LAVETTE Laboratory,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"FST of Hassan 1st University Settat /LAVETTE Laboratory,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210145365"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045702327","display_name":"Othmane Elmeslouhi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088687","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 Ibn Zohr","ror":"https://ror.org/006sgpv47","country_code":"MA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210088687"]}],"countries":["MA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Othmane Elmeslouhi","raw_affiliation_strings":["FPO of Ibnou Zohr University /LabSIE Laboratory"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"FPO of Ibnou Zohr University /LabSIE Laboratory","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088687"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033359515","display_name":"Mustapha Kardouchi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154799132","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 de Moncton","ror":"https://ror.org/029tnqt29","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154799132"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210161954","display_name":"D\u00e9partement d'Informatique","ror":"https://ror.org/05y6rqs46","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1326498283","https://openalex.org/I2746051580","https://openalex.org/I29607241","https://openalex.org/I4210159245","https://openalex.org/I4210161954"]}],"countries":["CA","FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mustapha Kardouchi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit\u00e9 de Moncton /D\u00e9partement d'Informatique,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit\u00e9 de Moncton /D\u00e9partement d'Informatique,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154799132","https://openalex.org/I4210161954"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006645962","display_name":"Hakim Allali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1321-6847"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210145365","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 Hassan 1er","ror":"https://ror.org/03cdvht47","country_code":"MA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210145365"]}],"countries":["MA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hakim Allali","raw_affiliation_strings":["FST of Hassan 1st University Settat /LAVETTE Laboratory,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"FST of Hassan 1st University Settat /LAVETTE Laboratory,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210145365"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055849526","display_name":"Sid\u2010Ahmed Selouani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0731-2632"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154799132","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 de Moncton","ror":"https://ror.org/029tnqt29","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154799132"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sid Ahmed Selouani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit\u00e9 de Moncton/D\u00e9partement de Gestion de l'Information"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit\u00e9 de Moncton/D\u00e9partement de Gestion de l'Information","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154799132"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5062499946"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210145365"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5068,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.75730729,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":"1","first_page":"11","last_page":"14"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9908000230789185,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9876999855041504,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.837790846824646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.7461780309677124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hidden-markov-model","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","score":0.7429522275924683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7252331972122192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linear-discriminant-analysis","display_name":"Linear discriminant analysis","score":0.7094759941101074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.6557731628417969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gabor-wavelet","display_name":"Gabor wavelet","score":0.6147511601448059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.6042664051055908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.5498693585395813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/curse-of-dimensionality","display_name":"Curse of dimensionality","score":0.524876058101654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wavelet","display_name":"Wavelet","score":0.35407334566116333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wavelet-transform","display_name":"Wavelet transform","score":0.22667446732521057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-wavelet-transform","display_name":"Discrete wavelet transform","score":0.17044800519943237}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.837790846824646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.7461780309677124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23224414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176769","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","level":2,"score":0.7429522275924683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7252331972122192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69738355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1228929","display_name":"Linear discriminant analysis","level":2,"score":0.7094759941101074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.6557731628417969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136902061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16981559","display_name":"Gabor wavelet","level":5,"score":0.6147511601448059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.6042664051055908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.5498693585395813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111030470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1430460","display_name":"Curse of dimensionality","level":2,"score":0.524876058101654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47432892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831390","display_name":"Wavelet","level":2,"score":0.35407334566116333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196216189","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2867","display_name":"Wavelet transform","level":3,"score":0.22667446732521057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46286280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414958","display_name":"Discrete wavelet transform","level":4,"score":0.17044800519943237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.9781/ijimai.2016.412","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.9781/ijimai.2016.412","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738898797","display_name":"International Journal of Interactive Multimedia and Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"1989-1660","issn":["1989-1660"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310321767","host_organization_name":"International University of La Rioja","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310321767"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["International University of La Rioja"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Interactive Multimedia and Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1d5d905128cb40f7966f034bb49f9aa6","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1d5d905128cb40f7966f034bb49f9aa6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Interactive Multimedia and Artificial Intelligence, Vol 4, Iss 1 (2016)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:2dd3d65cc8704d7bb12794b75bab07d3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/2dd3d65cc8704d7bb12794b75bab07d3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Interactive Multimedia and Artificial Intelligence, Vol 4, Iss 1, Pp 6-0 (2016)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:reunir.unir.net:123456789/11566","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://reunir.unir.net/handle/123456789/11566","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400329","display_name":"Re-Unir (International University of La Rioja)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.9781/ijimai.2016.412","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.9781/ijimai.2016.412","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738898797","display_name":"International Journal of Interactive Multimedia and Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"1989-1660","issn":["1989-1660"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310321767","host_organization_name":"International University of La Rioja","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310321767"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["International University of La Rioja"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Interactive Multimedia and Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.7400000095367432,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1480865305","https://openalex.org/W1881452810","https://openalex.org/W1989702938","https://openalex.org/W1997637053","https://openalex.org/W2028880308","https://openalex.org/W2063894749","https://openalex.org/W2109647201","https://openalex.org/W2111084364","https://openalex.org/W2116908796","https://openalex.org/W2121647436","https://openalex.org/W2125838338","https://openalex.org/W2127936525","https://openalex.org/W2129450592","https://openalex.org/W2131221462","https://openalex.org/W2134262590","https://openalex.org/W2135188079","https://openalex.org/W2143748665","https://openalex.org/W2144305858","https://openalex.org/W2144354855","https://openalex.org/W2147475086","https://openalex.org/W2161308290","https://openalex.org/W2162208231","https://openalex.org/W2163352848","https://openalex.org/W2165731615","https://openalex.org/W2177287823","https://openalex.org/W3215887389","https://openalex.org/W4253573210"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2364370872","https://openalex.org/W1995039490","https://openalex.org/W2182646186","https://openalex.org/W2003054897","https://openalex.org/W2116423617","https://openalex.org/W2077878713","https://openalex.org/W2370292837","https://openalex.org/W4210360969","https://openalex.org/W2386644757","https://openalex.org/W2007839966"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"presents":[2],"a":[3,102],"new":[4],"offline":[5],"face":[6,83],"recognition":[7,104],"system.":[8],"The":[9,31,85],"proposed":[10,60,90,99],"system":[11,61],"is":[12,36],"built":[13],"on":[14],"one":[15],"dimensional":[16],"left-to-":[17],"right":[18],"Hidden":[19],"Markov":[20],"Models":[21],"(1D-HMMs).":[22],"Facial":[23],"image":[24],"features":[25,35,70],"are":[26],"extracted":[27],"using":[28,38,54],"Gabor":[29],"wavelets.":[30],"dimensionality":[32],"of":[33,78,88],"these":[34],"reduced":[37,69],"the":[39,47,59,66,82,89,98],"Fisher\u2019s":[40],"Discriminant":[41],"Analysis":[42],"method":[43,91,100],"to":[44,64],"keep":[45],"only":[46],"most":[48],"relevant":[49],"information.":[50],"Unlike":[51],"existing":[52],"techniques":[53],"1D-HMMs,":[55],"in":[56,81],"classification":[57],"step,":[58],"employs":[62],"1D-HMMs":[63],"find":[65],"relationship":[67],"between":[68],"components":[71],"directly":[72],"without":[73],"any":[74],"additional":[75],"segmentation":[76],"step":[77],"interest":[79],"regions":[80],"image.":[84],"performance":[86],"evaluation":[87],"was":[92],"performed":[93],"with":[94],"AR":[95],"database":[96],"and":[97],"showed":[101],"high":[103],"rate":[105],"for":[106],"this":[107],"database.":[108]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2019-12-13T00:00:00"}