{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7138949177","doi":"https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.3718","title":"VertiDaX: an explainable hybrid deep learning model for dropout prediction with vertical integration","display_name":"VertiDaX: an explainable hybrid deep learning model for dropout prediction with vertical integration","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7138949177","doi":"https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.3718"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.7717/peerj-cs.3718","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.3718","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210178049","display_name":"PeerJ Computer Science","issn_l":"2376-5992","issn":["2376-5992"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320104","host_organization_name":"PeerJ, Inc.","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320104"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["PeerJ, Inc."],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PeerJ Computer Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.3718","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129987977","display_name":"Mohammad Waseem","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I171210897","display_name":"Aligarh Muslim University","ror":"https://ror.org/03kw9gc02","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I171210897"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Waseem","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3315-5952","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I171210897"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018479254","display_name":"Shafiqul Abidin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I171210897","display_name":"Aligarh Muslim University","ror":"https://ror.org/03kw9gc02","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I171210897"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shafiqul Abidin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I171210897"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Mahfooz Alam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0668-9796"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166533956","display_name":"Institute of Management Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05k0kb696","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166533956"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mahfooz Alam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of MCA, G. L. Bajaj Institute of Technology and Management, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0668-9796","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of MCA, G. L. Bajaj Institute of Technology and Management, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166533956"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056592935","display_name":"Mohd. Shahid Husain","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4864-9485"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119174","display_name":"College of Applied Sciences- Ibri","ror":"https://ror.org/02h5h0a06","country_code":"OM","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210119174","https://openalex.org/I4210130707"]}],"countries":["OM"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohd Shahid Husain","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computing and Information Sciences, University of Applied Science and Technology, Ibri, Oman"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4864-9485","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computing and Information Sciences, University of Applied Science and Technology, Ibri, Oman","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119174"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102581929","display_name":"Mohammad Zunnun Khan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136004","display_name":"University of Bisha","ror":"https://ror.org/040548g92","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136004"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Zunnun Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Systems and Cybersecurity, University of Bisha, Bisha, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1552-315X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Systems and Cybersecurity, University of Bisha, Bisha, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136004"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081005098","display_name":"Zubair Ashraf","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7122-2856"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136004","display_name":"University of Bisha","ror":"https://ror.org/040548g92","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136004"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zubair Ashraf","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, University of Bisha, Bisha, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7122-2856","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, University of Bisha, Bisha, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136004"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1395,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1395},"apc_paid":{"value":1395,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1395},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.32606765,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"e3718","last_page":"e3718"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11122","display_name":"Online Learning and Analytics","score":0.8722000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11122","display_name":"Online Learning and Analytics","score":0.8722000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.04670000076293945,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.027400000020861626,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dropout","display_name":"Dropout (neural networks)","score":0.7045999765396118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.555899977684021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.4885999858379364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operationalization","display_name":"Operationalization","score":0.4853000044822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.48159998655319214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/learning-analytics","display_name":"Learning analytics","score":0.4643000066280365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stability","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","score":0.45019999146461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalizability-theory","display_name":"Generalizability theory","score":0.42260000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population","display_name":"Population","score":0.38530001044273376}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776145597","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25339462","display_name":"Dropout (neural networks)","level":2,"score":0.7045999765396118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6991999745368958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6693999767303467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.6639999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.555899977684021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.4885999858379364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9354725","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q286017","display_name":"Operationalization","level":2,"score":0.4853000044822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.48159998655319214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777648619","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2845208","display_name":"Learning analytics","level":2,"score":0.4643000066280365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112972136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7595718","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","level":2,"score":0.45019999146461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27158222","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532422","display_name":"Generalizability theory","level":2,"score":0.42260000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.38530001044273376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79158427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485396","display_name":"Analytics","level":2,"score":0.37470000982284546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136389625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334384","display_name":"Supervised learning","level":3,"score":0.3578000068664551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37381756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20203288","display_name":"Representativeness heuristic","level":2,"score":0.35580000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.3537999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.34360000491142273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9357733","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6878417","display_name":"Missing data","level":2,"score":0.3393000066280365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3343000113964081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147168706","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1457734","display_name":"Recurrent neural network","level":3,"score":0.3264999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781067378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17027399","display_name":"Interpretability","level":2,"score":0.3100000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150921843","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1170431","display_name":"Resampling","level":2,"score":0.3009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C774472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6760393","display_name":"Margin (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.29010000824928284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72634772","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q386824","display_name":"Data integration","level":2,"score":0.2849000096321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207609745","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4944086","display_name":"Bootstrapping (finance)","level":2,"score":0.2838999927043915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22019652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q331309","display_name":"Overfitting","level":3,"score":0.27219998836517334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.271699994802475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780440489","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5227278","display_name":"Data-driven","level":2,"score":0.2635999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781162219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26250693","display_name":"Replicate","level":2,"score":0.2614000141620636}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.7717/peerj-cs.3718","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.3718","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210178049","display_name":"PeerJ Computer Science","issn_l":"2376-5992","issn":["2376-5992"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320104","host_organization_name":"PeerJ, Inc.","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320104"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["PeerJ, Inc."],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PeerJ Computer Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c5131e5cccf544be84606e7e75af6227","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c5131e5cccf544be84606e7e75af6227","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PeerJ Computer Science, Vol 12, p e3718 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.7717/peerj-cs.3718","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.3718","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210178049","display_name":"PeerJ Computer Science","issn_l":"2376-5992","issn":["2376-5992"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320104","host_organization_name":"PeerJ, Inc.","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320104"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["PeerJ, Inc."],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PeerJ Computer Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.7920305728912354}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2611285220","https://openalex.org/W2791021147","https://openalex.org/W2905464284","https://openalex.org/W2946527867","https://openalex.org/W2973874337","https://openalex.org/W2980891379","https://openalex.org/W2996061341","https://openalex.org/W3087302936","https://openalex.org/W3096178292","https://openalex.org/W3111056695","https://openalex.org/W3133956474","https://openalex.org/W3175302149","https://openalex.org/W3181096080","https://openalex.org/W4280651558","https://openalex.org/W4306315129","https://openalex.org/W4322630064","https://openalex.org/W4381511804","https://openalex.org/W4383092744","https://openalex.org/W4385653232","https://openalex.org/W4386928343","https://openalex.org/W4387924670","https://openalex.org/W4390508741","https://openalex.org/W4397008894","https://openalex.org/W4399740515","https://openalex.org/W4412966588"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Massive":[0],"Open":[1,217],"Online":[2],"Courses":[3],"(MOOCs)":[4],"offer":[5,287],"access":[6],"to":[7,12,38,61,87,109,224,258],"high-scalable":[8],"and":[9,34,45,72,124,140,183,197,237,248,279,289],"flexible":[10],"education":[11],"diverse":[13],"people":[14],"in":[15,64,76,239,269,292,296,313],"distant":[16],"parts":[17],"of":[18,98,147,153,176,304],"the":[19,51,77,96,145,148,179,190,203,216,229,300,319],"world,":[20],"yet":[21],"persistently":[22],"plagued":[23],"by":[24,159],"high":[25],"dropout":[26,294],"rates.":[27],"To":[28,103,127],"operationalize":[29],"this":[30],"problem,":[31],"more":[32],"correct":[33],"interpretable":[35,305],"models":[36],"need":[37],"be":[39,311],"created,":[40],"which":[41,206],"operate":[42],"on":[43,144,228,318],"heterogeneous":[44],"vertically":[46],"integrated":[47],"educational":[48],"data.":[49],"Here,":[50],"method":[52,245],"is":[53,156,282],"a":[54,115,160,166,173,256,266,283],"hybrid":[55,162,280],"explainable":[56],"deep":[57,277],"learning":[58,278],"model,":[59],"used":[60,75,215],"predict":[62],"Dropout":[63],"MOOCs.":[65,297],"The":[66,151,212,243],"student":[67],"activity":[68],"logs,":[69],"course":[70],"metadata,":[71],"assessment":[73],"records":[74],"framework":[78],"are":[79,92,207],"combined":[80],"through":[81],"integration":[82],"with":[83,95,114,134,253,255],"an":[84,194],"unbalanced":[85],"assignment":[86],"ensure":[88],"that":[89,120,164,271,285,309],"imbalanced":[90],"data":[91,223,273],"balanced":[93],"out":[94,158],"application":[97],"Generative":[99],"Adversarial":[100],"Network":[101],"(GAN).":[102],"facilitate":[104],"complex":[105],"behavioral":[106,250],"patterns":[107,251],"related":[108],"Dropout,":[110],"we":[111,130,234],"come":[112],"up":[113],"multi-head":[116],"attention":[117,149],"neural":[118],"network":[119],"represents":[121,265],"both":[122],"temporal":[123],"contextual":[125],"aspects.":[126],"provide":[128],"interpretability,":[129],"acquire":[131],"local":[132],"explanations":[133,155],"Local":[135],"Interpretable":[136],"Model-agnostic":[137],"Explanations":[138],"(LIME)":[139],"global":[141],"cohort-level":[142],"representativeness":[143],"basis":[146],"mechanism.":[150],"combination":[152],"these":[154],"carried":[157],"new":[161],"algorithm":[163],"offers":[165],"population":[167],"level":[168],"reformulation":[169],"as":[170,172],"well":[171],"student-level":[174],"ratification":[175],"predictions.":[177],"On":[178],"benchmark":[180],"Knowledge":[181],"Discovery":[182],"Data":[184],"Mining":[185],"(KDD":[186],"Cup)":[187],"2015":[188],"dataset,":[189],"proposed":[191],"VertiDaX":[192],"gives":[193],"excellent":[195],"F1-score":[196],"receiver":[198],"operating":[199],"characteristic":[200],"area":[201],"under":[202],"curve":[204],"(ROC-AUC),":[205],"better":[208],"than":[209],"earlier":[210],"baselines.":[211],"study":[213],"also":[214],"University":[218],"Learning":[219],"Analytics":[220],"Dataset":[221],"(OULAD)":[222],"stratify":[225],"cross":[226],"validate":[227],"same":[230],"label":[231],"scheme,":[232],"where":[233],"evaluate":[235],"generalisation":[236],"stability":[238],"moderate":[240],"class":[241],"imbalance.":[242],"explained":[244],"captures":[246],"common":[247],"personalized":[249],"associated":[252],"dropout,":[254],"view":[257],"establishing":[259],"educator-specific":[260],"intervention":[261],"strategies.":[262],"This":[263],"project":[264],"stepping":[267],"stone":[268],"showing":[270],"GAN-based":[272],"augmentation":[274],"plus":[275],"attention-based":[276],"interpretation":[281],"formula":[284],"will":[286],"valuable":[288],"concrete":[290],"results":[291],"predicting":[293],"rates":[295],"We":[298],"propose":[299],"exciting":[301],"future":[302],"use":[303],"artificial":[306],"intelligence":[307],"(AI)":[308],"can":[310],"implemented":[312],"scalable":[314],"online":[315],"training":[316],"based":[317],"findings.":[320]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2026-03-20T00:00:00"}
