{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7138296636","doi":"https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.3678","title":"Urdu-NERD: Urdu named entity recognition with BiGRU-based deep learning architecture","display_name":"Urdu-NERD: Urdu named entity recognition with BiGRU-based deep learning architecture","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7138296636","doi":"https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.3678"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.7717/peerj-cs.3678","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.3678","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210178049","display_name":"PeerJ Computer Science","issn_l":"2376-5992","issn":["2376-5992"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320104","host_organization_name":"PeerJ, Inc.","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320104"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["PeerJ, Inc."],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PeerJ Computer Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.3678","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003442186","display_name":"Zainab Rafiq","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210089805","display_name":"University of Management and Technology","ror":null,"country_code":"PK","type":null,"lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210089805"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zainab Rafiq","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Management & Technology, Lahore (Sialkot Campus), Punjab, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Management & Technology, Lahore (Sialkot Campus), Punjab, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089805"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129726308","display_name":"Muhammad Wasim","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210089805","display_name":"University of Management and Technology","ror":null,"country_code":"PK","type":null,"lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210089805"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Wasim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Management & Technology, Lahore (Sialkot Campus), Punjab, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Management & Technology, Lahore (Sialkot Campus), Punjab, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089805"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058393510","display_name":"Fatema Shaikh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4323-4627"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76571253","display_name":"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University","ror":"https://ror.org/038cy8j79","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76571253"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fatema Sabeen Shaikh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Information Systems Department, College of Computer Science and Information Technology, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4323-4627","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Information Systems Department, College of Computer Science and Information Technology, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76571253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078337428","display_name":"Nahier Aldhafferi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0330-8436"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76571253","display_name":"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University","ror":"https://ror.org/038cy8j79","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76571253"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nahier Aldhafferi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Information Systems Department, College of Computer Science and Information Technology, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0330-8436","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Information Systems Department, College of Computer Science and Information Technology, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76571253"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129708215","display_name":"Abdullah Alqahtani","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76571253","display_name":"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University","ror":"https://ror.org/038cy8j79","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76571253"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdullah Alqahtani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Information Systems Department, College of Computer Science and Information Technology, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Information Systems Department, College of Computer Science and Information Technology, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76571253"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1395,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1395},"apc_paid":{"value":1395,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1395},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.35883413,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"e3678","last_page":"e3678"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9330000281333923,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9330000281333923,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10664","display_name":"Sentiment Analysis and Opinion Mining","score":0.013100000098347664,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11273","display_name":"Advanced Graph Neural Networks","score":0.012400000356137753,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/named-entity-recognition","display_name":"Named-entity recognition","score":0.9187999963760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urdu","display_name":"Urdu","score":0.7832000255584717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/named-entity","display_name":"Named entity","score":0.6434999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entity-linking","display_name":"Entity linking","score":0.6154000163078308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/annotation","display_name":"Annotation","score":0.5214999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.46070000529289246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.44620001316070557}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779135771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q403574","display_name":"Named-entity recognition","level":3,"score":0.9187999963760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8427000045776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777350258","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1617","display_name":"Urdu","level":2,"score":0.7832000255584717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.746999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.7081999778747559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777889803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25047676","display_name":"Named entity","level":2,"score":0.6434999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96711827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17012245","display_name":"Entity linking","level":3,"score":0.6154000163078308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776321320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857525","display_name":"Annotation","level":2,"score":0.5214999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.46070000529289246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.44620001316070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152565575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1124538","display_name":"Conditional random field","level":2,"score":0.42800000309944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.39469999074935913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.3614000082015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.3549000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43521106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165493","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","level":2,"score":0.35420000553131104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.2955000102519989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.2782000005245209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148524875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6975395","display_name":"F1 score","level":2,"score":0.26759999990463257}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.7717/peerj-cs.3678","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.3678","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210178049","display_name":"PeerJ Computer Science","issn_l":"2376-5992","issn":["2376-5992"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320104","host_organization_name":"PeerJ, Inc.","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320104"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["PeerJ, Inc."],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PeerJ Computer Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ada537392eea441a8e0d99e135e3c060","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ada537392eea441a8e0d99e135e3c060","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PeerJ Computer Science, Vol 12, p e3678 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.7717/peerj-cs.3678","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.3678","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210178049","display_name":"PeerJ Computer Science","issn_l":"2376-5992","issn":["2376-5992"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320104","host_organization_name":"PeerJ, Inc.","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320104"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["PeerJ, Inc."],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PeerJ Computer Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5484415888786316,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1966385203","https://openalex.org/W2144578941","https://openalex.org/W2773616286","https://openalex.org/W2782822144","https://openalex.org/W2896457183","https://openalex.org/W2908003533","https://openalex.org/W2948614377","https://openalex.org/W2957144888","https://openalex.org/W2961231993","https://openalex.org/W2989409993","https://openalex.org/W3017222382","https://openalex.org/W3095572026","https://openalex.org/W3140747828","https://openalex.org/W4200456248","https://openalex.org/W4283374436","https://openalex.org/W4283395836","https://openalex.org/W4321260730","https://openalex.org/W4323980180","https://openalex.org/W4366201187","https://openalex.org/W4368371908","https://openalex.org/W4411055214","https://openalex.org/W4415152263","https://openalex.org/W4416380029"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Named":[0],"Entity":[1,145],"Recognition":[2,146],"(NER)":[3],"is":[4],"a":[5,34,214,231,239],"fundamental":[6],"task":[7],"in":[8,37,159,180],"Natural":[9],"Language":[10],"Processing":[11],"(NLP),":[12],"focusing":[13],"on":[14,188],"identifying":[15],"and":[16,24,46,72,85,107,131,194,237],"extracting":[17],"entities":[18,115,120],"such":[19],"as":[20],"names,":[21],"locations,":[22],"organizations,":[23],"other":[25,207],"specific":[26],"labels":[27],"from":[28],"unstructured":[29],"text":[30],"data.":[31,77],"It":[32],"plays":[33],"crucial":[35],"role":[36],"various":[38],"NLP":[39],"applications,":[40],"including":[41],"information":[42],"retrieval,":[43],"question":[44],"answering,":[45],"sentiment":[47],"analysis.":[48],"However,":[49],"while":[50],"NER":[51,89,100,192,227],"systems":[52],"have":[53],"been":[54],"extensively":[55],"developed":[56],"for":[57,87,217,242],"English,":[58],"adapting":[59],"them":[60],"to":[61,69,102,136,199,206],"languages":[62],"like":[63],"Urdu":[64,88,99,160,226,244],"poses":[65],"unique":[66],"challenges":[67],"due":[68],"linguistic":[70],"differences":[71],"the":[73,92,96,114,125,133,143,174,190],"scarcity":[74],"of":[75,169],"annotated":[76],"In":[78],"this":[79,185],"research,":[80],"we":[81,112,141],"enhance":[82],"data":[83],"diversity":[84],"accessibility":[86],"by":[90,229],"introducing":[91,238],"ZUNERA":[93,172],"corpus":[94,126],",":[95,127],"most":[97],"extensive":[98],"dataset":[101,176],"date,":[103],"comprising":[104],"1,189,614":[105],"tokens":[106],"89,804":[108],"named":[109,119],"entities.":[110,183],"Additionally,":[111],"classify":[113],"into":[116],"twenty-three":[117],"different":[118],"types.":[121],"We":[122],"meticulously":[123],"annotate":[124],"providing":[128,213,230],"clear":[129],"guidelines":[130],"employing":[132],"Kappa":[134],"coefficient":[135],"ensure":[137],"high-quality":[138],"annotations.":[139],"Furthermore,":[140],"propose":[142],"Urdu-Named":[144],"with":[147,173],"BiGRU-based":[148],"Deep":[149],"Learning":[150],"Architecture":[151],"(NERD)":[152],"framework,":[153],"which":[154],"facilitates":[155],"efficient":[156,243],"entity":[157,245],"recognition":[158],"text.":[161],"The":[162],"proposed":[163,191],"framework":[164,193,241],"achieves":[165],"an":[166],"impressive":[167],"F1-score":[168],"94.6%.":[170],"Comparing":[171],"MK-PUCIT":[175],"underscores":[177],"its":[178],"robustness":[179],"accurately":[181],"recognizing":[182],"Although":[184],"study":[186],"centers":[187],"Urdu,":[189],"annotation":[195],"pipeline":[196],"are":[197],"designed":[198],"be":[200,204],"language-agnostic.":[201],"They":[202],"can":[203],"extended":[205],"morphologically":[208],"rich":[209],"or":[210],"low-resource":[211],"languages,":[212],"replicable":[215],"foundation":[216],"future":[218],"cross-lingual":[219],"research.":[220],"Overall,":[221],"our":[222],"contributions":[223],"significantly":[224],"advance":[225],"research":[228],"comprehensive":[232],"dataset,":[233],"evaluating":[234],"state-of-the-art":[235],"techniques,":[236],"novel":[240],"recognition.":[246]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2026-03-18T00:00:00"}