{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7125141268","doi":"https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.3496","title":"Analyzing fish detection and classification in IoT-based aquatic ecosystems through deep learning","display_name":"Analyzing fish detection and classification in IoT-based aquatic ecosystems through deep learning","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7125141268","doi":"https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.3496"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.7717/peerj-cs.3496","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.3496","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210178049","display_name":"PeerJ Computer Science","issn_l":"2376-5992","issn":["2376-5992"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320104","host_organization_name":"PeerJ, Inc.","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320104"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["PeerJ, Inc."],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PeerJ Computer Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.3496","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069778853","display_name":"Mohd Izzat Mohd Rahman","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102913810","display_name":"Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah","ror":"https://ror.org/01704wp68","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102913810"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohd Izzat Mohd Rahman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Manufacturing and Mechatronic Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, Pekan, Pahang, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Manufacturing and Mechatronic Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, Pekan, Pahang, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102913810"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074425488","display_name":"Amir FakarulIsroq Abdul Razak","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102913810","display_name":"Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah","ror":"https://ror.org/01704wp68","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102913810"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amir FakarulIsroq Abdul Razak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Manufacturing and Mechatronic Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, Pekan, Pahang, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Manufacturing and Mechatronic Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, Pekan, Pahang, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102913810"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123042500","display_name":"Anwar P. P. Abdul Majeed","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84339108","display_name":"Sunway University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mjt7f73","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84339108"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anwar P. P. Abdul Majeed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing and Information Systems, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3094-5596","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing and Information Systems, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84339108"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038514283","display_name":"Rabiu Muazu Musa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5332-1770"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157696592","display_name":"Universiti Malaysia Terengganu","ror":"https://ror.org/02474f074","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157696592"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rabiu Muazu Musa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Fundamental and Continuing Education, Department of Credited Co-curriculum, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Fundamental and Continuing Education, Department of Credited Co-curriculum, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157696592"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104249090","display_name":"Azaini Aizat Abdul Jalil","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802910988","display_name":"University of Cyberjaya","ror":"https://ror.org/04f1eek20","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802910988"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Azaini Aizat Abdul Jalil","raw_affiliation_strings":["Flow Studios Sdn Bhd, Cyberjaya, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Flow Studios Sdn Bhd, Cyberjaya, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802910988"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085255934","display_name":"Ismail Mohd Khairuddin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6969-9062"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102913810","display_name":"Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah","ror":"https://ror.org/01704wp68","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102913810"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ismail Mohd Khairuddin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Manufacturing and Mechatronic Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, Pekan, Pahang, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6969-9062","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Manufacturing and Mechatronic Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, Pekan, Pahang, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102913810"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085283919","display_name":"Muhammad Amirul Abdullah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3284-0437"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102913810","display_name":"Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah","ror":"https://ror.org/01704wp68","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102913810"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Amirul Abdullah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Manufacturing and Mechatronic Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, Pekan, Pahang, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3284-0437","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Manufacturing and Mechatronic Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, Pekan, Pahang, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102913810"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038352672","display_name":"Mohd Azraai Mohd Razman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3045-2804"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102913810","display_name":"Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah","ror":"https://ror.org/01704wp68","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102913810"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohd Azraai Mohd Razman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Manufacturing and Mechatronic Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, Pekan, Pahang, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Manufacturing and Mechatronic Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, Pekan, Pahang, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102913810"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1395,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1395},"apc_paid":{"value":1395,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1395},"fwci":5.6361,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90737142,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"e3496","last_page":"e3496"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12697","display_name":"Water Quality Monitoring Technologies","score":0.8543000221252441,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12697","display_name":"Water Quality Monitoring Technologies","score":0.8543000221252441,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13391","display_name":"Innovations in Aquaponics and Hydroponics Systems","score":0.05310000106692314,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1104","display_name":"Aquatic Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11088","display_name":"Marine Bivalve and Aquaculture Studies","score":0.010499999858438969,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overfishing","display_name":"Overfishing","score":0.7455000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aquaculture","display_name":"Aquaculture","score":0.6754999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformative-learning","display_name":"Transformative learning","score":0.3991999924182892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-integration","display_name":"Deep integration","score":0.37619999051094055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/productivity","display_name":"Productivity","score":0.3598000109195709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fish-actinopterygii","display_name":"Fish <Actinopterygii>","score":0.35920000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sustainability","display_name":"Sustainability","score":0.3431999981403351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/marine-ecosystem","display_name":"Marine ecosystem","score":0.34040001034736633}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24061886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q331828","display_name":"Overfishing","level":3,"score":0.7455000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86909935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188989","display_name":"Aquaculture","level":3,"score":0.6754999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C505870484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180538","display_name":"Fishery","level":1,"score":0.5128999948501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70587473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7834111","display_name":"Transformative learning","level":2,"score":0.3991999924182892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3991999924182892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777826224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5250404","display_name":"Deep integration","level":2,"score":0.37619999051094055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204983608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2111958","display_name":"Productivity","level":2,"score":0.3598000109195709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2909208804","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q127282","display_name":"Fish <Actinopterygii>","level":2,"score":0.35920000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66204764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q219416","display_name":"Sustainability","level":2,"score":0.3431999981403351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151152651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3304561","display_name":"Marine ecosystem","level":3,"score":0.34040001034736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175327387","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3289906","display_name":"Aquatic ecosystem","level":2,"score":0.33820000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.32510000467300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110872660","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37813","display_name":"Ecosystem","level":2,"score":0.3043000102043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197352329","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1093434","display_name":"Citizen science","level":2,"score":0.28679999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132107708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1420425","display_name":"Fish kill","level":5,"score":0.2728999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C552854447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131201","display_name":"Sustainable development","level":2,"score":0.2651999890804291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107826830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q929380","display_name":"Environmental resource management","level":1,"score":0.2630000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207267971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q120208","display_name":"Emerging technologies","level":2,"score":0.2599000036716461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158278297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1756633","display_name":"Aquatic animal","level":3,"score":0.25540000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776318951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216634","display_name":"Sciaenidae","level":3,"score":0.2533000111579895}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.7717/peerj-cs.3496","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.3496","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210178049","display_name":"PeerJ Computer Science","issn_l":"2376-5992","issn":["2376-5992"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320104","host_organization_name":"PeerJ, Inc.","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320104"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["PeerJ, Inc."],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PeerJ Computer Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:aaa355cd1ca147c2b730a11e5cb76aca","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/aaa355cd1ca147c2b730a11e5cb76aca","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PeerJ Computer Science, Vol 12, p e3496 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.7717/peerj-cs.3496","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.3496","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210178049","display_name":"PeerJ Computer Science","issn_l":"2376-5992","issn":["2376-5992"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320104","host_organization_name":"PeerJ, Inc.","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320104"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["PeerJ, Inc."],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PeerJ Computer Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/12","score":0.4004550874233246,"display_name":"Responsible consumption and production"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W850294230","https://openalex.org/W2663850682","https://openalex.org/W3014286955","https://openalex.org/W3083557050","https://openalex.org/W3123290225","https://openalex.org/W3133820340","https://openalex.org/W3161884313","https://openalex.org/W4205672120","https://openalex.org/W4224111564","https://openalex.org/W4313119571","https://openalex.org/W4317934322","https://openalex.org/W4328051616","https://openalex.org/W4387499686","https://openalex.org/W4391094123","https://openalex.org/W4392508428","https://openalex.org/W4399427914"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Fish,":[0],"a":[1,22,41,216],"crucial":[2],"source":[3],"of":[4,9,48,52,61,64,84,187,199,211,228,235,246,285],"protein,":[5],"contribute":[6],"approximately":[7],"17%":[8],"the":[10,17,33,46,62,82,107,135,147,197,225,232,243,259,264,275],"global":[11],"animal":[12],"protein":[13,204,237],"intake.":[14],"In":[15],"Malaysia,":[16],"fisheries":[18,221],"sector":[19],"serves":[20],"as":[21,95,122,124,171,173],"significant":[23],"economic":[24],"driver,":[25],"contributing":[26],"around":[27],"11.22":[28],"billion":[29],"Malaysian":[30],"ringgit":[31],"to":[32,45,112,125,163,282],"nation\u2019s":[34],"GDP":[35],"in":[36,206,252],"2021.":[37],"However,":[38],"overfishing":[39,229],"poses":[40],"substantial":[42],"threat,":[43],"leading":[44],"depletion":[47],"marine":[49],"life,":[50],"disruption":[51],"ecosystems,":[53],"potential":[54,69,245],"food":[55],"shortages,":[56],"and":[57,76,92,100,119,142,158,169,181,192,202,248,256,269,287],"unemployment.":[58],"The":[59,184,239],"advent":[60],"Internet":[63],"Things":[65],"(IoT)":[66],"offers":[67],"transformative":[68,244],"for":[70,278],"aquaculture,":[71,87],"enhancing":[72,253],"productivity,":[73],"reducing":[74],"waste,":[75],"promoting":[77],"sustainability.":[78,257],"This":[79,209],"research":[80],"underscores":[81],"viability":[83],"IoT-based":[85],"smart":[86],"focusing":[88],"on":[89,115],"different":[90],"species":[91],"colours,":[93],"such":[94],"red":[96],"tilapia,":[97,99],"black":[98],"sailfin":[101],"catfish.":[102],"For":[103],"monitoring":[104],"aquaculture":[105,214,254],"activities,":[106],"ESP32":[108],"Devkit":[109],"is":[110,132],"employed":[111],"collect":[113],"data":[114],"temperature,":[116],"dissolved":[117,179],"oxygen,":[118,180],"pH":[120],"levels,":[121],"well":[123,172],"operate":[126],"fish":[127,165],"pellet":[128],"feeders.":[129],"Fish":[130],"detection":[131],"facilitated":[133],"using":[134],"NVIDIA":[136],"Jetson":[137],"Nano,":[138],"an":[139],"underwater":[140],"camera,":[141],"various":[143],"Darknet":[144],"architectures":[145],"within":[146],"You":[148],"Only":[149],"Look":[150],"Once":[151],"(YOLO)":[152],"version,":[153],"including":[154],"YOLOv3,":[155],"YOLOv3-Tiny,":[156],"YOLOv4,":[157],"YOLOv4-Tiny.":[159],"Future":[160],"enhancements":[161],"aim":[162],"monitor":[164],"growth":[166],"sizes,":[167],"behaviour,":[168],"diseases,":[170],"identify":[174],"waterborne":[175],"pathogens,":[176],"control":[177],"pH,":[178],"chlorine":[182],"levels.":[183],"ongoing":[185],"evolution":[186],"machine":[188,249],"learning,":[189,191],"deep":[190],"transfer":[193],"learning":[194,250],"can":[195],"facilitate":[196],"production":[198],"safe,":[200],"high-quality,":[201],"abundant":[203],"sources":[205],"well-regulated":[207],"environments.":[208],"integration":[210],"technology":[212],"into":[213],"signifies":[215],"promising":[217],"step":[218],"towards":[219],"sustainable":[220],"management,":[222],"potentially":[223],"mitigating":[224],"adverse":[226],"effects":[227],"while":[230],"ensuring":[231],"continued":[233],"provision":[234],"essential":[236],"sources.":[238],"study\u2019s":[240],"findings":[241],"highlight":[242],"IoT":[247],"technologies":[251],"productivity":[255],"Among":[258],"tested":[260],"models,":[261],"YOLOv4-Tiny":[262],"demonstrated":[263],"highest":[265],"Average":[266],"Precision":[267],"(AP)":[268],"F1-score":[270],"(approximately":[271],"1.00),":[272],"making":[273],"it":[274],"most":[276],"suitable":[277],"real-time":[279],"implementation":[280],"due":[281],"its":[283],"balance":[284],"accuracy":[286],"computational":[288],"efficiency.":[289]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2026-01-22T00:00:00"}
