{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7125962055","doi":"https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.3398","title":"Emotional drivers of misinformation consumption and toxicity on YouTube","display_name":"Emotional drivers of misinformation consumption and toxicity on YouTube","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7125962055","doi":"https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.3398"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.7717/peerj-cs.3398","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.3398","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210178049","display_name":"PeerJ Computer Science","issn_l":"2376-5992","issn":["2376-5992"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320104","host_organization_name":"PeerJ, Inc.","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320104"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["PeerJ, Inc."],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PeerJ Computer Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.3398","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087717428","display_name":"Arnaldo Santoro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-6039-1594"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149461666","display_name":"Ca' Foscari University of Venice","ror":"https://ror.org/04yzxz566","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149461666"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Arnaldo Santoro","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca\u2019 Foscari University of Venice, Venice, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca\u2019 Foscari University of Venice, Venice, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149461666"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082962601","display_name":"Luciana Ciringione","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7430-9022"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193223587","display_name":"University of Trento","ror":"https://ror.org/05trd4x28","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luciana Ciringione","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Trento, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Trento, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122920253","display_name":"Massimo Stella","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193223587","display_name":"University of Trento","ror":"https://ror.org/05trd4x28","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Massimo Stella","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Trento, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Trento, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109606418","display_name":"Fabiana Zollo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149461666","display_name":"Ca' Foscari University of Venice","ror":"https://ror.org/04yzxz566","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149461666"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099999","display_name":"Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale La Chimica Per L'Ambiente","ror":"https://ror.org/013ebq793","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099999"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fabiana Zollo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca\u2019 Foscari University of Venice, Venice, Italy","The New Institute Center for Environmental Humanities, Venice, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca\u2019 Foscari University of Venice, Venice, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149461666"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The New Institute Center for Environmental Humanities, Venice, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099999"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5087717428"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149461666"],"apc_list":{"value":1395,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1395},"apc_paid":{"value":1395,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1395},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.41221756,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"e3398","last_page":"e3398"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":0.8482999801635742,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":0.8482999801635742,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":0.022199999541044235,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10557","display_name":"Social Media and Politics","score":0.021700000390410423,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3315","display_name":"Communication"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/misinformation","display_name":"Misinformation","score":0.9736999869346619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mainstream","display_name":"Mainstream","score":0.7508000135421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consumption","display_name":"Consumption (sociology)","score":0.5224000215530396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-media","display_name":"Social media","score":0.38350000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emotional-expression","display_name":"Emotional expression","score":0.3528999984264374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/media-consumption","display_name":"Media consumption","score":0.3025999963283539}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776990098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13579947","display_name":"Misinformation","level":2,"score":0.9736999869346619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777617010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18957","display_name":"Mainstream","level":2,"score":0.7508000135421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.555400013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5543000102043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30772137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164762","display_name":"Consumption (sociology)","level":2,"score":0.5224000215530396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.42879998683929443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518677369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202833","display_name":"Social media","level":2,"score":0.38350000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143110190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5373787","display_name":"Emotional expression","level":2,"score":0.3528999984264374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778660142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6805591","display_name":"Media consumption","level":2,"score":0.3025999963283539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90559484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q778379","display_name":"Expression (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.29989999532699585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75630572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q538904","display_name":"Applied psychology","level":1,"score":0.2957000136375427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159237981","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1498207","display_name":"Emotional contagion","level":2,"score":0.29120001196861267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776035688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1606558","display_name":"Affect (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.26660001277923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112698675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37038","display_name":"Advertising","level":1,"score":0.2630000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.2606000006198883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174107131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191591","display_name":"Emotional intelligence","level":2,"score":0.2540999948978424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777375102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208351","display_name":"Disgust","level":3,"score":0.2524000108242035}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.7717/peerj-cs.3398","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.3398","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210178049","display_name":"PeerJ Computer Science","issn_l":"2376-5992","issn":["2376-5992"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320104","host_organization_name":"PeerJ, Inc.","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320104"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["PeerJ, Inc."],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PeerJ Computer Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:842133c85df2444d95c2c3a5244a43f0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/842133c85df2444d95c2c3a5244a43f0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PeerJ Computer Science, Vol 12, p e3398 (2026)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.unive.it:10278/5110910","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10278/5110910","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402336","display_name":"ARCA (Universit\u00e0 Ca' Foscari Venezia)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I149461666","host_organization_name":"Ca' Foscari University of Venice","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149461666"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.7717/peerj-cs.3398","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.3398","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210178049","display_name":"PeerJ Computer Science","issn_l":"2376-5992","issn":["2376-5992"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320104","host_organization_name":"PeerJ, Inc.","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320104"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["PeerJ, Inc."],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PeerJ Computer Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1984673945","https://openalex.org/W2011722134","https://openalex.org/W2040467972","https://openalex.org/W2130713906","https://openalex.org/W2133664726","https://openalex.org/W2148143831","https://openalex.org/W2165857685","https://openalex.org/W2232384272","https://openalex.org/W2594227947","https://openalex.org/W2787894218","https://openalex.org/W2792236196","https://openalex.org/W2900936184","https://openalex.org/W2999615587","https://openalex.org/W3010899062","https://openalex.org/W3011345566","https://openalex.org/W3013473577","https://openalex.org/W3021646620","https://openalex.org/W3023367181","https://openalex.org/W3033749393","https://openalex.org/W3034078763","https://openalex.org/W3087125241","https://openalex.org/W3088796146","https://openalex.org/W3105918334","https://openalex.org/W3121274724","https://openalex.org/W3122883818","https://openalex.org/W3137986835","https://openalex.org/W3172152844","https://openalex.org/W3176626547","https://openalex.org/W3212567067","https://openalex.org/W4200402405","https://openalex.org/W4206236567","https://openalex.org/W4229373744","https://openalex.org/W4230402357","https://openalex.org/W4235505822","https://openalex.org/W4244946892","https://openalex.org/W4280527753","https://openalex.org/W4287819918","https://openalex.org/W4362601390","https://openalex.org/W4385636373","https://openalex.org/W4386736317","https://openalex.org/W4386805097","https://openalex.org/W4386833409","https://openalex.org/W4391486428","https://openalex.org/W4392703452","https://openalex.org/W4392985426","https://openalex.org/W4397033735","https://openalex.org/W4403576019","https://openalex.org/W4406853484"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Emotions":[0],"shape":[1],"online":[2,124],"discourse":[3],"and":[4,13,34,41,49,79,126,128],"user":[5],"behavior,":[6],"yet":[7],"the":[8,93,120],"emotional":[9,39,96,112,121],"interplay":[10],"between":[11],"misinformation":[12,68,125],"toxicity":[14],"remains":[15],"understudied.":[16],"This":[17],"article":[18],"analyzes":[19],"one":[20],"million":[21],"comments":[22],"on":[23,38,45,73,135],"Italian":[24],"YouTube":[25],"videos":[26],"to":[27,32,87,131],"examine":[28],"how":[29,98],"users":[30,63,84,108],"react":[31],"reliable":[33],"questionable":[35,74],"information,":[36],"focusing":[37],"expression":[40],"comment":[42],"toxicity.":[43],"Drawing":[44],"Plutchik\u2019s":[46],"psychoevolutionary":[47],"framework":[48],"combining":[50],"network":[51],"science":[52],"with":[53,67,82],"human-centered":[54],"artificial":[55],"intelligence":[56],"(AI),":[57],"we":[58],"identify":[59],"distinct":[60],"dynamics":[61],"among":[62],"who":[64],"predominantly":[65],"engage":[66],"or":[69],"mainstream":[70],"sources.":[71],"Comments":[72],"sources":[75],"convey":[76],"more":[77],"fear":[78],"less":[80],"joy,":[81],"misinformation-prone":[83],"especially":[85],"prone":[86],"expressing":[88],"fear-tinged":[89],"anger.":[90],"We":[91],"introduce":[92],"concept":[94],"of":[95,123],"arborescence\u2014capturing":[97],"secondary":[99],"emotions":[100],"emerge":[101],"from":[102],"basic":[103],"ones\u2014and":[104],"find":[105],"that":[106],"mainstream-prone":[107],"exhibit":[109],"25%":[110],"greater":[111],"diversity.":[113],"These":[114],"findings":[115],"offer":[116],"new":[117],"insights":[118],"into":[119],"dimensions":[122],"toxicity,":[127],"inform":[129],"strategies":[130],"mitigate":[132],"their":[133],"impact":[134],"public":[136],"discourse.":[137]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-02-27T16:54:17.756197","created_date":"2026-01-29T00:00:00"}
