{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4409253197","doi":"https://doi.org/10.62056/a69qgyl7s","title":"On Circuit Private, Multikey and Threshold Approximate Homomorphic Encryption","display_name":"On Circuit Private, Multikey and Threshold Approximate Homomorphic Encryption","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-04-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4409253197","doi":"https://doi.org/10.62056/a69qgyl7s"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.62056/a69qgyl7s","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.62056/a69qgyl7s","pdf_url":"https://cic.iacr.org/p/2/1/9/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4394708374","display_name":"IACR Communications in Cryptology","issn_l":"3006-5496","issn":["3006-5496"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320989","host_organization_name":"International Association for Cryptologic Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320989"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["International Association for Cryptologic Research"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IACR Communications in Cryptology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://cic.iacr.org/p/2/1/9/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047598937","display_name":"Kamil Kluczniak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0553-033X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kamil Kluczniak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Independent Researcher"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0553-033X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Independent Researcher","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5117073562","display_name":"Giacomo Santato","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8870-6949"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128801","display_name":"Helmholtz Center for Information Security","ror":"https://ror.org/02njgxr09","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I4210128801"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91712215","display_name":"Saarland University","ror":"https://ror.org/01jdpyv68","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91712215"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giacomo Santato","raw_affiliation_strings":["CISPA - Helmholtz Center for Information Security","Saarland University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8870-6949","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CISPA - Helmholtz Center for Information Security","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128801"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Saarland University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91712215"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5047598937"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.2811,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93456865,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10720","display_name":"Complexity and Algorithms in Graphs","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9912999868392944,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/homomorphic-encryption","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","score":0.9089751243591309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5453673005104065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.5311497449874878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.37931621074676514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3609713613986969}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158338273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2154943","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","level":3,"score":0.9089751243591309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5453673005104065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.5311497449874878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.37931621074676514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3609713613986969}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.62056/a69qgyl7s","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.62056/a69qgyl7s","pdf_url":"https://cic.iacr.org/p/2/1/9/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4394708374","display_name":"IACR Communications in Cryptology","issn_l":"3006-5496","issn":["3006-5496"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320989","host_organization_name":"International Association for Cryptologic Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320989"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["International Association for Cryptologic Research"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IACR Communications in Cryptology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.60882/cispa.31971669","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.60882/cispa.31971669","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407050916","display_name":"CISPA Helmholtz Center","issn_l":null,"issn":[],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"},{"id":"doi:10.60882/cispa.31971669.v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.60882/cispa.31971669.v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407050916","display_name":"CISPA Helmholtz Center","issn_l":null,"issn":[],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.62056/a69qgyl7s","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.62056/a69qgyl7s","pdf_url":"https://cic.iacr.org/p/2/1/9/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4394708374","display_name":"IACR Communications in Cryptology","issn_l":"3006-5496","issn":["3006-5496"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320989","host_organization_name":"International Association for Cryptologic Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320989"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["International Association for Cryptologic Research"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IACR Communications in Cryptology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4409253197.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4409253197.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":57,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W56544557","https://openalex.org/W104209573","https://openalex.org/W1515370218","https://openalex.org/W1518622464","https://openalex.org/W2002616520","https://openalex.org/W2026179596","https://openalex.org/W2031533839","https://openalex.org/W2040084153","https://openalex.org/W2048994663","https://openalex.org/W2296488250","https://openalex.org/W2401959250","https://openalex.org/W2401976587","https://openalex.org/W2435473771","https://openalex.org/W2460759036","https://openalex.org/W2498753511","https://openalex.org/W2499150512","https://openalex.org/W2499340481","https://openalex.org/W2585373573","https://openalex.org/W2585580772","https://openalex.org/W2594311007","https://openalex.org/W2747375172","https://openalex.org/W2765200655","https://openalex.org/W2766141585","https://openalex.org/W2766393794","https://openalex.org/W2768174108","https://openalex.org/W2783769334","https://openalex.org/W2794501668","https://openalex.org/W2795300525","https://openalex.org/W2810336582","https://openalex.org/W2883089683","https://openalex.org/W2889746123","https://openalex.org/W2896938420","https://openalex.org/W2914998350","https://openalex.org/W2917560727","https://openalex.org/W2985527074","https://openalex.org/W2989911901","https://openalex.org/W2991092021","https://openalex.org/W3004100785","https://openalex.org/W3012960191","https://openalex.org/W3024430195","https://openalex.org/W3044982043","https://openalex.org/W3079221395","https://openalex.org/W3111030918","https://openalex.org/W3114221980","https://openalex.org/W3167778596","https://openalex.org/W3197767655","https://openalex.org/W3198825046","https://openalex.org/W4285201849","https://openalex.org/W4288057738","https://openalex.org/W4289375650","https://openalex.org/W4297952240","https://openalex.org/W4308642416","https://openalex.org/W4312321890","https://openalex.org/W4312331389","https://openalex.org/W4388857983","https://openalex.org/W4391920156","https://openalex.org/W4405181463"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W4408218896","https://openalex.org/W2539930818","https://openalex.org/W4406779505","https://openalex.org/W4403623784","https://openalex.org/W4393118461","https://openalex.org/W4408501329","https://openalex.org/W2155069045"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Homomorphic":[0],"encryption":[1,39,65,99,116,138,219,252,314],"for":[2,37,63,96,114,220],"approximate":[3,97,118,136,221,312],"arithmetic":[4,14],"allows":[5],"one":[6,195],"to":[7,44,81,127,197,211,227,274,334,337],"encrypt":[8],"discretized":[9],"real/complex":[10],"numbers":[11],"and":[12,31,191,209,216,235,250],"evaluate":[13,228],"circuits":[15],"over":[16,117],"them.":[17],"The":[18,35],"first":[19,108,308],"scheme,":[20],"called":[21],"CKKS,":[22],"was":[23],"introduced":[24],"by":[25,158,358],"Cheon":[26],"et":[27],"al.":[28],"(Asiacrypt":[29],"2017)":[30],"gained":[32],"tremendous":[33],"attention.":[34],"enthusiasm":[36],"CKKS-type":[38,369],"stems":[40],"from":[41,146,179],"its":[42,268],"potential":[43],"be":[45,140,335,350],"used":[46],"in":[47,279,341,352],"inference":[48],"or":[49],"multiparty":[50],"computation":[51,79],"tasks":[52],"that":[53,71,124,135,157,185,284,316,332],"do":[54],"not":[55],"require":[56],"an":[57,160,198],"exact":[58],"output.":[59],"A":[60,245],"desirable":[61],"property":[62],"homomorphic":[64,98,115,137,218,313],"is":[66,189,306],"circuit":[67,94,112,130,142,178,345],"privacy,":[68,346],"which":[69],"requires":[70],"a":[72,193,203,229,255,264,276,286],"ciphertext":[73],"leaks":[74],"no":[75],"information":[76,175],"on":[77,168,176,231,242,327,365],"the":[78,91,107,163,169,177,180,186,212,237,243,296,302,307,318,328,342,347,353,360,363,366],"performed":[80],"obtain":[82],"it.":[83],"Despite":[84],"numerous":[85],"improvements":[86],"directed":[87],"toward":[88],"improving":[89],"efficiency,":[90],"question":[92],"of":[93,111,214,248,267,311,320,344,362,368],"privacy":[95,113,148,330],"remains":[100],"open.":[101],"In":[102,153],"this":[103,280],"paper,":[104],"we":[105,133,155,172,183,282],"give":[106],"formal":[109,122],"study":[110],"arithmetic.":[119,222],"We":[120,205,323,356],"introduce":[121],"models":[123],"allow":[125,225],"us":[126,292],"reason":[128],"about":[129],"privacy.":[131],"Then,":[132],"show":[134,156,184,283,324],"can":[139],"made":[141],"private":[143,289],"using":[144],"tools":[145],"differential":[147,329],"with":[149],"appropriately":[150],"chosen":[151],"parameters.":[152],"particular,":[154],"applying":[159,285],"exponential":[161,351],"(in":[162],"security":[164,294,309,354],"parameter)":[165],"Gaussian":[166],"noise":[167,187,331,348,364],"evaluated":[170],"ciphertext,":[171],"remove":[173],"useful":[174],"ciphertext.":[181,277],"Crucially,":[182],"parameter":[188],"tight,":[190],"taking":[192],"lower":[194,325],"leads":[196],"efficient":[199],"adversary":[200,297],"against":[201],"such":[202],"system.":[204],"expand":[206],"our":[207],"definitions":[208],"analysis":[210,310],"case":[213,247,343],"multikey":[215,249],"threshold":[217,251],"Such":[223],"schemes":[224,253,315],"users":[226,273],"function":[230],"their":[232],"combined":[233],"inputs":[234],"learn":[236],"output":[238],"without":[239],"leaking":[240],"anything":[241],"inputs.":[244],"special":[246],"defines":[254],"so-called":[256],"partial":[257,303,321],"decryption":[258],"algorithm":[259],"where":[260,295],"each":[261],"user":[262],"publishes":[263],"\u201cmasked\u201d":[265],"version":[266],"secret":[269],"key,":[270],"allowing":[271],"all":[272],"decrypt":[275],"Similarly,":[278],"case,":[281],"proper":[287],"differentially":[288],"mechanism":[290],"gives":[291],"IND-CPA-style":[293],"additionally":[298],"gets":[299],"as":[300],"input":[301],"decryptions.":[304,322],"This":[305],"consider":[317],"knowledge":[319],"bounds":[326],"needs":[333],"applied":[336],"retain":[338],"security.":[339],"Analogously,":[340],"must":[349],"parameter.":[355],"conclude":[357],"showing":[359],"impact":[361],"precision":[367],"schemes.":[370]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-28T14:05:53.105641","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
