{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4403175155","doi":"https://doi.org/10.62056/aebn-4c2h","title":"FINALLY: A Multi-Key FHE Scheme Based on NTRU and LWE","display_name":"FINALLY: A Multi-Key FHE Scheme Based on NTRU and LWE","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-10-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4403175155","doi":"https://doi.org/10.62056/aebn-4c2h"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.62056/aebn-4c2h","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.62056/aebn-4c2h","pdf_url":"https://cic.iacr.org/p/1/3/15/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4394708374","display_name":"IACR Communications in Cryptology","issn_l":"3006-5496","issn":["3006-5496"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320989","host_organization_name":"International Association for Cryptologic Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320989"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["International Association for Cryptologic Research"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IACR Communications in Cryptology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://cic.iacr.org/p/1/3/15/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089474589","display_name":"Jeongeun Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0557-3540"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204778367","display_name":"Norwegian University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xg72x27","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeongeun Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["Norwegian University of Science and Technology"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0557-3540","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Norwegian University of Science and Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090563173","display_name":"Barry Van Leeuwen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3792-4042"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Barry van Leeuwen","raw_affiliation_strings":["KU Leuven"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3792-4042","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KU Leuven","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093514560","display_name":"Oliver Zajonc","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9714-928X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Oliver Zajonc","raw_affiliation_strings":["KU Leuven"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9714-928X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KU Leuven","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.5273,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85754568,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10720","display_name":"Complexity and Algorithms in Graphs","score":0.9915000200271606,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11130","display_name":"Coding theory and cryptography","score":0.9908999800682068,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ntru","display_name":"NTRU","score":0.9904226064682007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/homomorphic-encryption","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","score":0.8056275844573975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6121715307235718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.5291265249252319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.4607267379760742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quadratic-equation","display_name":"Quadratic equation","score":0.43163612484931946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.43050646781921387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.41925618052482605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheme","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","score":0.4134595990180969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptosystem","display_name":"Cryptosystem","score":0.39717644453048706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.32089298963546753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.27067822217941284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.13592547178268433}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122368425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6955493","display_name":"NTRU","level":4,"score":0.9904226064682007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158338273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2154943","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","level":3,"score":0.8056275844573975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6121715307235718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.5291265249252319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.4607267379760742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129844170","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41299","display_name":"Quadratic equation","level":2,"score":0.43163612484931946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.43050646781921387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.41925618052482605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4134595990180969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6295992","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q976521","display_name":"Cryptosystem","level":3,"score":0.39717644453048706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.32089298963546753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.27067822217941284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.13592547178268433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.62056/aebn-4c2h","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.62056/aebn-4c2h","pdf_url":"https://cic.iacr.org/p/1/3/15/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4394708374","display_name":"IACR Communications in Cryptology","issn_l":"3006-5496","issn":["3006-5496"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320989","host_organization_name":"International Association for Cryptologic Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320989"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["International Association for Cryptologic Research"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IACR Communications in Cryptology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:lirias2repo.kuleuven.be:20.500.12942/751072","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/20.500.12942/751072","pdf_url":"https://lirias.kuleuven.be/retrieve/0d082a94-6aae-4b0e-bd8f-1a65f2ec4c63","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401954","display_name":"Lirias (KU Leuven)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","host_organization_name":"KU Leuven","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IACR Communications in Cryptology (CiC), vol. 1 (3), Art.No. 15","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:lirias2repo.kuleuven.be:20.500.12942/765050","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/20.500.12942/765050","pdf_url":"https://lirias.kuleuven.be/retrieve/ffcd63e7-1a4b-4542-b15d-f3c321256976","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401954","display_name":"Lirias (KU Leuven)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","host_organization_name":"KU Leuven","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Cryptology ePrint Archive","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.62056/aebn-4c2h","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.62056/aebn-4c2h","pdf_url":"https://cic.iacr.org/p/1/3/15/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4394708374","display_name":"IACR Communications in Cryptology","issn_l":"3006-5496","issn":["3006-5496"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320989","host_organization_name":"International Association for Cryptologic Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320989"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["International Association for Cryptologic Research"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IACR Communications in Cryptology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4296474442","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"GOH9718N","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321730","funder_display_name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4435414571","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"VR20192203","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327336","funder_display_name":"Vlaamse regering"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6051173072","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"VR20192203","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321587","funder_display_name":"Vlaamse Overheid"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321587","display_name":"Vlaamse Overheid","ror":"https://ror.org/04qxsrb28"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321730","display_name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","ror":"https://ror.org/03qtxy027"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327336","display_name":"Vlaamse regering","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4403175155.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4403175155.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W198033559","https://openalex.org/W913176383","https://openalex.org/W2048994663","https://openalex.org/W2400700555","https://openalex.org/W2477092523","https://openalex.org/W2499340481","https://openalex.org/W2514005182","https://openalex.org/W2538296643","https://openalex.org/W2942255051","https://openalex.org/W2950283529","https://openalex.org/W2950842792","https://openalex.org/W2983918969","https://openalex.org/W2985527074","https://openalex.org/W2991092021","https://openalex.org/W3203604292","https://openalex.org/W3209598227","https://openalex.org/W4205873558","https://openalex.org/W4320154905","https://openalex.org/W4372358101","https://openalex.org/W4380319812","https://openalex.org/W4388857983","https://openalex.org/W4389868578","https://openalex.org/W4390741759","https://openalex.org/W4394788404"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4385711271","https://openalex.org/W3099266986","https://openalex.org/W2556463690","https://openalex.org/W2348168089","https://openalex.org/W2733141493","https://openalex.org/W4312347076","https://openalex.org/W4293172089","https://openalex.org/W1987951028","https://openalex.org/W3107860977","https://openalex.org/W1832298812"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Multi-key":[0],"fully":[1,8],"homomorphic":[2,9],"encryption":[3,10],"(MKFHE),":[4],"a":[5,13,59],"generalization":[6],"of":[7,47,54,64,86,119],"(FHE),":[11],"enables":[12],"computation":[14],"over":[15],"encrypted":[16],"data":[17],"under":[18],"multiple":[19],"keys.":[20,120],"The":[21],"first":[22],"MKFHE":[23,77],"schemes":[24,37],"were":[25,38],"based":[26,35,93],"on":[27],"the":[28,45,52,87,109,117],"NTRU":[29,34,65,92],"primitive,":[30],"however":[31],"these":[32],"early":[33],"FHE":[36,58],"found":[39],"to":[40,44,75,82,114],"be":[41],"insecure":[42],"due":[43],"problem":[46],"over-stretched":[48],"parameters.":[49],"Recently,":[50],"in":[51,106,116],"case":[53],"standard":[55],"(non-multi":[56],"key)":[57],"secure":[60],"version,":[61],"called":[62],"FINAL,":[63],"has":[66],"been":[67],"found.":[68],"In":[69],"this":[70,79],"work":[71],"we":[72],"extend":[73],"FINAL":[74],"an":[76],"scheme,":[78],"allows":[80],"us":[81],"benefit":[83],"from":[84,112],"some":[85],"performance":[88,100],"advantages":[89],"provided":[90],"by":[91],"primitives.":[94],"Thus,":[95],"our":[96],"scheme":[97],"provides":[98],"competitive":[99],"against":[101],"current":[102],"state-of-the-art":[103],"multi-key":[104],"TFHE,":[105],"particular":[107],"reducing":[108],"computational":[110],"complexity":[111],"quadratic":[113],"linear":[115],"number":[118]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2024-10-08T00:00:00"}