{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416381262","doi":"https://doi.org/10.62036/isd.2025.131","title":"The Impact of Instructor Presence Formats on Learning Outcomes, Visual Attention, and Cognitive Load in Educational Videos: An Eye-Tracking Study","display_name":"The Impact of Instructor Presence Formats on Learning Outcomes, Visual Attention, and Cognitive Load in Educational Videos: An Eye-Tracking Study","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416381262","doi":"https://doi.org/10.62036/isd.2025.131"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.62036/isd.2025.131","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.62036/isd.2025.131","pdf_url":"https://aisel.aisnet.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1665&context=isd2014","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4404677940","display_name":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Systems Development","issn_l":"2938-5202","issn":["2938-5202"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Conference on Information Systems Development","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://aisel.aisnet.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1665&context=isd2014","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088695466","display_name":"Yen Ying Ng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5388-2025"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3019271933","display_name":"Nicolaus Copernicus University","ror":"https://ror.org/0102mm775","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3019271933"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yen Ying Ng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3019271933"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025461668","display_name":"Marek Placi\u0144ski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7225-3099"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3019271933","display_name":"Nicolaus Copernicus University","ror":"https://ror.org/0102mm775","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3019271933"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marek Placinski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3019271933"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072211888","display_name":"Anna Szala","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9693-9834"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3019271933","display_name":"Nicolaus Copernicus University","ror":"https://ror.org/0102mm775","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3019271933"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anna Szala","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3019271933"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3019271933"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.31396979,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11516","display_name":"Visual and Cognitive Learning Processes","score":0.9373000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11516","display_name":"Visual and Cognitive Learning Processes","score":0.9373000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.009200000204145908,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13219","display_name":"Mind wandering and attention","score":0.00279999990016222,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-load","display_name":"Cognitive load","score":0.7307999730110168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mandarin-chinese","display_name":"Mandarin Chinese","score":0.5812000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.5472000241279602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vocabulary","display_name":"Vocabulary","score":0.5284000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vocabulary-learning","display_name":"Vocabulary learning","score":0.44600000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/learning-effect","display_name":"Learning effect","score":0.43309998512268066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visual-learning","display_name":"Visual learning","score":0.4138999879360199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/presentation","display_name":"Presentation (obstetrics)","score":0.3871999979019165}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61641136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1107019","display_name":"Cognitive load","level":3,"score":0.7307999730110168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.637499988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138954614","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9192","display_name":"Mandarin Chinese","level":2,"score":0.5812000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.5472000241279602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777601683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6499736","display_name":"Vocabulary","level":2,"score":0.5284000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.5009999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984601542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48842322","display_name":"Vocabulary learning","level":3,"score":0.44600000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10431821","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6510174","display_name":"Learning effect","level":2,"score":0.43309998512268066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779321571","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7936605","display_name":"Visual learning","level":2,"score":0.4138999879360199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777601897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3409113","display_name":"Presentation (obstetrics)","level":2,"score":0.3871999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150681269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2380771","display_name":"Cognitive style","level":3,"score":0.38089999556541443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148220186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7111912","display_name":"Outcome (game theory)","level":2,"score":0.3686999976634979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56461940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q970687","display_name":"Eye tracking","level":2,"score":0.34630000591278076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14564219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q383646","display_name":"Social cognitive theory","level":2,"score":0.3449000120162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16443162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1068473","display_name":"Educational technology","level":2,"score":0.33079999685287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153050134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q760256","display_name":"Eye movement","level":2,"score":0.314300000667572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133112747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7251931","display_name":"Protocol analysis","level":2,"score":0.29440000653266907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.28949999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.28870001435279846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159456220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q667334","display_name":"Instructional design","level":2,"score":0.2806999981403351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2909807104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1068473","display_name":"Computer-Assisted Instruction","level":2,"score":0.2782999873161316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88610354","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1813494","display_name":"Teaching method","level":2,"score":0.2680000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2991789358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133500","display_name":"Incidental learning","level":2,"score":0.265500009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986087404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15946010","display_name":"Online learning","level":2,"score":0.26100000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75630572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q538904","display_name":"Applied psychology","level":1,"score":0.2572999894618988}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.62036/isd.2025.131","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.62036/isd.2025.131","pdf_url":"https://aisel.aisnet.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1665&context=isd2014","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4404677940","display_name":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Systems Development","issn_l":"2938-5202","issn":["2938-5202"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Conference on Information Systems Development","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:aisel.aisnet.org:isd2014-1665","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://aisel.aisnet.org/isd2014/proceedings2025/education/11","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S30879505","display_name":"Journal of the Association for Information Systems","issn_l":"1536-9323","issn":["1536-9323"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310321080","host_organization_name":"Association for Information Systems","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310321080"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Information Systems"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Systems Development (ISD)","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.62036/isd.2025.131","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.62036/isd.2025.131","pdf_url":"https://aisel.aisnet.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1665&context=isd2014","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4404677940","display_name":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Systems Development","issn_l":"2938-5202","issn":["2938-5202"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Conference on Information Systems Development","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4416381262.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4416381262.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Context:":[0],"Educational":[1],"videos":[2,119],"are":[3],"common":[4],"in":[5,56,107,146],"online":[6,109],"learning":[7,49,60,110,127,136],"environments,":[8],"but":[9],"the":[10,37,113,156],"effectiveness":[11],"of":[12,39,99],"instructor":[13,41,164,179],"presence":[14,165],"remains":[15],"debated.":[16],"Some":[17],"theories":[18],"suggest":[19],"it":[20,29,185],"enhances":[21],"social":[22],"engagement":[23],"and":[24,46,53,76,166,189],"motivation,":[25],"while":[26,120,153],"others":[27],"argue":[28],"increases":[30],"cognitive":[31,54,77],"load.":[32],"Objective:":[33],"This":[34],"study":[35],"investigates":[36],"effects":[38],"different":[40],"presentation":[42],"formats":[43,73],"(intermittent,":[44],"continuous,":[45],"absent)":[47],"on":[48,70,103],"outcomes,":[50],"visual":[51,170],"attention,":[52],"load":[55],"Mandarin":[57],"Chinese":[58],"vocabulary":[59],"using":[61],"eye":[62,122],"tracking.":[63],"We":[64],"aimed":[65],"to":[66,97],"provide":[67],"objective":[68],"evidence":[69],"how":[71],"these":[72],"influence":[74],"attention":[75,171],"load,":[78],"providing":[79],"practical":[80],"implications":[81],"for":[82],"designing":[83],"effective":[84],"educational":[85],"videos.":[86],"Method:":[87],"Using":[88],"a":[89],"matched-groups":[90],"design,":[91],"120":[92],"participants":[93,116],"were":[94,124,139],"randomly":[95],"assigned":[96],"one":[98],"three":[100],"conditions":[101,148],"based":[102],"their":[104,121],"initial":[105],"performance":[106],"an":[108,178],"session.":[111],"During":[112],"second":[114],"session,":[115],"watched":[117],"instructional":[118],"movements":[123],"tracked,":[125],"with":[126],"outcomes":[128,175],"measured":[129],"through":[130],"speaking":[131],"tests.":[132],"Results:":[133],"No":[134],"significant":[135],"outcome":[137],"differences":[138],"found":[140],"across":[141,176],"conditions.":[142],"Eye-tracking":[143],"showed":[144],"learners":[145],"all":[147],"prioritized":[149],"Pinyin":[150],"(written":[151],"phonetics)":[152],"largely":[154],"ignoring":[155],"instructor.":[157],"Conclusion:":[158],"These":[159],"findings":[160],"challenge":[161],"assumptions":[162],"about":[163],"demonstrate":[167],"learners\u2019":[168],"strategic":[169],"regulation.":[172],"Given":[173],"equivalent":[174],"conditions,":[177],"absent":[180],"approach":[181],"is":[182],"preferable":[183],"as":[184],"simplifies":[186],"video":[187],"design":[188],"reduces":[190],"production":[191],"complexity.":[192]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-24T07:32:12.397491","created_date":"2025-11-19T00:00:00"}