{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7157576291","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5753/jbcs.2026.5860","title":"User Story Estimation using Natural Language Processing and Deep Learning: A Comparative Study","display_name":"User Story Estimation using Natural Language Processing and Deep Learning: A Comparative Study","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7157576291","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5753/jbcs.2026.5860"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.5753/jbcs.2026.5860","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5753/jbcs.2026.5860","pdf_url":"https://journals-sol.sbc.org.br/index.php/jbcs/article/download/5860/3955","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S69801987","display_name":"Journal of the Brazilian Computer Society","issn_l":"0104-6500","issn":["0104-6500","1678-4804"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the Brazilian Computer Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://journals-sol.sbc.org.br/index.php/jbcs/article/download/5860/3955","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134846572","display_name":"Daniel de Oliveira Silva","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9850-7181"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1283613182","display_name":"Universidade Tecnol\u00f3gica Federal do Paran\u00e1","ror":"https://ror.org/002v2kq79","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1283613182"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel de Oliveira Silva","raw_affiliation_strings":["Federal University of Technology \u2013 Paran\u00e1 - Corn\u00e9lio Proc\u00f3pio"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9850-7181","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Federal University of Technology \u2013 Paran\u00e1 - Corn\u00e9lio Proc\u00f3pio","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1283613182"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010275370","display_name":"Alinne C. Corr\u00eaa Souza","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2525-7801"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1283613182","display_name":"Universidade Tecnol\u00f3gica Federal do Paran\u00e1","ror":"https://ror.org/002v2kq79","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1283613182"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alinne Cristinne Corr\u00eaa Souza","raw_affiliation_strings":["Federal University of Technology \u2013 Paran\u00e1 - Dois Vizinhos"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2525-7801","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Federal University of Technology \u2013 Paran\u00e1 - Dois Vizinhos","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1283613182"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102988432","display_name":"Francisco C. Souza","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7774-7637"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1283613182","display_name":"Universidade Tecnol\u00f3gica Federal do Paran\u00e1","ror":"https://ror.org/002v2kq79","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1283613182"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francisco Carlos Monteiro Souza","raw_affiliation_strings":["Federal University of Technology \u2013 Paran\u00e1 - Dois Vizinhos"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8953-8653","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Federal University of Technology \u2013 Paran\u00e1 - Dois Vizinhos","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1283613182"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007425473","display_name":"S\u00edlvio Ricardo Rodrigues Sanches","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3635-7477"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1283613182","display_name":"Universidade Tecnol\u00f3gica Federal do Paran\u00e1","ror":"https://ror.org/002v2kq79","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1283613182"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Silvio Ricardo Rodrigues Sanches","raw_affiliation_strings":["Federal University of Technology \u2013 Paran\u00e1 - Corn\u00e9lio Proc\u00f3pio"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3635-7477","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Federal University of Technology \u2013 Paran\u00e1 - Corn\u00e9lio Proc\u00f3pio","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1283613182"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1283613182"],"apc_list":{"value":1390,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1390},"apc_paid":{"value":1390,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1390},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.52974808,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"32","issue":"1","first_page":"952","last_page":"986"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.5483999848365784,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.5483999848365784,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10430","display_name":"Software Engineering Techniques and Practices","score":0.26339998841285706,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11704","display_name":"Mobile Crowdsensing and Crowdsourcing","score":0.02280000038444996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mean-absolute-error","display_name":"Mean absolute error","score":0.5656999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mean-squared-error","display_name":"Mean squared error","score":0.5540000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimation","display_name":"Estimation","score":0.5293999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.5008999705314636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.49470001459121704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.43230000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language","display_name":"Natural language","score":0.4296000003814697}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8130999803543091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6243000030517578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188154048","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6803609","display_name":"Mean absolute error","level":3,"score":0.5656999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.5540000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96250715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q965330","display_name":"Estimation","level":2,"score":0.5293999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5008999705314636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.49470001459121704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.48089998960494995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.43230000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.4296000003814697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.4268999993801117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.42649999260902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984842247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep neural networks","level":3,"score":0.3555000126361847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.35249999165534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201025465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11248500","display_name":"User experience design","level":2,"score":0.30559998750686646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11189718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q218152","display_name":"User story","level":4,"score":0.2921000123023987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175154964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380077","display_name":"Task analysis","level":3,"score":0.2615000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202889954","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1139554","display_name":"Subjectivity","level":2,"score":0.25619998574256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122383733","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865920","display_name":"Approximation error","level":2,"score":0.2533999979496002}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.5753/jbcs.2026.5860","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5753/jbcs.2026.5860","pdf_url":"https://journals-sol.sbc.org.br/index.php/jbcs/article/download/5860/3955","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S69801987","display_name":"Journal of the Brazilian Computer Society","issn_l":"0104-6500","issn":["0104-6500","1678-4804"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the Brazilian Computer Society","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.5753/jbcs.2026.5860","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5753/jbcs.2026.5860","pdf_url":"https://journals-sol.sbc.org.br/index.php/jbcs/article/download/5860/3955","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S69801987","display_name":"Journal of the Brazilian Computer Society","issn_l":"0104-6500","issn":["0104-6500","1678-4804"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the Brazilian Computer Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320331167","display_name":"Universidade Tecnol\u00f3gica Federal do Paran\u00e1","ror":"https://ror.org/002v2kq79"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7157576291.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7157576291.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":88,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W4214443","https://openalex.org/W1663984431","https://openalex.org/W1695350145","https://openalex.org/W1719563529","https://openalex.org/W1970660793","https://openalex.org/W1975675278","https://openalex.org/W1981126395","https://openalex.org/W1984425068","https://openalex.org/W1986036124","https://openalex.org/W1999798506","https://openalex.org/W2003545202","https://openalex.org/W2007793991","https://openalex.org/W2009491090","https://openalex.org/W2009786711","https://openalex.org/W2012091465","https://openalex.org/W2013575124","https://openalex.org/W2024701794","https://openalex.org/W2027985685","https://openalex.org/W2028140375","https://openalex.org/W2048194532","https://openalex.org/W2049624350","https://openalex.org/W2077563243","https://openalex.org/W2104647185","https://openalex.org/W2127608804","https://openalex.org/W2133442842","https://openalex.org/W2163922914","https://openalex.org/W2250539671","https://openalex.org/W2493916176","https://openalex.org/W2507516139","https://openalex.org/W2512697187","https://openalex.org/W2585138248","https://openalex.org/W2601633364","https://openalex.org/W2606089314","https://openalex.org/W2625836133","https://openalex.org/W2626778328","https://openalex.org/W2744570290","https://openalex.org/W2754569179","https://openalex.org/W2768967381","https://openalex.org/W2770963638","https://openalex.org/W2786842250","https://openalex.org/W2795408068","https://openalex.org/W2803279786","https://openalex.org/W2883613716","https://openalex.org/W2890520481","https://openalex.org/W2896176775","https://openalex.org/W2906997596","https://openalex.org/W2949751989","https://openalex.org/W2963341956","https://openalex.org/W2963640412","https://openalex.org/W2965847602","https://openalex.org/W2969661934","https://openalex.org/W2989847682","https://openalex.org/W2989981454","https://openalex.org/W3008607260","https://openalex.org/W3024761859","https://openalex.org/W3049585767","https://openalex.org/W3108348231","https://openalex.org/W3125592257","https://openalex.org/W3133598976","https://openalex.org/W3135519345","https://openalex.org/W3158075067","https://openalex.org/W3158711551","https://openalex.org/W3160977108","https://openalex.org/W3169773582","https://openalex.org/W3175170601","https://openalex.org/W3208106271","https://openalex.org/W4205756254","https://openalex.org/W4214515550","https://openalex.org/W4214719312","https://openalex.org/W4226169266","https://openalex.org/W4233153129","https://openalex.org/W4234497027","https://openalex.org/W4239988108","https://openalex.org/W4248896863","https://openalex.org/W4256015441","https://openalex.org/W4283363198","https://openalex.org/W4293724635","https://openalex.org/W4296079569","https://openalex.org/W4297609469","https://openalex.org/W4308081662","https://openalex.org/W4312045253","https://openalex.org/W4313289423","https://openalex.org/W4317209494","https://openalex.org/W4318822059","https://openalex.org/W4320016137","https://openalex.org/W4327969900","https://openalex.org/W4386051083","https://openalex.org/W4402193282"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Effort":[0],"estimation":[1,55],"is":[2],"a":[3,69,94,109,114,132,139,147],"fundamental":[4],"activity":[5],"in":[6,35,66,127],"software":[7],"development,":[8],"guiding":[9],"task":[10],"prioritization,":[11],"resource":[12],"allocation,":[13],"and":[14,28,44,80,103,146,181],"cost":[15],"planning.":[16],"Traditional":[17],"techniques,":[18,79],"such":[19],"as":[20],"Planning":[21],"Poker,":[22],"rely":[23],"heavily":[24],"on":[25,87,113],"team":[26],"subjectivity":[27],"experience,":[29],"which":[30],"can":[31,49],"compromise":[32],"their":[33],"effectiveness":[34],"certain":[36],"contexts.":[37],"This":[38],"study":[39,97],"explores":[40],"how":[41],"machine":[42],"learning":[43,171],"natural":[45],"language":[46,105],"processing":[47],"techniques":[48],"increase":[50],"the":[51,61,76,92,101,155,167],"accuracy":[52],"of":[53,64,116,137,144,152,169],"effort":[54,85],"for":[56,184],"user":[57,118,185],"stories.":[58,119],"To":[59],"understand":[60],"current":[62],"state":[63],"research":[65],"this":[67],"area,":[68],"systematic":[70],"mapping":[71],"was":[72,98],"conducted":[73],"to":[74,83,161,173],"identify":[75],"main":[77],"databases,":[78],"methods":[81],"used":[82],"estimate":[84],"based":[86],"textual":[88],"requirements.":[89],"Guided":[90],"by":[91,176],"mapping,":[93],"comparative":[95],"experimental":[96],"performed":[99,158],"using":[100],"FastText":[102,126],"XLNet":[104,124],"models,":[106],"combined":[107],"with":[108],"deep":[110,170],"neural":[111],"network,":[112],"dataset":[115],"23,313":[117],"The":[120],"results":[121],"indicate":[122],"that":[123],"outperformed":[125],"most":[128],"evaluation":[129],"metrics,":[130],"achieving":[131],"Mean":[133,140],"Absolute":[134,149],"Error":[135,142,150],"(MAE)":[136],"3.77,":[138],"Squared":[141],"(MSE)":[143],"79.94,":[145],"Median":[148],"(MdAE)":[151],"1.93.":[153],"Furthermore,":[154],"proposed":[156],"approach":[157],"competitively":[159],"compared":[160],"related":[162],"works.":[163],"These":[164],"findings":[165],"demonstrate":[166],"potential":[168],"models":[172],"assist":[174],"developers":[175],"providing":[177],"more":[178],"accurate,":[179],"consistent,":[180],"objective":[182],"estimates":[183],"story":[186],"effort.":[187]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2026-04-30T00:00:00"}