{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412373304","doi":"https://doi.org/10.56553/popets-2025-0172","title":"Optimizing Encrypted Neural Networks: Model Design, Quantization and Fine-Tuning Using FHEW/TFHE","display_name":"Optimizing Encrypted Neural Networks: Model Design, Quantization and Fine-Tuning Using FHEW/TFHE","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412373304","doi":"https://doi.org/10.56553/popets-2025-0172"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.56553/popets-2025-0172","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.56553/popets-2025-0172","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210183172","display_name":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies","issn_l":"2299-0984","issn":["2299-0984"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320322","host_organization_name":"De Gruyter Open","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320322","https://openalex.org/P4310313990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["De Gruyter Open","De Gruyter"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.56553/popets-2025-0172","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030916576","display_name":"Yu-Te Ku","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84653119","display_name":"Academia Sinica","ror":"https://ror.org/05bxb3784","country_code":"TW","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84653119"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu-Te Ku","raw_affiliation_strings":["Data Science Degree Program, National Taiwan University and Academia Sinica"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Data Science Degree Program, National Taiwan University and Academia Sinica","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84653119"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083215230","display_name":"Feng-Hao Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4298-3925"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I72951846","display_name":"Washington State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05dk0ce17","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I72951846"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Feng-Hao Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Washington State University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Washington State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72951846"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040316885","display_name":"Chih-Fan Hsu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4180-8255"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156099","display_name":"Inventec (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/041s2fp12","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210129264","https://openalex.org/I4210156099"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387153345","display_name":"JTEC Corporation (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/050yv1382","country_code":null,"type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387153345"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chih-Fan Hsu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Inventec Corporation"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Inventec Corporation","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156099","https://openalex.org/I4387153345"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111705165","display_name":"Ming-Ching Chang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I113508548","display_name":"Albany State University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vme4277","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I113508548"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I392282","display_name":"University at Albany, State University of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/012zs8222","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I392282"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57206974","display_name":"New York University","ror":"https://ror.org/0190ak572","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ming-Ching Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State University of New York, University at Albany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State University of New York, University at Albany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113508548","https://openalex.org/I392282","https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020028710","display_name":"Shih\u2010Hao Hung","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2043-2663"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84653119","display_name":"Academia Sinica","ror":"https://ror.org/05bxb3784","country_code":"TW","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84653119"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shih-Hao Hung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Data Science Degree Program, National Taiwan University and Academia Sinica"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Data Science Degree Program, National Taiwan University and Academia Sinica","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84653119"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018182701","display_name":"I\u2010Ping Tu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8666-8391"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84653119","display_name":"Academia Sinica","ror":"https://ror.org/05bxb3784","country_code":"TW","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84653119"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"I-Ping Tu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Data Science Degree Program, National Taiwan University and Academia Sinica"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Data Science Degree Program, National Taiwan University and Academia Sinica","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84653119"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100726331","display_name":"Wei-Chao Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6165-7706"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156099","display_name":"Inventec (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/041s2fp12","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210129264","https://openalex.org/I4210156099"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387153345","display_name":"JTEC Corporation (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/050yv1382","country_code":null,"type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387153345"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei-Chao Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Inventec Corporation"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Inventec Corporation","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156099","https://openalex.org/I4387153345"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.8098,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93289707,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"2025","issue":"4","first_page":"1075","last_page":"1091"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.6949999928474426,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.6949999928474426,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12702","display_name":"Brain Tumor Detection and Classification","score":0.6646000146865845,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2808","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11612","display_name":"Stochastic Gradient Optimization Techniques","score":0.6625999808311462,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.6064724922180176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.547493577003479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantization","display_name":"Quantization (signal processing)","score":0.5129375457763672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.5127721428871155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.320596307516098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.18330174684524536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.12627187371253967}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.6064724922180176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.547493577003479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28855332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q198099","display_name":"Quantization (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.5129375457763672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.5127721428871155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.320596307516098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.18330174684524536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.12627187371253967}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.56553/popets-2025-0172","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.56553/popets-2025-0172","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210183172","display_name":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies","issn_l":"2299-0984","issn":["2299-0984"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320322","host_organization_name":"De Gruyter Open","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320322","https://openalex.org/P4310313990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["De Gruyter Open","De Gruyter"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.56553/popets-2025-0172","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.56553/popets-2025-0172","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210183172","display_name":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies","issn_l":"2299-0984","issn":["2299-0984"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320322","host_organization_name":"De Gruyter Open","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320322","https://openalex.org/P4310313990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["De Gruyter Open","De Gruyter"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Third-generation":[0],"Fully":[1],"Homomorphic":[2],"Encryption":[3],"(FHE),":[4],"particularly":[5],"the":[6,23,27,41,52,80,94,103,191],"FHEW/TFHE":[7,87],"schemes,":[8],"is":[9],"recognized":[10],"for":[11,55,112,119,174,179],"its":[12,60],"balanced":[13],"security":[14],"requirements,":[15],"small":[16],"parameters,":[17],"and":[18,82,116,130,176,187],"low":[19,117],"memory":[20],"usage,":[21],"though":[22],"current":[24],"methods":[25],"in":[26,145,200],"scenarios":[28],"of":[29,51,85,96,105,185],"Deep":[30],"Neural":[31],"Network":[32],"(DNN)":[33],"inference":[34,99,168,199],"still":[35],"have":[36],"high":[37,110,143],"computational":[38,74],"costs,":[39],"limiting":[40],"practical":[42],"applicability.":[43],"This":[44,90],"work":[45,64],"demonstrates":[46],"how":[47],"to":[48,137],"improve":[49],"practicality":[50],"third-generation":[53],"technologies":[54],"DNN":[56,98],"tasks":[57],"while":[58],"preserving":[59],"key":[61],"advantages.":[62],"Our":[63],"focuses":[65],"on":[66,152,170],"two":[67],"main":[68],"contributions.":[69],"First,":[70],"we":[71,125],"developed":[72],"a":[73,204],"architecture":[75,91],"called":[76],"FHE-Neuron,":[77],"which":[78],"reconfigures":[79],"parameters":[81,136],"bootstrapping":[83],"structure":[84],"traditional":[86],"Boolean":[88],"operations.":[89,123],"significantly":[92],"reducing":[93],"cost":[95],"encrypted":[97,106,146],"by":[100],"dynamically":[101],"switching":[102],"precision":[104,111,118],"data":[107],"during":[108],"computation\u2014using":[109],"cost-effective":[113],"linear":[114],"operations":[115],"computationally":[120],"expensive":[121],"nonlinear":[122],"Second,":[124],"introduced":[126],"an":[127],"FHE-aware":[128],"Quantization":[129],"Fine-tuning":[131],"framework":[132],"that":[133],"optimizes":[134],"model":[135],"align":[138],"with":[139,203],"FHE-Neuron\u2019s":[140],"constraints,":[141],"ensuring":[142],"accuracy":[144,183,206],"inference.":[147],"We":[148],"validate":[149],"our":[150,162,164,194],"approach":[151],"various":[153],"neural":[154],"network":[155],"models":[156],"across":[157],"several":[158],"computing":[159],"platforms.":[160],"In":[161],"experiments,":[163],"method":[165],"achieves":[166],"one-image":[167],"time":[169],"average":[171],"4.5":[172],"milliseconds":[173,178],"MNIST":[175],"17":[177],"Fashion":[180],"MNIST,":[181],"achieving":[182],"rates":[184],"96.52%":[186],"88.57%":[188],"respectively.":[189],"For":[190],"CIFAR-10":[192],"dataset,":[193],"system":[195],"completes":[196],"one":[197],"image":[198],"30":[201],"seconds":[202],"90.5%":[205],"rate.":[207]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}