{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410475076","doi":"https://doi.org/10.56553/popets-2025-0099","title":"Teaching an Old Dog New Tricks: Verifiable FHE Using Commodity Hardware","display_name":"Teaching an Old Dog New Tricks: Verifiable FHE Using Commodity Hardware","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-05-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410475076","doi":"https://doi.org/10.56553/popets-2025-0099"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.56553/popets-2025-0099","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.56553/popets-2025-0099","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210183172","display_name":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies","issn_l":"2299-0984","issn":["2299-0984"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320322","host_organization_name":"De Gruyter Open","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320322","https://openalex.org/P4310313990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["De Gruyter Open","De Gruyter"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.56553/popets-2025-0099","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087172245","display_name":"Jules Drean","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7804-3498"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jules Drean","raw_affiliation_strings":["MIT CSAIL"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MIT CSAIL","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115021909","display_name":"Fisher Jepsen","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fisher Jepsen","raw_affiliation_strings":["MIT CSAIL"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MIT CSAIL","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024329178","display_name":"G. Edward Suh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6409-9888"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Edward Suh","raw_affiliation_strings":["NVIDIA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NVIDIA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051700487","display_name":"Srini Devadas","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Srini Devadas","raw_affiliation_strings":["MIT CSAIL"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MIT CSAIL","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078825915","display_name":"Aamer Jaleel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5709-2992"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aamer Jaleel","raw_affiliation_strings":["NVIDIA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NVIDIA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071514906","display_name":"Gururaj Saileshwar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3542-2548"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gururaj Saileshwar","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Toronto"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Toronto","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.2035,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83067273,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"2025","issue":"3","first_page":"282","last_page":"303"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.06599999964237213,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.06599999964237213,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12515","display_name":"Gender and Technology in Education","score":0.041099999099969864,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/commodity","display_name":"Commodity","score":0.6725356578826904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/verifiable-secret-sharing","display_name":"Verifiable secret sharing","score":0.589238166809082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5414928793907166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.4843660295009613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.45667195320129395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/commerce","display_name":"Commerce","score":0.3367239236831665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.2541082203388214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.1573931872844696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/finance","display_name":"Finance","score":0.10222798585891724}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779439359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q317088","display_name":"Commodity","level":2,"score":0.6725356578826904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85847156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q59015987","display_name":"Verifiable secret sharing","level":3,"score":0.589238166809082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5414928793907166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.4843660295009613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.45667195320129395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54750564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26643","display_name":"Commerce","level":1,"score":0.3367239236831665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.2541082203388214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.1573931872844696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.10222798585891724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.56553/popets-2025-0099","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.56553/popets-2025-0099","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210183172","display_name":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies","issn_l":"2299-0984","issn":["2299-0984"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320322","host_organization_name":"De Gruyter Open","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320322","https://openalex.org/P4310313990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["De Gruyter Open","De Gruyter"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.56553/popets-2025-0099","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.56553/popets-2025-0099","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210183172","display_name":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies","issn_l":"2299-0984","issn":["2299-0984"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320322","host_organization_name":"De Gruyter Open","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320322","https://openalex.org/P4310313990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["De Gruyter Open","De Gruyter"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2355730523","https://openalex.org/W152021879","https://openalex.org/W2072918937","https://openalex.org/W2365629437","https://openalex.org/W2023935927","https://openalex.org/W2378650070","https://openalex.org/W3125456075","https://openalex.org/W2358999127","https://openalex.org/W2772339267","https://openalex.org/W1493806007"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"present":[1],"Argos,":[2,46],"a":[3,113,149,153,161,180,198],"simple":[4],"approach":[5],"for":[6,59,128,186,222,227,240,274],"adding":[7],"verifiability":[8,58,258],"to":[9,20,33,56,66,142,155,195,264],"fully":[10],"homomorphic":[11],"encryption":[12],"(FHE)":[13],"schemes":[14],"using":[15],"trusted":[16,50,85,268],"hardware.":[17],"Traditional":[18],"approaches":[19],"verifiable":[21,129],"FHE":[22,60,69,187,223],"require":[23],"expensive":[24],"cryptographic":[25,288],"proofs,":[26],"which":[27,169],"incur":[28,197],"an":[29],"overhead":[30,64,221,286],"of":[31,36,40,74,243,277,287],"up":[32],"seven":[34],"orders":[35],"magnitude":[37],"on":[38,111,160,210],"top":[39],"FHE,":[41,130,244],"making":[42],"them":[43],"impractical.":[44],"With":[45],"we":[47,183,233],"show":[48,184,234],"that":[49,78,115,185,235],"hardware":[51,205],"can":[52,90,192,237],"be":[53,91,193,238],"securely":[54],"used":[55,176,239],"provide":[57],"computations,":[61],"with":[62,84,267],"minimal":[63],"relative":[65],"the":[67,79,99,102,143,189,272,281,285],"baseline":[68],"computation.":[70],"An":[71],"important":[72],"contribution":[73],"Argos":[75,201,236,270],"is":[76,106,126,170,208,259],"showing":[77],"major":[80],"security":[81],"pitfall":[82],"associated":[83],"hardware,":[86,269],"microarchitectural":[87],"side":[88],"channels,":[89],"completely":[92],"mitigated":[93],"by":[94,109],"excluding":[95],"any":[96,156],"secrets":[97,140],"from":[98,213],"CPU":[100],"and":[101,119,122,207,225,251],"memory":[103],"hierarchy.":[104],"This":[105],"made":[107],"possible":[108],"focusing":[110],"building":[112],"platform":[114],"only":[116,196],"enforces":[117],"program":[118],"data":[120,133],"integrity":[121],"not":[123],"confidentiality":[124],"(which":[125],"sufficient":[127],"since":[131],"all":[132,137],"remain":[134],"encrypted":[135],"at":[136],"times).":[138],"All":[139],"related":[141],"attestation":[144,190],"mechanism":[145],"are":[146,175],"kept":[147],"in":[148,177],"separate":[150],"coprocessor":[151],"(e.g.,":[152],"TPM)---inaccessible":[154],"software-based":[157,173],"attacker.":[158],"Relying":[159],"discrete":[162],"TPM":[163],"typically":[164],"incurs":[165],"significant":[166],"performance":[167],"overhead,":[168],"why":[171],"(insecure)":[172],"TPMs":[174],"practice.":[178],"As":[179],"second":[181],"contribution,":[182],"applications,":[188],"protocol":[191],"adapted":[194],"fixed":[199],"cost.":[200],"requires":[202],"no":[203],"dedicated":[204],"extensions":[206],"supported":[209],"commodity":[211],"processors":[212],"2008":[214],"onward.":[215],"Our":[216],"prototype":[217],"implementation":[218],"introduces":[219],"3%":[220],"evaluation,":[224],"8%":[226],"more":[228],"complex":[229],"protocols.":[230],"In":[231],"particular,":[232],"real-world":[241],"applications":[242],"such":[245],"as":[246],"private":[247,252],"information":[248],"retrieval":[249],"(PIR)":[250],"set":[253],"intersection":[254],"(PSI),":[255],"where":[256],"providing":[257],"imperative.":[260],"By":[261],"demonstrating":[262],"how":[263],"combine":[265],"cryptography":[266],"paves":[271],"way":[273],"widespread":[275],"deployment":[276],"FHE-based":[278],"protocols":[279],"beyond":[280],"semi-honest":[282],"setting,":[283],"without":[284],"proofs.":[289]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}