{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4400382059","doi":"https://doi.org/10.56553/popets-2024-0111","title":"Honesty is the Best Policy: On the Accuracy of Apple Privacy Labels Compared to Apps' Privacy Policies","display_name":"Honesty is the Best Policy: On the Accuracy of Apple Privacy Labels Compared to Apps' Privacy Policies","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-07-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4400382059","doi":"https://doi.org/10.56553/popets-2024-0111"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.56553/popets-2024-0111","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.56553/popets-2024-0111","pdf_url":"https://petsymposium.org/popets/2024/popets-2024-0111.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210183172","display_name":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies","issn_l":"2299-0984","issn":["2299-0984"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320322","host_organization_name":"De Gruyter Open","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320322","https://openalex.org/P4310313990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["De Gruyter Open","De Gruyter"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://petsymposium.org/popets/2024/popets-2024-0111.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083786169","display_name":"Mir Masood Ali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8462-0945"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39422238","display_name":"University of Illinois Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/02mpq6x41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39422238"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mir Masood Ali","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Illinois Chicago"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Illinois Chicago","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39422238"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013706461","display_name":"David G. Balash","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9730-9949"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158012942","display_name":"University of Richmond","ror":"https://ror.org/03y71xh61","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158012942"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David G. Balash","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Richmond"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Richmond","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158012942"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093309208","display_name":"Monica Kodwani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5766-0968"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193531525","display_name":"George Washington University","ror":"https://ror.org/00y4zzh67","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193531525"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Monica Kodwani","raw_affiliation_strings":["The George Washington University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The George Washington University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193531525"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070578895","display_name":"Chris Kanich","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3836-2168"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39422238","display_name":"University of Illinois Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/02mpq6x41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39422238"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chris Kanich","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Illinois Chicago"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Illinois Chicago","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39422238"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009788320","display_name":"Adam J. Aviv","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3792-2485"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193531525","display_name":"George Washington University","ror":"https://ror.org/00y4zzh67","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193531525"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adam J. Aviv","raw_affiliation_strings":["The George Washington University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The George Washington University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193531525"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.9559,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93509734,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"2024","issue":"4","first_page":"142","last_page":"166"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11045","display_name":"Privacy, Security, and Data Protection","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11045","display_name":"Privacy, Security, and Data Protection","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13364","display_name":"Digitalization, Law, and Regulation","score":0.9132000207901001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/honesty","display_name":"Honesty","score":0.9407141208648682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/privacy-policy","display_name":"Privacy policy","score":0.829954981803894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.7361568808555603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-privacy","display_name":"Information privacy","score":0.4986741542816162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.41854560375213623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.4150981903076172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.31827735900878906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.1996183693408966}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777293324","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q337349","display_name":"Honesty","level":2,"score":0.9407141208648682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102938260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1999831","display_name":"Privacy policy","level":3,"score":0.829954981803894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.7361568808555603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123201435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q456632","display_name":"Information privacy","level":2,"score":0.4986741542816162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.41854560375213623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4150981903076172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.31827735900878906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.1996183693408966}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.56553/popets-2024-0111","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.56553/popets-2024-0111","pdf_url":"https://petsymposium.org/popets/2024/popets-2024-0111.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210183172","display_name":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies","issn_l":"2299-0984","issn":["2299-0984"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320322","host_organization_name":"De Gruyter Open","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320322","https://openalex.org/P4310313990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["De Gruyter Open","De Gruyter"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.56553/popets-2024-0111","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.56553/popets-2024-0111","pdf_url":"https://petsymposium.org/popets/2024/popets-2024-0111.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210183172","display_name":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies","issn_l":"2299-0984","issn":["2299-0984"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320322","host_organization_name":"De Gruyter Open","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320322","https://openalex.org/P4310313990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["De Gruyter Open","De Gruyter"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.5799999833106995}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7255143250","display_name":"Collaborative Research: SaTC: CORE: Small: Measuring, Validating and Improving upon App-Based Privacy Nutrition Labels","funder_award_id":"2247952","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4400382059.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4400382059.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2116878667","https://openalex.org/W2528826491","https://openalex.org/W3042284153","https://openalex.org/W2879220619","https://openalex.org/W4241527182","https://openalex.org/W3038106605","https://openalex.org/W2260440995","https://openalex.org/W3195097297","https://openalex.org/W2035493462","https://openalex.org/W2166647055"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Apple":[0,21],"introduced":[1],"privacy":[2,15,33,51,67,93,108,124,128,182],"labels":[3,183],"in":[4,106],"Dec.":[5],"2020":[6],"as":[7,79,174],"a":[8,32,112,120,127,175],"way":[9],"for":[10,54,138],"developers":[11,29,163,180],"to":[12,30,49,65,82,86,100,161,178],"report":[13],"the":[14,58,63,66,73,76,107,117,141],"behaviors":[16],"of":[17,116,143],"their":[18,167],"apps.":[19,168],"While":[20],"does":[22],"not":[23],"validate":[24],"labels,":[25,77],"they":[26,80],"also":[27],"require":[28],"provide":[31,133],"policy,":[34],"which":[35],"offers":[36],"an":[37],"important":[38],"comparison":[39],"point.":[40],"In":[41],"this":[42],"paper,":[43],"we":[44],"fine-tuned":[45],"BERT-based":[46],"language":[47],"models":[48],"extract":[50],"policy":[52,129],"features":[53],"474,669":[55],"apps":[56,118],"on":[57],"iOS":[59],"App":[60],"Store,":[61],"comparing":[62],"output":[64],"labels.":[68,109],"We":[69,88,132],"identify":[70],"discrepancies":[71],"between":[72],"policies":[74,94],"and":[75,145,150],"particularly":[78],"relate":[81],"data":[83,97],"collected":[84],"linked":[85,99],"users.":[87],"find":[89],"that":[90,155],"228K":[91],"apps'":[92],"may":[95],"indicate":[96],"collection":[98],"users":[101],"than":[102],"what":[103],"is":[104,158],"reported":[105],"More":[110],"alarming,":[111],"large":[113],"number":[114],"(97%)":[115],"with":[119],"Data":[121],"Not":[122],"Collected":[123],"label":[125,166],"have":[126],"indicating":[130],"otherwise.":[131],"insights":[134],"into":[135],"potential":[136],"sources":[137],"discrepancies,":[139],"including":[140],"use":[142],"templates":[144],"confusion":[146],"around":[147],"Apple's":[148],"definitions":[149],"requirements.":[151],"These":[152],"results":[153],"suggest":[154],"significant":[156],"work":[157],"still":[159],"needed":[160],"help":[162],"more":[164],"accurately":[165],"Our":[169],"system":[170],"can":[171],"be":[172],"incorporated":[173],"first-order":[176],"check":[177],"inform":[179],"when":[181],"are":[184],"possibly":[185],"misapplied.":[186]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}