{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4385522595","doi":"https://doi.org/10.56553/popets-2023-0103","title":"Disparate Vulnerability in Link Inference Attacks against Graph Neural Networks","display_name":"Disparate Vulnerability in Link Inference Attacks against Graph Neural Networks","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-08-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4385522595","doi":"https://doi.org/10.56553/popets-2023-0103"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.56553/popets-2023-0103","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.56553/popets-2023-0103","pdf_url":"https://petsymposium.org/popets/2023/popets-2023-0103.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210183172","display_name":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies","issn_l":"2299-0984","issn":["2299-0984"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320322","host_organization_name":"De Gruyter Open","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320322","https://openalex.org/P4310313990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["De Gruyter Open","De Gruyter"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://petsymposium.org/popets/2023/popets-2023-0103.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101564806","display_name":"Da Zhong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2788-5895"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108468826","display_name":"Stevens Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02z43xh36","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108468826"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Da Zhong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stevens Institute of Technology","Stevens Institute of Technology Hoboken, NJ, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stevens Institute of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108468826"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stevens Institute of Technology Hoboken, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108468826"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014481138","display_name":"Ruotong Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3691-3110"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I223532165","display_name":"University of Utah","ror":"https://ror.org/03r0ha626","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruotong Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Utah","University of Utah Salt Lake City, UT, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Utah","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Utah Salt Lake City, UT, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101898735","display_name":"Kun Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9954-0886"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108468826","display_name":"Stevens Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02z43xh36","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108468826"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kun Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stevens Institute of Technology","Stevens Institute of Technology Hoboken, NJ, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stevens Institute of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108468826"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stevens Institute of Technology Hoboken, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108468826"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100771708","display_name":"Xiuling Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4690-1341"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108468826","display_name":"Stevens Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02z43xh36","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108468826"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiuling Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stevens Institute of Technology","Stevens Institute of Technology Hoboken, NJ, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stevens Institute of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108468826"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stevens Institute of Technology Hoboken, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108468826"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068452096","display_name":"Jun Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8128-5062"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I223532165","display_name":"University of Utah","ror":"https://ror.org/03r0ha626","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Utah","University of Utah Salt Lake City, UT, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Utah","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Utah Salt Lake City, UT, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100460778","display_name":"Hui Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3913-815X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108468826","display_name":"Stevens Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02z43xh36","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108468826"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wendy Hui Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stevens Institute of Technology","Stevens Institute of Technology Hoboken, NJ, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stevens Institute of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108468826"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stevens Institute of Technology Hoboken, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108468826"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101564806"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108468826"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3254,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84344486,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"2023","issue":"4","first_page":"149","last_page":"169"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.975600004196167,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.975600004196167,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11273","display_name":"Advanced Graph Neural Networks","score":0.9574000239372253,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/causal-inference","display_name":"Causal inference","score":0.701347827911377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.618765115737915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.5791997909545898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.571134626865387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vulnerability","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","score":0.4529035985469818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.41582727432250977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3517051935195923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.22905051708221436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/econometrics","display_name":"Econometrics","score":0.2016897201538086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.1999216079711914}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158600405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5054566","display_name":"Causal inference","level":2,"score":0.701347827911377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.618765115737915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.5791997909545898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.571134626865387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4529035985469818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.41582727432250977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3517051935195923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.22905051708221436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.2016897201538086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.1999216079711914}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.56553/popets-2023-0103","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.56553/popets-2023-0103","pdf_url":"https://petsymposium.org/popets/2023/popets-2023-0103.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210183172","display_name":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies","issn_l":"2299-0984","issn":["2299-0984"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320322","host_organization_name":"De Gruyter Open","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320322","https://openalex.org/P4310313990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["De Gruyter Open","De Gruyter"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.56553/popets-2023-0103","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.56553/popets-2023-0103","pdf_url":"https://petsymposium.org/popets/2023/popets-2023-0103.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210183172","display_name":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies","issn_l":"2299-0984","issn":["2299-0984"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320322","host_organization_name":"De Gruyter Open","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320322","https://openalex.org/P4310313990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["De Gruyter Open","De Gruyter"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6899999976158142,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2213108233","display_name":"SaTC: CORE: Small: Securing Network Embedding against Privacy Attacks","funder_award_id":"2135988","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7664103396","display_name":"SaTC: CORE: Medium: Privacy for All: Ensuring Fair Privacy Protection in Machine Learning","funder_award_id":"2029038","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4385522595.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":97,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W298633842","https://openalex.org/W1501856433","https://openalex.org/W1544573083","https://openalex.org/W1819662813","https://openalex.org/W1873763122","https://openalex.org/W1971421925","https://openalex.org/W1977843657","https://openalex.org/W1981000476","https://openalex.org/W1994940238","https://openalex.org/W2015049840","https://openalex.org/W2033193852","https://openalex.org/W2052138360","https://openalex.org/W2057503158","https://openalex.org/W2097246321","https://openalex.org/W2100960835","https://openalex.org/W2116341502","https://openalex.org/W2132917208","https://openalex.org/W2133564696","https://openalex.org/W2272543030","https://openalex.org/W2468263120","https://openalex.org/W2473418344","https://openalex.org/W2519887557","https://openalex.org/W2530395818","https://openalex.org/W2535690855","https://openalex.org/W2540757487","https://openalex.org/W2607683755","https://openalex.org/W2755088640","https://openalex.org/W2785487418","https://openalex.org/W2786233556","https://openalex.org/W2788481061","https://openalex.org/W2795435272","https://openalex.org/W2807096445","https://openalex.org/W2886212494","https://openalex.org/W2887995258","https://openalex.org/W2897830718","https://openalex.org/W2898291644","https://openalex.org/W2902208421","https://openalex.org/W2912023992","https://openalex.org/W2930926105","https://openalex.org/W2947819652","https://openalex.org/W2952085278","https://openalex.org/W2963378725","https://openalex.org/W2963456518","https://openalex.org/W2964015378","https://openalex.org/W2964019258","https://openalex.org/W2995395373","https://openalex.org/W2999480577","https://openalex.org/W3014514837","https://openalex.org/W3022536969","https://openalex.org/W3046102592","https://openalex.org/W3071470454","https://openalex.org/W3089046691","https://openalex.org/W3091473186","https://openalex.org/W3093251278","https://openalex.org/W3096738375","https://openalex.org/W3099401751","https://openalex.org/W3102136874","https://openalex.org/W3110470025","https://openalex.org/W3125963848","https://openalex.org/W3126787694","https://openalex.org/W3131840976","https://openalex.org/W3134431386","https://openalex.org/W3138758728","https://openalex.org/W3138815606","https://openalex.org/W3166645434","https://openalex.org/W3167650166","https://openalex.org/W3168349256","https://openalex.org/W3170237968","https://openalex.org/W3170901302","https://openalex.org/W3174163042","https://openalex.org/W3189076644","https://openalex.org/W3189551349","https://openalex.org/W3192448376","https://openalex.org/W3196012972","https://openalex.org/W3201293175","https://openalex.org/W3204085787","https://openalex.org/W3206855510","https://openalex.org/W3211490561","https://openalex.org/W3214968384","https://openalex.org/W4221155126","https://openalex.org/W4226079995","https://openalex.org/W4281397091","https://openalex.org/W4285469062","https://openalex.org/W4287270166","https://openalex.org/W4287638617","https://openalex.org/W4288057780","https://openalex.org/W4288346602","https://openalex.org/W4289129244","https://openalex.org/W4294783275","https://openalex.org/W4297733535","https://openalex.org/W4308642595","https://openalex.org/W4319454067","https://openalex.org/W4320927527","https://openalex.org/W4322507603","https://openalex.org/W4362714312","https://openalex.org/W4378976725","https://openalex.org/W4382239632"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2055243143","https://openalex.org/W2889343356","https://openalex.org/W2773180822","https://openalex.org/W3215064753","https://openalex.org/W3112780530","https://openalex.org/W2263423262","https://openalex.org/W3121647782","https://openalex.org/W3025755441","https://openalex.org/W2095999892","https://openalex.org/W4388998033"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Graph":[0],"Neural":[1],"Networks":[2],"(GNNs)":[3],"have":[4,14,61],"been":[5],"widely":[6],"used":[7],"in":[8,35,56,86,197,230],"various":[9,107],"graph-based":[10],"applications.":[11],"Recent":[12],"studies":[13,47],"shown":[15],"that":[16,223],"GNNs":[17,91],"are":[18],"vulnerable":[19],"to":[20,172,206],"link-level":[21],"membership":[22,194],"inference":[23],"attacks":[24],"(LMIA)":[25],"which":[26],"can":[27],"infer":[28],"whether":[29],"a":[30,40,166,181,202],"given":[31,203],"link":[32],"was":[33],"included":[34],"the":[36,46,50,54,57,63,81,101,124,137,143,146,152,161,193,198,208,211,226,231],"training":[37,199],"graph":[38,129,200],"of":[39,45,53,66,69,84,90,103,109,132,136,187,195,213],"GNN":[41,110],"model.":[42],"While":[43],"most":[44],"focus":[48],"on":[49,156],"privacy":[51,64],"vulnerability":[52,88],"links":[55,70,72],"entire":[58],"graph,":[59],"none":[60],"inspected":[62],"risk":[65],"specific":[67,128],"subgroups":[68,133,215],"(e.g.,":[71],"between":[73,126,148,210,233],"LGBT":[74],"users).":[75],"In":[76],"this":[77],"paper,":[78],"we":[79,99,122,164],"present":[80],"first":[82],"study":[83],"disparity":[85],"subgroup":[87,149],"(DSV)":[89],"against":[92,178],"LMIA.":[93,179],"First,":[94],"with":[95,201],"extensive":[96],"empirical":[97,220],"evaluation,":[98],"demonstrate":[100,222],"existence":[102],"non-negligible":[104],"DSV":[105,174,217,244],"under":[106],"settings":[108],"models":[111],"and":[112,119,235],"input":[113],"graphs.":[114],"Second,":[115],"by":[116,160],"both":[117],"statistical":[118],"causal":[120,154,162],"analysis,":[121,163],"identify":[123],"difference":[125,147],"three":[127,144],"structural":[130],"properties":[131],"as":[134],"one":[135],"underlying":[138],"reasons":[139],"for":[140,216],"DSV.":[141,157],"Among":[142],"properties,":[145],"density":[150,212],"has":[151],"largest":[153],"effect":[155],"Third,":[158],"inspired":[159],"design":[165],"new":[167],"defense":[168,228,234],"mechanism":[169],"named":[170],"FairDefense":[171,191,224],"mitigate":[173],"while":[175],"providing":[176],"protection":[177],"At":[180],"high":[182],"level,":[183],"at":[184],"each":[185],"iteration":[186],"target":[188,236],"model":[189,237],"training,":[190],"randomizes":[192],"edges":[196],"probability,":[204],"aiming":[205],"reduce":[207],"gap":[209],"different":[214],"mitigation.":[218,245],"Our":[219],"results":[221],"outperforms":[225],"existing":[227],"methods":[229],"trade-off":[232],"accuracy.":[238],"More":[239],"importantly,":[240],"it":[241],"offers":[242],"better":[243]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}