{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4323349042","doi":"https://doi.org/10.56553/popets-2023-0043","title":"SoK: Managing risks of linkage attacks on data privacy","display_name":"SoK: Managing risks of linkage attacks on data privacy","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-03-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4323349042","doi":"https://doi.org/10.56553/popets-2023-0043"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.56553/popets-2023-0043","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.56553/popets-2023-0043","pdf_url":"https://petsymposium.org/popets/2023/popets-2023-0043.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210183172","display_name":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies","issn_l":"2299-0984","issn":["2299-0984"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320322","host_organization_name":"De Gruyter Open","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320322","https://openalex.org/P4310313990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["De Gruyter Open","De Gruyter"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://petsymposium.org/popets/2023/popets-2023-0043.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049146589","display_name":"Jovan Powar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8697-488X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jovan Powar","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Cambridge","University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Cambridge","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025243398","display_name":"Alastair R. Beresford","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0818-6535"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alastair R. Beresford","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Cambridge","University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Cambridge","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.6484,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":23,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93900917,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"2023","issue":"2","first_page":"97","last_page":"116"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11719","display_name":"Data Quality and Management","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11045","display_name":"Privacy, Security, and Data Protection","score":0.9962999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7647679448127747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/toolbox","display_name":"Toolbox","score":0.7315287590026855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surprise","display_name":"Surprise","score":0.7003961205482483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variety","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","score":0.5832566618919373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.5744994282722473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5206374526023865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.4745039641857147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/record-linkage","display_name":"Record linkage","score":0.4700055718421936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-sensitivity","display_name":"Information sensitivity","score":0.4629873037338257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.4268854260444641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/threat-model","display_name":"Threat model","score":0.4260202944278717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linkage","display_name":"Linkage (software)","score":0.41086915135383606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.11638343334197998}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7647679448127747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777655017","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1501161","display_name":"Toolbox","level":2,"score":0.7315287590026855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780343955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333173","display_name":"Surprise","level":2,"score":0.7003961205482483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.5832566618919373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5744994282722473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5206374526023865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.4745039641857147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142210648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1266546","display_name":"Record linkage","level":3,"score":0.4700055718421936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137822555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2587068","display_name":"Information sensitivity","level":2,"score":0.4629873037338257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.4268854260444641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140547941","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7797194","display_name":"Threat model","level":2,"score":0.4260202944278717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31266012","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6554340","display_name":"Linkage (software)","level":3,"score":0.41086915135383606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.11638343334197998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.56553/popets-2023-0043","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.56553/popets-2023-0043","pdf_url":"https://petsymposium.org/popets/2023/popets-2023-0043.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210183172","display_name":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies","issn_l":"2299-0984","issn":["2299-0984"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320322","host_organization_name":"De Gruyter Open","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320322","https://openalex.org/P4310313990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["De Gruyter Open","De Gruyter"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.56553/popets-2023-0043","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.56553/popets-2023-0043","pdf_url":"https://petsymposium.org/popets/2023/popets-2023-0043.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210183172","display_name":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies","issn_l":"2299-0984","issn":["2299-0984"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320322","host_organization_name":"De Gruyter Open","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320322","https://openalex.org/P4310313990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["De Gruyter Open","De Gruyter"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.7599999904632568,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6551994653","display_name":"Privacy techniques for mobile computing","funder_award_id":"1940975","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4323349042.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":122,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W13163275","https://openalex.org/W36024057","https://openalex.org/W45828277","https://openalex.org/W68542029","https://openalex.org/W99873454","https://openalex.org/W112115809","https://openalex.org/W131591713","https://openalex.org/W179368776","https://openalex.org/W196349407","https://openalex.org/W1463623766","https://openalex.org/W1504028050","https://openalex.org/W1536564267","https://openalex.org/W1616788770","https://openalex.org/W1693831326","https://openalex.org/W1740507892","https://openalex.org/W1882297107","https://openalex.org/W1971157729","https://openalex.org/W1972663735","https://openalex.org/W1973980096","https://openalex.org/W1981029888","https://openalex.org/W1998801249","https://openalex.org/W2007284808","https://openalex.org/W2009611335","https://openalex.org/W2013683503","https://openalex.org/W2017346967","https://openalex.org/W2017481266","https://openalex.org/W2018275882","https://openalex.org/W2018881137","https://openalex.org/W2029103396","https://openalex.org/W2040228409","https://openalex.org/W2044020788","https://openalex.org/W2065856100","https://openalex.org/W2073034842","https://openalex.org/W2077414053","https://openalex.org/W2083680779","https://openalex.org/W2085106103","https://openalex.org/W2097310404","https://openalex.org/W2104355163","https://openalex.org/W2107968098","https://openalex.org/W2113427031","https://openalex.org/W2113839561","https://openalex.org/W2115240023","https://openalex.org/W2119584329","https://openalex.org/W2120911939","https://openalex.org/W2123147099","https://openalex.org/W2135930857","https://openalex.org/W2139864694","https://openalex.org/W2140789797","https://openalex.org/W2143445293","https://openalex.org/W2151067476","https://openalex.org/W2159024459","https://openalex.org/W2159675343","https://openalex.org/W2167472159","https://openalex.org/W2227252066","https://openalex.org/W2234740361","https://openalex.org/W2239873446","https://openalex.org/W2258577634","https://openalex.org/W2279779665","https://openalex.org/W2312901605","https://openalex.org/W2319148899","https://openalex.org/W2339613164","https://openalex.org/W2339803498","https://openalex.org/W2401721412","https://openalex.org/W2481726180","https://openalex.org/W2520881573","https://openalex.org/W2532520288","https://openalex.org/W2534477664","https://openalex.org/W2535690855","https://openalex.org/W2538997520","https://openalex.org/W2593227599","https://openalex.org/W2604609353","https://openalex.org/W2618028147","https://openalex.org/W2681109946","https://openalex.org/W2752520290","https://openalex.org/W2754396422","https://openalex.org/W2766853837","https://openalex.org/W2774510177","https://openalex.org/W2781896769","https://openalex.org/W2785357069","https://openalex.org/W2792648564","https://openalex.org/W2794651469","https://openalex.org/W2799924119","https://openalex.org/W2800326936","https://openalex.org/W2801558821","https://openalex.org/W2884738118","https://openalex.org/W2889423762","https://openalex.org/W2890697686","https://openalex.org/W2891865791","https://openalex.org/W2895886944","https://openalex.org/W2914911817","https://openalex.org/W2944686094","https://openalex.org/W2946457832","https://openalex.org/W2955618369","https://openalex.org/W2964019258","https://openalex.org/W2964151798","https://openalex.org/W3001873972","https://openalex.org/W3006887636","https://openalex.org/W3015896759","https://openalex.org/W3016167145","https://openalex.org/W3034824210","https://openalex.org/W3048094199","https://openalex.org/W3081017056","https://openalex.org/W3081420117","https://openalex.org/W3094992476","https://openalex.org/W3096692244","https://openalex.org/W3123075660","https://openalex.org/W3123175908","https://openalex.org/W3126152116","https://openalex.org/W3137834941","https://openalex.org/W3159312600","https://openalex.org/W3169520060","https://openalex.org/W3199686039","https://openalex.org/W3205244912","https://openalex.org/W3208464986","https://openalex.org/W3212251639","https://openalex.org/W4200071117","https://openalex.org/W4207061507","https://openalex.org/W4242818803","https://openalex.org/W4285667145","https://openalex.org/W4288072858","https://openalex.org/W4288345394","https://openalex.org/W4293783466"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4236382845","https://openalex.org/W2068663075","https://openalex.org/W4388712630","https://openalex.org/W2481168998","https://openalex.org/W2476994687","https://openalex.org/W642988558","https://openalex.org/W2978678743","https://openalex.org/W2324507472","https://openalex.org/W1999899047","https://openalex.org/W2889216006"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Novel":[0],"attacks":[1,119,161],"on":[2,136],"dataset":[3,78,117,170,214],"privacy":[4,118,171],"are":[5],"usually":[6],"met":[7],"with":[8,70,90,192],"the":[9,31,36,43,46,59,114,124,164,207,237,241],"same":[10],"range":[11],"of":[12,35,45,62,83,116,126,153,184,198,210,245],"responses:":[13],"surprise":[14],"that":[15,55,169,239,252],"a":[16,50,67,81,137,151,177,202,217],"route":[17],"to":[18,26,52,74,77,101,108,149,159],"information":[19,23,134],"gain":[20,135],"exists":[21],"from":[22,162],"previously":[24],"thought":[25],"be":[27,141,173,228,254],"safe;":[28],"disputes":[29],"around":[30,236],"viability":[32],"or":[33,133],"validity":[34],"attack":[37],"in":[38,42,96,213],"real-world":[39,97],"contexts;":[40],"and,":[41],"case":[44],"computer":[47],"science":[48],"community,":[49],"drive":[51],"produce":[53],"techniques":[54,251],"provably":[56],"protect":[57],"against":[58],"new":[60],"class":[61],"attack.":[63],"The":[64],"result":[65],"is":[66,99],"disjointed":[68],"landscape":[69],"no":[71],"shared":[72],"approach":[73,188],"modelling":[75],"threats":[76],"privacy,":[79,215],"and":[80,93,120,146,194,216,243,247,259,264],"toolbox":[82],"technically":[84],"complex":[85],"systems":[86],"whose":[87,94],"guarantees":[88],"come":[89],"narrow":[91],"assumptions":[92],"application":[95],"contexts":[98],"hard":[100],"achieve.":[102],"In":[103],"this":[104,148],"paper":[105],"we":[106,157],"aim":[107],"understand":[109],"these":[110],"issues":[111],"by":[112,261],"charting":[113],"history":[115],"systematising":[121],"breaches":[122],"through":[123],"lens":[125],"data":[127,144],"linkage.":[128],"We":[129,232],"show":[130],"how":[131,221],"identification":[132],"dataset's":[138],"subjects":[139],"can":[140,227,253],"expressed":[142],"as":[143,176],"linkage,":[145],"use":[147],"present":[150,234],"taxonomy":[152,197],"threat":[154,211],"models":[155,212],"which":[156,189],"apply":[158],"ninety-four":[160],"across":[163],"literature.":[165],"Our":[166,196],"work":[167],"demonstrates":[168],"must":[172],"approached":[174],"first":[175],"risk":[178,257],"management":[179,260],"problem,":[180],"rather":[181],"than":[182],"one":[183,225],"strict":[185],"guarantees,":[186],"an":[187],"aligns":[190],"well":[191],"law":[193],"practice.":[195],"attacker":[199],"intents":[200],"provides":[201],"coherent":[203],"language":[204],"for":[205,219,249,256],"expressing":[206],"wide":[208],"variety":[209],"framework":[218],"understanding":[220],"risks":[222],"identified":[223],"under":[224],"model":[226],"understood":[229],"within":[230],"another.":[231],"also":[233],"insights":[235],"factors":[238],"affect":[240],"feasibility":[242],"severity":[244],"attacks,":[246],"proposals":[248],"practical":[250],"used":[255],"appraisal":[258],"practitioners,":[262],"researchers,":[263],"regulators":[265],"alike.":[266]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}