{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4293783379","doi":"https://doi.org/10.56553/popets-2022-0130","title":"Replay (Far) Away: Exploiting and Fixing Google/Apple Exposure Notification Contact Tracing","display_name":"Replay (Far) Away: Exploiting and Fixing Google/Apple Exposure Notification Contact Tracing","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-08-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4293783379","doi":"https://doi.org/10.56553/popets-2022-0130"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.56553/popets-2022-0130","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.56553/popets-2022-0130","pdf_url":"https://petsymposium.org/popets/2022/popets-2022-0130.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210183172","display_name":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies","issn_l":"2299-0984","issn":["2299-0984"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320322","host_organization_name":"De Gruyter Open","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320322","https://openalex.org/P4310313990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["De Gruyter Open","De Gruyter"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://petsymposium.org/popets/2022/popets-2022-0130.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045670775","display_name":"Christopher J. Ellis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1916-8746"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52357470","display_name":"The Ohio State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00rs6vg23","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christopher Ellis","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Ohio State University","The Ohio State University,","Ohio State University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Ohio State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Ohio State University,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ohio State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008433466","display_name":"Haohuang Wen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2753-0250"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52357470","display_name":"The Ohio State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00rs6vg23","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haohuang Wen","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Ohio State University","The Ohio State University,","Ohio State University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Ohio State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Ohio State University,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ohio State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082944417","display_name":"Zhiqiang Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8547-4042"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52357470","display_name":"The Ohio State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00rs6vg23","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhiqiang Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Ohio State University","The Ohio State University,"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Ohio State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Ohio State University,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079903777","display_name":"Anish Arora","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2152-0462"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52357470","display_name":"The Ohio State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00rs6vg23","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anish Arora","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Ohio State University","Ohio State University","The Ohio State University,"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Ohio State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ohio State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Ohio State University,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5082944417"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3031,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.60660213,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"2022","issue":"4","first_page":"727","last_page":"745"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12943","display_name":"COVID-19 Digital Contact Tracing","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12943","display_name":"COVID-19 Digital Contact Tracing","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11045","display_name":"Privacy, Security, and Data Protection","score":0.9876000285148621,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9692999720573425,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/replay-attack","display_name":"Replay attack","score":0.7535408735275269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6804988384246826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.6712085604667664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contact-tracing","display_name":"Contact tracing","score":0.6695511937141418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.5658135414123535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geospatial-analysis","display_name":"Geospatial analysis","score":0.5644426941871643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracing","display_name":"Tracing","score":0.4449394643306732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coronavirus-disease-2019","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","score":0.28703832626342773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.19777923822402954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.08604440093040466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.06700074672698975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.06699398159980774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.06065770983695984}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11560541","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1756025","display_name":"Replay attack","level":3,"score":0.7535408735275269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6804988384246826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.6712085604667664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113162765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1128437","display_name":"Contact tracing","level":5,"score":0.6695511937141418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.5658135414123535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9770341","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1938983","display_name":"Geospatial analysis","level":2,"score":0.5644426941871643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138673069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q322229","display_name":"Tracing","level":2,"score":0.4449394643306732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3008058167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","level":4,"score":0.28703832626342773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.19777923822402954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.08604440093040466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.06700074672698975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.06699398159980774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.06065770983695984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524204448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788926","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.56553/popets-2022-0130","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.56553/popets-2022-0130","pdf_url":"https://petsymposium.org/popets/2022/popets-2022-0130.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210183172","display_name":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies","issn_l":"2299-0984","issn":["2299-0984"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320322","host_organization_name":"De Gruyter Open","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320322","https://openalex.org/P4310313990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["De Gruyter Open","De Gruyter"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.56553/popets-2022-0130","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.56553/popets-2022-0130","pdf_url":"https://petsymposium.org/popets/2022/popets-2022-0130.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210183172","display_name":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies","issn_l":"2299-0984","issn":["2299-0984"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320322","host_organization_name":"De Gruyter Open","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320322","https://openalex.org/P4310313990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["De Gruyter Open","De Gruyter"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4293783379.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4293783379.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2054564044","https://openalex.org/W2963423786","https://openalex.org/W3023332198","https://openalex.org/W3026346600","https://openalex.org/W3028836119","https://openalex.org/W3029901056","https://openalex.org/W3034260751","https://openalex.org/W3037478749","https://openalex.org/W3039706208","https://openalex.org/W3046927816","https://openalex.org/W3048974721","https://openalex.org/W3091918403","https://openalex.org/W3098663026","https://openalex.org/W3105658939","https://openalex.org/W3109469064","https://openalex.org/W3110917798","https://openalex.org/W3111179372","https://openalex.org/W3113217284","https://openalex.org/W3115784317","https://openalex.org/W3152725140","https://openalex.org/W3174126115","https://openalex.org/W3186101787","https://openalex.org/W3194714732","https://openalex.org/W3194926166","https://openalex.org/W3214675120","https://openalex.org/W4230005434","https://openalex.org/W4255648054","https://openalex.org/W4287644375","https://openalex.org/W4287753054","https://openalex.org/W4287775750","https://openalex.org/W4297797860","https://openalex.org/W4306634004","https://openalex.org/W6779759679","https://openalex.org/W6784314288","https://openalex.org/W6785358756","https://openalex.org/W6786532134"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4213139346","https://openalex.org/W3204036590","https://openalex.org/W3036030877","https://openalex.org/W3130225502","https://openalex.org/W3158100496","https://openalex.org/W3206978831","https://openalex.org/W2170160357","https://openalex.org/W4287554683","https://openalex.org/W2012140923","https://openalex.org/W3215370305"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Digital":[0],"contact":[1],"tracing":[2],"offers":[3],"significant":[4],"promise":[5],"to":[6,23,31,50,77,99,124],"help":[7],"reduce":[8],"the":[9,25],"spread":[10],"of":[11],"SARS-CoV-2":[12],"and":[13,17,79,120],"other":[14],"viruses.":[15],"Google":[16],"Apple":[18],"joined":[19],"together":[20],"in":[21,89],"2020":[22],"create":[24],"Google/Apple":[26],"Exposure":[27],"Notification":[28],"(GAEN)":[29],"framework":[30],"determine":[32],"encounters":[33],"with":[34,113],"anonymous":[35],"users":[36],"later":[37],"diagnosed":[38],"COVID-19":[39],"positive.":[40],"However,":[41],"as":[42],"GAEN":[43,81,112],"lacks":[44],"geospatial":[45,114],"awareness,":[46],"it":[47],"is":[48],"susceptible":[49],"geographically":[51,127],"distributed":[52,128],"replay":[53,58,80,102,129],"attacks.":[54,130],"Anonymous,":[55],"low-cost,":[56],"crowd-sourced":[57],"attack":[59],"networks":[60],"deployed":[61],"by":[62],"malicious":[63,72],"actors":[64],"(or":[65,73],"far":[66],"away":[67],"nation-state":[68],"attackers)":[69],"who":[70],"utilize":[71],"innocent)":[74],"users\u2019":[75],"smartphones":[76],"capture":[78],"advertisements":[82],"can":[83],"drastically":[84],"increase":[85],"false-positive":[86],"rates":[87],"even":[88],"areas":[90],"that":[91,110],"otherwise":[92],"exhibit":[93],"low":[94],"positivity":[95],"rates.":[96],"In":[97],"response":[98],"this":[100],"powerful":[101],"attack,":[103],"we":[104],"introduce":[105],"GAEN+":[106],",":[107],"a":[108],"solution":[109],"enhances":[111],"awareness":[115],"while":[116],"maintaining":[117],"user":[118],"privacy,":[119],"demonstrate":[121],"its":[122],"ability":[123],"effectively":[125],"prevent":[126]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}