{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1503757665","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5591/978-1-57735-516-8/ijcai11-080","title":"Using Gaussian processes to optimise concession in complex negotiations against unknown opponents","display_name":"Using Gaussian processes to optimise concession in complex negotiations against unknown opponents","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-07-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1503757665","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5591/978-1-57735-516-8/ijcai11-080","mag":"1503757665"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.soton.ac.uk:271965","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://doi.org/10.5591/978-1-57735-516-8/IJCAI11-080>).","pdf_url":"https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/271965/1/ijcai11.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401019","display_name":"ePrints Soton (University of Southampton)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I43439940","host_organization_name":"University of Southampton","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Conference or Workshop Item"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/271965/1/ijcai11.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091015796","display_name":"Colin R. Williams","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43439940","display_name":"University of Southampton","ror":"https://ror.org/01ryk1543","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Colin R. Williams","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics & Computer Science, Univ. of Southampton, Southampton, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics & Computer Science, Univ. of Southampton, Southampton, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052097132","display_name":"Valentin Robu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9280-2072"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43439940","display_name":"University of Southampton","ror":"https://ror.org/01ryk1543","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Valentin Robu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics & Computer Science, Univ. of Southampton, Southampton, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9280-2072","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics & Computer Science, Univ. of Southampton, Southampton, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040869025","display_name":"Enrico Gerding","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7200-552X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43439940","display_name":"University of Southampton","ror":"https://ror.org/01ryk1543","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Enrico Gerding","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics & Computer Science, Univ. of Southampton, Southampton, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics & Computer Science, Univ. of Southampton, Southampton, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036583884","display_name":"Nicholas R. Jennings","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0166-248X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43439940","display_name":"University of Southampton","ror":"https://ror.org/01ryk1543","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nicholas R. Jennings","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics & Computer Science, Univ. of Southampton, Southampton, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics & Computer Science, Univ. of Southampton, Southampton, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.1419,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":73,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98318962,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"432","last_page":"438"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10456","display_name":"Multi-Agent Systems and Negotiation","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10456","display_name":"Multi-Agent Systems and Negotiation","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11574","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Games","score":0.9794999957084656,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10462","display_name":"Reinforcement Learning in Robotics","score":0.9772999882698059,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/negotiation","display_name":"Negotiation","score":0.9220453500747681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversary","display_name":"Adversary","score":0.7483278512954712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6668415665626526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/competition","display_name":"Competition (biology)","score":0.6294518709182739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5848240256309509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tournament","display_name":"Tournament","score":0.5509735941886902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variety","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","score":0.5245935320854187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.5134271383285522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/session","display_name":"Session (web analytics)","score":0.47991666197776794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3857000172138214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operations-research","display_name":"Operations research","score":0.3826572299003601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.2608490586280823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.17328670620918274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1001521646976471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.09492558240890503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.08762380480766296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.07192665338516235}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199776023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202875","display_name":"Negotiation","level":2,"score":0.9220453500747681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41065033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2825412","display_name":"Adversary","level":2,"score":0.7483278512954712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6668415665626526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91306197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45767","display_name":"Competition (biology)","level":2,"score":0.6294518709182739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5848240256309509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136975688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1320634","display_name":"Tournament","level":2,"score":0.5509735941886902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.5245935320854187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5134271383285522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779182362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17126187","display_name":"Session (web analytics)","level":2,"score":0.47991666197776794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3857000172138214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.3826572299003601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.2608490586280823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.17328670620918274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1001521646976471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.09492558240890503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.08762380480766296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.07192665338516235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.soton.ac.uk:271965","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://doi.org/10.5591/978-1-57735-516-8/IJCAI11-080>).","pdf_url":"https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/271965/1/ijcai11.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401019","display_name":"ePrints Soton (University of Southampton)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I43439940","host_organization_name":"University of Southampton","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Conference or Workshop Item"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.357.6756","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.357.6756","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/271965/5/ijcai11.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:spiral.imperial.ac.uk:10044/1/36071","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/271965/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401396","display_name":"Spiral (Imperial College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","host_organization_name":"Imperial College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Twenty-Second International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"Conference Paper"},{"id":"mag:1503757665","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ijcai.org/papers11/Papers/IJCAI11-080.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306419999","display_name":"International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":"International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.soton.ac.uk:271965","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://doi.org/10.5591/978-1-57735-516-8/IJCAI11-080>).","pdf_url":"https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/271965/1/ijcai11.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401019","display_name":"ePrints Soton (University of Southampton)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I43439940","host_organization_name":"University of Southampton","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Conference or Workshop Item"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.44999998807907104,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1503757665.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1503757665.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1544491544","https://openalex.org/W1585840059","https://openalex.org/W1746819321","https://openalex.org/W1808142395","https://openalex.org/W2000159471","https://openalex.org/W2094123267","https://openalex.org/W2105440797","https://openalex.org/W2106728171","https://openalex.org/W2112374372","https://openalex.org/W2113875590","https://openalex.org/W2139512434","https://openalex.org/W2139948026","https://openalex.org/W2143348756","https://openalex.org/W2152078617","https://openalex.org/W2154734314","https://openalex.org/W2164464108","https://openalex.org/W2329310016","https://openalex.org/W2787890463","https://openalex.org/W3125242074"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2112374372","https://openalex.org/W2105440797","https://openalex.org/W2167149475","https://openalex.org/W2122924532","https://openalex.org/W2164464108","https://openalex.org/W2399297057","https://openalex.org/W2110872636","https://openalex.org/W2094123267","https://openalex.org/W2001907002","https://openalex.org/W2139512434","https://openalex.org/W2117902618","https://openalex.org/W2106728171","https://openalex.org/W2171666901","https://openalex.org/W2115852343","https://openalex.org/W2098523522","https://openalex.org/W2113875590","https://openalex.org/W2123675832","https://openalex.org/W2121353282","https://openalex.org/W2109100253","https://openalex.org/W2008226669"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,19],"multi-issue":[1],"automated":[2],"negotiation":[3,12,51,88],"against":[4],"unknown":[5],"opponents,":[6],"a":[7,24,49,78,85],"key":[8],"part":[9],"of":[10,16,57,87],"effective":[11],"is":[13],"the":[14,33,43,55,65,70],"choice":[15],"concession":[17,26,45],"strategy.":[18],"this":[20,40],"paper,":[21],"we":[22],"develop":[23],"principled":[25],"strategy,":[27],"based":[28],"on":[29],"Gaussian":[30],"processes":[31],"predicting":[32],"opponent's":[34],"future":[35],"behaviour.":[36],"We":[37,53],"then":[38],"use":[39],"to":[41],"set":[42],"agent's":[44],"rate":[46],"dynamically":[47],"during":[48],"single":[50],"session.":[52],"analyse":[54],"performance":[56],"our":[58],"strategy":[59],"and":[60,81],"show":[61],"that":[62],"it":[63],"outperforms":[64],"state-of-the-art":[66],"negotiating":[67],"agents":[68],"from":[69],"2010":[71],"Automated":[72],"Negotiating":[73],"Agents":[74],"Competition,":[75],"in":[76,82],"both":[77],"tournament":[79],"setting":[80],"self-play,":[83],"across":[84],"variety":[86],"domains.":[89]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-08-31T07:19:18.363097","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}