{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3009804075","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5555/2567709.2567766","title":"Counterfactual Reasoning and Learning Systems","display_name":"Counterfactual Reasoning and Learning Systems","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-09-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3009804075","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5555/2567709.2567766","mag":"3009804075"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:3009804075","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://leon.bottou.org/publications/pdf/tr-2012-09-12.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S118988714","display_name":"Journal of Machine Learning Research","issn_l":"1532-4435","issn":["1532-4435","1533-7928"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Machine Learning Research","raw_type":null},"type":"article","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019206666","display_name":"L\u00e9on Bottou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9894-8128"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"L\u00e9on Bottou","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9894-8128","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002127148","display_name":"Jonas Peters","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1487-7511"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonas Peters","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1487-7511","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050604937","display_name":"Joaquin Qui\u00f1onero-Candela","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joaquin Qui\u00f1onero-Candela","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008748926","display_name":"Denis Charles","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-7921-3673"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Denis Charles","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-7921-3673","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112510714","display_name":"David M. Chickering","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David M. Chickering","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010914577","display_name":"Elon Portugaly","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elon Portugaly","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066130846","display_name":"Dipankar Ray","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6077-1155"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dipankar Ray","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6077-1155","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109211487","display_name":"Patrice Simard","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Patrice Simard","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046019473","display_name":"Ed Snelson","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ed Snelson","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.5383,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":84,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93303198,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12072","display_name":"Machine Learning and Algorithms","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12072","display_name":"Machine Learning and Algorithms","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12761","display_name":"Data Stream Mining Techniques","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12101","display_name":"Advanced Bandit Algorithms Research","score":0.9955000281333923,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/counterfactual-thinking","display_name":"Counterfactual thinking","score":0.8731408715248108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leverage","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","score":0.7677990198135376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6763660907745361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.6313532590866089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.6150903105735779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5824766755104065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference-engine","display_name":"Inference engine","score":0.523257851600647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/debiasing","display_name":"Debiasing","score":0.5011875629425049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/causal-inference","display_name":"Causal inference","score":0.4646788239479065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-science","display_name":"Cognitive science","score":0.197564035654068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1275615096092224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/econometrics","display_name":"Econometrics","score":0.10811886191368103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.10129672288894653}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108650721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1783253","display_name":"Counterfactual thinking","level":2,"score":0.8731408715248108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153083717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.7677990198135376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6763660907745361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.6313532590866089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.6150903105735779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5824766755104065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46743427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1341685","display_name":"Inference engine","level":3,"score":0.523257851600647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779458634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q24963715","display_name":"Debiasing","level":2,"score":0.5011875629425049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158600405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5054566","display_name":"Causal inference","level":2,"score":0.4646788239479065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.197564035654068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1275615096092224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.10811886191368103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.10129672288894653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:3009804075","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://leon.bottou.org/publications/pdf/tr-2012-09-12.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S118988714","display_name":"Journal of Machine Learning Research","issn_l":"1532-4435","issn":["1532-4435","1533-7928"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Machine Learning Research","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":62,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W5594912","https://openalex.org/W189742998","https://openalex.org/W1516061453","https://openalex.org/W1524326598","https://openalex.org/W1527571715","https://openalex.org/W1530699444","https://openalex.org/W1549884163","https://openalex.org/W1583155004","https://openalex.org/W1609575875","https://openalex.org/W1786332878","https://openalex.org/W1807610439","https://openalex.org/W1809653203","https://openalex.org/W1954834360","https://openalex.org/W1971361630","https://openalex.org/W1975566260","https://openalex.org/W1986598958","https://openalex.org/W1995301707","https://openalex.org/W1998498767","https://openalex.org/W2006036383","https://openalex.org/W2009187570","https://openalex.org/W2019762987","https://openalex.org/W2029050771","https://openalex.org/W2029538739","https://openalex.org/W2034368206","https://openalex.org/W2049053063","https://openalex.org/W2061750459","https://openalex.org/W2082488914","https://openalex.org/W2092060791","https://openalex.org/W2101162551","https://openalex.org/W2108005930","https://openalex.org/W2108738385","https://openalex.org/W2110228583","https://openalex.org/W2112420033","https://openalex.org/W2113065326","https://openalex.org/W2113322251","https://openalex.org/W2116009284","https://openalex.org/W2116942894","https://openalex.org/W2119717200","https://openalex.org/W2119850747","https://openalex.org/W2121863487","https://openalex.org/W2123393305","https://openalex.org/W2137370054","https://openalex.org/W2138909795","https://openalex.org/W2143117649","https://openalex.org/W2148434045","https://openalex.org/W2160455305","https://openalex.org/W2167770337","https://openalex.org/W2168405694","https://openalex.org/W2181790324","https://openalex.org/W2312609093","https://openalex.org/W2491030098","https://openalex.org/W2797473299","https://openalex.org/W2905472553","https://openalex.org/W2947259304","https://openalex.org/W2952952750","https://openalex.org/W2962867505","https://openalex.org/W2963446467","https://openalex.org/W2964297722","https://openalex.org/W3000213542","https://openalex.org/W3122305203","https://openalex.org/W3122934458","https://openalex.org/W3133236490"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2122124659","https://openalex.org/W2138909795","https://openalex.org/W2112420033","https://openalex.org/W2143891888","https://openalex.org/W2150291618","https://openalex.org/W2132917208","https://openalex.org/W2507134384","https://openalex.org/W1809653203","https://openalex.org/W2951403958","https://openalex.org/W2188353343","https://openalex.org/W1094752974","https://openalex.org/W2950382198","https://openalex.org/W2293743194","https://openalex.org/W2110228583","https://openalex.org/W1835900096","https://openalex.org/W2295739661","https://openalex.org/W2140310134","https://openalex.org/W2098258765","https://openalex.org/W2076618162","https://openalex.org/W2020160576"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,47],"work":[1,48],"shows":[2],"how":[3],"to":[4,8,26,36],"leverage":[5],"causal":[6],"inference":[7],"understand":[9],"the":[10,22,27,38,44,56,62],"behavior":[11],"of":[12,24],"complex":[13],"learning":[14],"systems":[15],"interacting":[16],"with":[17,61],"their":[18],"environment":[19],"and":[20,34],"predict":[21],"consequences":[23],"changes":[25,39],"system.":[28],"Such":[29],"predictions":[30],"allow":[31],"both":[32],"humans":[33],"algorithms":[35],"select":[37],"that":[40],"would":[41],"have":[42],"improved":[43],"system":[45,59],"performance.":[46],"is":[49],"illustrated":[50],"by":[51],"experiments":[52],"carried":[53],"out":[54],"on":[55],"ad":[57],"placement":[58],"associated":[60],"Bing":[63],"search":[64],"engine.":[65]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}