{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4302389229","doi":"https://doi.org/10.55417/fr.2022058","title":"Robotics CTA: 10 Years of Integration, Assessment, and Lessons Learned","display_name":"Robotics CTA: 10 Years of Integration, Assessment, and Lessons Learned","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4302389229","doi":"https://doi.org/10.55417/fr.2022058"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.55417/fr.2022058","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.55417/fr.2022058","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387279083","display_name":"Field Robotics","issn_l":"2771-3989","issn":["2771-3989"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Field Robotics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.55417/fr.2022058","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026125180","display_name":"Long Quang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8780-7592"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343953105","display_name":"General Dynamics (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05pyq8e17","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1343953105"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Long Quang","raw_affiliation_strings":["General Dynamics Land Systems, 1231 Tech Ct, Westminster, MD 21157"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8780-7592","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"General Dynamics Land Systems, 1231 Tech Ct, Westminster, MD 21157","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343953105"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021087220","display_name":"Marshal Childers","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8723-6977"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166416128","display_name":"DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/011hc8f90","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1304082316","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I166416128","https://openalex.org/I2802705668","https://openalex.org/I4210154437"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marshal Childers","raw_affiliation_strings":["DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory, 2800 Powder Mill Rd, Adelphi, MD 20783"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8723-6977","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory, 2800 Powder Mill Rd, Adelphi, MD 20783","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166416128"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013449487","display_name":"Jonathan Fink","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2272-9751"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166416128","display_name":"DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/011hc8f90","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1304082316","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I166416128","https://openalex.org/I2802705668","https://openalex.org/I4210154437"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonathan Fink","raw_affiliation_strings":["DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory, 2800 Powder Mill Rd, Adelphi, MD 20783"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1834-2442","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory, 2800 Powder Mill Rd, Adelphi, MD 20783","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166416128"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018255833","display_name":"Mark Gonzalez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7531-5774"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343953105","display_name":"General Dynamics (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05pyq8e17","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1343953105"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mark Gonzalez","raw_affiliation_strings":["General Dynamics Land Systems, 1231 Tech Ct, Westminster, MD 21157"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7531-5774","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"General Dynamics Land Systems, 1231 Tech Ct, Westminster, MD 21157","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343953105"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010315020","display_name":"Arnon Hurwitz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6392-6228"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166416128","display_name":"DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/011hc8f90","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1304082316","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I166416128","https://openalex.org/I2802705668","https://openalex.org/I4210154437"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arnon Hurwitz","raw_affiliation_strings":["DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory, 2800 Powder Mill Rd, Adelphi, MD 20783"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6392-6228","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory, 2800 Powder Mill Rd, Adelphi, MD 20783","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166416128"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025619327","display_name":"Matthew Kaplan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9625-0682"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166416128","display_name":"DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/011hc8f90","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1304082316","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I166416128","https://openalex.org/I2802705668","https://openalex.org/I4210154437"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthew Kaplan","raw_affiliation_strings":["DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory, 2800 Powder Mill Rd, Adelphi, MD 20783"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9625-0682","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory, 2800 Powder Mill Rd, Adelphi, MD 20783","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166416128"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024122189","display_name":"Craig Lennon","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166416128","display_name":"DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/011hc8f90","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1304082316","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I166416128","https://openalex.org/I2802705668","https://openalex.org/I4210154437"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Craig Lennon","raw_affiliation_strings":["DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory, 2800 Powder Mill Rd, Adelphi, MD 20783"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2229-2919","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory, 2800 Powder Mill Rd, Adelphi, MD 20783","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166416128"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021811447","display_name":"Dilip Patel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2719-3936"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343953105","display_name":"General Dynamics (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05pyq8e17","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1343953105"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dilip Patel","raw_affiliation_strings":["General Dynamics Land Systems, 1231 Tech Ct, Westminster, MD 21157"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2719-3936","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"General Dynamics Land Systems, 1231 Tech Ct, Westminster, MD 21157","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343953105"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102795358","display_name":"Jaymit Patel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0783-9397"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343953105","display_name":"General Dynamics (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05pyq8e17","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1343953105"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jaymit Patel","raw_affiliation_strings":["General Dynamics Land Systems, 1231 Tech Ct, Westminster, MD 21157"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0783-9397","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"General Dynamics Land Systems, 1231 Tech Ct, Westminster, MD 21157","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343953105"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036672376","display_name":"Jason Pusey","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9620-6449"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166416128","display_name":"DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/011hc8f90","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1304082316","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I166416128","https://openalex.org/I2802705668","https://openalex.org/I4210154437"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jason Pusey","raw_affiliation_strings":["DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory, 2800 Powder Mill Rd, Adelphi, MD 20783"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9620-6449","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory, 2800 Powder Mill Rd, Adelphi, MD 20783","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166416128"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028054442","display_name":"Trevor Rocks","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1723-2791"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166416128","display_name":"DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/011hc8f90","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1304082316","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I166416128","https://openalex.org/I2802705668","https://openalex.org/I4210154437"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Trevor Rocks","raw_affiliation_strings":["DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory, 2800 Powder Mill Rd, Adelphi, MD 20783"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1723-2791","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory, 2800 Powder Mill Rd, Adelphi, MD 20783","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166416128"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075587143","display_name":"Ed Weller","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343953105","display_name":"General Dynamics (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05pyq8e17","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1343953105"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ed Weller","raw_affiliation_strings":["General Dynamics Land Systems, 1231 Tech Ct, Westminster, MD 21157"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9175-7401","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"General Dynamics Land Systems, 1231 Tech Ct, Westminster, MD 21157","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343953105"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048026511","display_name":"Chad C. Kessens","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6366-0880"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166416128","display_name":"DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/011hc8f90","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1304082316","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I166416128","https://openalex.org/I2802705668","https://openalex.org/I4210154437"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chad Kessens","raw_affiliation_strings":["DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory, 2800 Powder Mill Rd, Adelphi, MD 20783"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6366-0880","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory, 2800 Powder Mill Rd, Adelphi, MD 20783","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166416128"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":13,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5026125180"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343953105"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.13121351,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":null,"first_page":"1874","last_page":"1887"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14306","display_name":"Technology Assessment and Management","score":0.951200008392334,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14306","display_name":"Technology Assessment and Management","score":0.951200008392334,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14214","display_name":"Space Exploration and Technology","score":0.949400007724762,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12000","display_name":"Systems Engineering Methodologies and Applications","score":0.9307000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robotics","display_name":"Robotics","score":0.7923702597618103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7252522110939026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alliance","display_name":"Alliance","score":0.7004753947257996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relevance","display_name":"Relevance (law)","score":0.5910030603408813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/government","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","score":0.5082261562347412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering-management","display_name":"Engineering management","score":0.416865736246109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.39512255787849426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3649647831916809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot","display_name":"Robot","score":0.30689430236816406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.2572959065437317}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34413123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170978","display_name":"Robotics","level":3,"score":0.7923702597618103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7252522110939026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778431023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q878249","display_name":"Alliance","level":2,"score":0.7004753947257996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158154518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310970","display_name":"Relevance (law)","level":2,"score":0.5910030603408813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5082261562347412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110354214","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6314146","display_name":"Engineering management","level":1,"score":0.416865736246109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.39512255787849426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3649647831916809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.30689430236816406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.2572959065437317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.55417/fr.2022058","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.55417/fr.2022058","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387279083","display_name":"Field Robotics","issn_l":"2771-3989","issn":["2771-3989"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Field Robotics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.55417/fr.2022058","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.55417/fr.2022058","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387279083","display_name":"Field Robotics","issn_l":"2771-3989","issn":["2771-3989"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Field Robotics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4300000071525574,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","display_name":"Partnerships for the goals"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W405964254","https://openalex.org/W2045758229","https://openalex.org/W2089011450","https://openalex.org/W2065963568","https://openalex.org/W2002867377","https://openalex.org/W2049129476","https://openalex.org/W3090513242","https://openalex.org/W2028743134"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Over":[0],"the":[1,7,29,38,44,51,54,62,67,70,82,99,102,107,132],"past":[2],"decade,":[3],"robotics":[4],"technologies":[5],"and":[6,17,24,77,87,95,114,116,128,135],"tools":[8,104,140],"used":[9,105],"to":[10,80,122,150],"develop":[11],"them":[12],"have":[13],"undergone":[14],"significant":[15],"advancement":[16],"transformation.":[18],"In":[19],"this":[20],"paper,":[21],"we":[22,120],"observe":[23],"assess":[25],"these":[26],"changes":[27],"from":[28],"perspective":[30],"of":[31,53,61,101,131,137,155],"a":[32,153],"10-year":[33],"research":[34,58,83],"program":[35],"sponsored":[36],"by":[37,56,106,141],"DEVCOM":[39],"Army":[40],"Research":[41],"Laboratory,":[42],"named":[43],"Robotics":[45],"Collaborative":[46],"Technology":[47],"Alliance.":[48],"Beyond":[49],"advancing":[50,158],"state":[52],"art":[55],"conducting":[57],"at":[59],"some":[60],"top":[63,75],"academic":[64],"institutions":[65],"across":[66],"United":[68],"States,":[69],"alliance":[71],"also":[72],"worked":[73],"with":[74,89],"government":[76],"industry":[78],"partners":[79],"integrate":[81],"into":[84,98],"meaningful":[85],"experiments":[86],"demonstrations":[88],"military":[90],"relevance.":[91],"This":[92],"paper":[93],"assesses":[94],"provides":[96],"insight":[97],"effectiveness":[100],"collaboration":[103],"team,":[108],"management":[109],"methods,":[110],"data":[111],"collection":[112],"efforts,":[113],"live":[115],"virtual":[117],"experiments.":[118],"Ultimately,":[119],"seek":[121],"inform":[123],"future":[124],"efforts":[125],"requiring":[126],"disparate":[127],"distant":[129],"teams":[130,156],"potential":[133],"advantages":[134],"challenges":[136],"using":[138],"such":[139],"providing":[142],"our":[143],"lessons":[144],"learned":[145],"for":[146,157],"how":[147],"most":[148],"effectively":[149],"work":[151],"as":[152],"team":[154],"robotics.":[159]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-05T08:41:31.759640","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}