{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3042982411","doi":"https://doi.org/10.55417/fr.2022038","title":"Providentia \u2014 A Large-Scale Sensor System for the Assistance of Autonomous Vehicles and Its Evaluation","display_name":"Providentia \u2014 A Large-Scale Sensor System for the Assistance of Autonomous Vehicles and Its Evaluation","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3042982411","doi":"https://doi.org/10.55417/fr.2022038","mag":"3042982411"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.55417/fr.2022038","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.55417/fr.2022038","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.55417/fr.2022038","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387279083","display_name":"Field Robotics","issn_l":"2771-3989","issn":["2771-3989"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Field Robotics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.55417/fr.2022038","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054754645","display_name":"Annkathrin Kr\u00e4mmer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8632-4361"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134795","display_name":"Fortiss","ror":"https://ror.org/042x1tp92","country_code":"DE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210134795"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","display_name":"Technical University of Munich","ror":"https://ror.org/02kkvpp62","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Annkathrin Krammer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fortiss GmbH, Munich, Germany; Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany","fortiss GmbH, Munich, Germany","Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fortiss GmbH, Munich, Germany; Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508","https://openalex.org/I4210134795"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"fortiss GmbH, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134795"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049108440","display_name":"Christoph Sch\u00f6ller","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5644-1604"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134795","display_name":"Fortiss","ror":"https://ror.org/042x1tp92","country_code":"DE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210134795"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","display_name":"Technical University of Munich","ror":"https://ror.org/02kkvpp62","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christoph Sch\u00f6ller","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fortiss GmbH, Munich, Germany; Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany","Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany","fortiss GmbH, Munich, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fortiss GmbH, Munich, Germany; Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508","https://openalex.org/I4210134795"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"fortiss GmbH, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134795"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109378147","display_name":"Dhiraj Gulati","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dhiraj Gulati","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mentor Graphics, Munich, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mentor Graphics, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028246218","display_name":"Venkatnarayanan Lakshminarasimhan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","display_name":"Technical University of Munich","ror":"https://ror.org/02kkvpp62","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Venkatnarayanan Lakshminarasimhan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020996505","display_name":"Franz Kurz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1718-0004"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2898391981","display_name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)","ror":"https://ror.org/04bwf3e34","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Franz Kurz","raw_affiliation_strings":["German Aerospace Center (DLR), Wessling, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"German Aerospace Center (DLR), Wessling, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042494943","display_name":"Dominik Rosenbaum","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2898391981","display_name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)","ror":"https://ror.org/04bwf3e34","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dominik Rosenbaum","raw_affiliation_strings":["German Aerospace Center (DLR), Wessling, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"German Aerospace Center (DLR), Wessling, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056419049","display_name":"Claus Lenz","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Claus Lenz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cognition Factory GmbH, Munich, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cognition Factory GmbH, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063781430","display_name":"Alois Knoll","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4840-076X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","display_name":"Technical University of Munich","ror":"https://ror.org/02kkvpp62","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alois Knoll","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5054754645"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134795","https://openalex.org/I62916508"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.8206,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":41,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90355641,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":null,"first_page":"1156","last_page":"1176"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9955000281333923,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6156677007675171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.6033177971839905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perception","display_name":"Perception","score":0.5810588598251343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.5560792088508606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.5188001990318298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.48884838819503784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.4861752390861511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.4517703056335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systems-engineering","display_name":"Systems engineering","score":0.3853195309638977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.35757213830947876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.24747470021247864}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6156677007675171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.6033177971839905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.5810588598251343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.5560792088508606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5188001990318298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.48884838819503784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.4861752390861511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.4517703056335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.3853195309638977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.35757213830947876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.24747470021247864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.55417/fr.2022038","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.55417/fr.2022038","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.55417/fr.2022038","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387279083","display_name":"Field Robotics","issn_l":"2771-3989","issn":["2771-3989"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Field Robotics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:elib.dlr.de:135631","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.55417/fr.2022038>.","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196266","display_name":"elib (German Aerospace Center)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2898391981","host_organization_name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mediatum.ub.tum.de:node/1538867","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://mediatum.ub.tum.de/1538867","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196330","display_name":"mediaTUM  (Technical University of Munich)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","host_organization_name":"Technical University of Munich","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"ConferencePaper"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.55417/fr.2022038","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.55417/fr.2022038","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.55417/fr.2022038","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387279083","display_name":"Field Robotics","issn_l":"2771-3989","issn":["2771-3989"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Field Robotics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6499999761581421,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310476","display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Verkehr und Digitale Infrastruktur","ror":"https://ror.org/00e3ns026"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3042982411.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3042982411.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W34992941","https://openalex.org/W652333456","https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1939172128","https://openalex.org/W2078742450","https://openalex.org/W2116568543","https://openalex.org/W2132068107","https://openalex.org/W2137585588","https://openalex.org/W2141461755","https://openalex.org/W2144995066","https://openalex.org/W2155680787","https://openalex.org/W2167536584","https://openalex.org/W2183877882","https://openalex.org/W2218352807","https://openalex.org/W2597364644","https://openalex.org/W2600230189","https://openalex.org/W2741509657","https://openalex.org/W2749235995","https://openalex.org/W2780162989","https://openalex.org/W2793416321","https://openalex.org/W2796347433","https://openalex.org/W2799251491","https://openalex.org/W2901136733","https://openalex.org/W2903541953","https://openalex.org/W2920431256","https://openalex.org/W2936685641","https://openalex.org/W2947869912","https://openalex.org/W2948943891","https://openalex.org/W2962854645","https://openalex.org/W2963977416","https://openalex.org/W2970747642","https://openalex.org/W2971323980","https://openalex.org/W2974402281","https://openalex.org/W2979823238","https://openalex.org/W2987185654","https://openalex.org/W2989938886","https://openalex.org/W2990993481","https://openalex.org/W3002286896","https://openalex.org/W3003235888","https://openalex.org/W3007944176","https://openalex.org/W3018757597","https://openalex.org/W3042982411","https://openalex.org/W3091626454","https://openalex.org/W3162832025","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6686174502","https://openalex.org/W6756486208"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2588198209","https://openalex.org/W3200723557","https://openalex.org/W1909006023","https://openalex.org/W4205824991","https://openalex.org/W4312713546","https://openalex.org/W2362195430","https://openalex.org/W2347494122","https://openalex.org/W2567983276","https://openalex.org/W2802298219","https://openalex.org/W2393996461"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"environmental":[1],"perception":[2,73,168],"of":[3,26,78,91,95,107,158,172,183],"an":[4,27,154,159,165],"autonomous":[5,166],"vehicle":[6],"is":[7],"limited":[8],"by":[9,20,80,187],"its":[10,24,76,86,150,173],"physical":[11],"sensor":[12],"ranges":[13],"and":[14,40,74,110,125,148,181,191],"algorithmic":[15],"performance,":[16],"as":[17,19],"well":[18],"occlusions":[21],"that":[22,128],"degrade":[23],"understanding":[25],"ongoing":[28],"traffic":[29,98],"situation.":[30],"This":[31],"not":[32],"only":[33],"poses":[34],"a":[35,71,92,101,123,131],"significant":[36],"threat":[37],"to":[38,49,57,136,152],"safety":[39],"limits":[41,171],"driving":[42],"speeds,":[43],"but":[44],"it":[45],"can":[46,55,65],"also":[47],"lead":[48],"inconvenient":[50],"maneuvers.":[51],"Intelligent":[52,62,133],"Infrastructure":[53,63,134],"Systems":[54],"help":[56],"alleviate":[58],"these":[59],"problems.":[60],"An":[61],"System":[64,135],"fill":[66],"in":[67,70,88,144],"the":[68,89,96,145,170,179,184],"gaps":[69],"vehicle's":[72,167],"extend":[75],"field":[77],"view":[79],"providing":[81],"additional":[82],"detailed":[83,105],"information":[84],"about":[85],"surroundings,":[87],"form":[90],"digital":[93,102,156,185],"model":[94],"current":[97],"situation,":[99],"i.e.,":[100],"twin.":[103],"However,":[104],"descriptions":[106],"such":[108,130],"systems":[109],"working":[111],"prototypes":[112],"demonstrating":[113],"their":[114],"feasibility":[115],"are":[116],"scarce.":[117],"In":[118],"this":[119,142],"paper,":[120],"we":[121,177],"propose":[122],"hardware":[124],"software":[126],"architecture":[127],"enables":[129],"reliable":[132],"be":[137],"built.":[138],"We":[139],"have":[140],"implemented":[141],"system":[143],"real":[146],"world":[147],"demonstrate":[149],"ability":[151],"create":[153],"accurate":[155],"twin":[157,186],"extended":[160],"highway":[161],"stretch,":[162],"thus":[163],"enhancing":[164],"beyond":[169],"onboard":[174],"sensors.":[175],"Furthermore,":[176],"evaluate":[178],"accuracy":[180],"reliability":[182],"using":[188],"aerial":[189],"images":[190],"earth":[192],"observation":[193],"methods":[194],"for":[195],"generating":[196],"ground":[197],"truth":[198],"data.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-04-02T15:55:50.835912","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
