{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2151658057","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5539/cis.v2n3p53","title":"Paper Prototyping as a Rapid Participatory Design Technique","display_name":"Paper Prototyping as a Rapid Participatory Design Technique","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-07-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2151658057","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5539/cis.v2n3p53","mag":"2151658057"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.5539/cis.v2n3p53","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5539/cis.v2n3p53","pdf_url":"https://ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/cis/article/download/3418/3096","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764452479","display_name":"Computer and Information Science","issn_l":"1913-8989","issn":["1913-8989","1913-8997"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310322531","host_organization_name":"Canadian Center of Science and Education","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310322531"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Canadian Center of Science and Education"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computer and Information Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/cis/article/download/3418/3096","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031035885","display_name":"Aznoora Osman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2497-5059"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130343225","display_name":"Universiti Putra Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/02e91jd64","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82724352","display_name":"Universiti Teknologi MARA","ror":"https://ror.org/05n8tts92","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82724352"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210147455","display_name":"Institute of Information Science","ror":"https://ror.org/055q8rh54","country_code":"SI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210147455"]}],"countries":["MY","SI"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Aznoora Osman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Forestry, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia","Faculty of Computer Science and Mathematics, Universiti Teknologi MARA Perlis 02600 Arau, Malaysia","Faculty of Computer Science and Mathematics Universiti Teknologi MARA Perlis, 02600 Arau, Malaysia","Computer and Information Science"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Forestry, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computer Science and Mathematics, Universiti Teknologi MARA Perlis 02600 Arau, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82724352"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computer Science and Mathematics Universiti Teknologi MARA Perlis, 02600 Arau, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82724352"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer and Information Science","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210147455"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015546485","display_name":"Hanif Baharin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1474-0344"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82724352","display_name":"Universiti Teknologi MARA","ror":"https://ror.org/05n8tts92","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82724352"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210147455","display_name":"Institute of Information Science","ror":"https://ror.org/055q8rh54","country_code":"SI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210147455"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130343225","display_name":"Universiti Putra Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/02e91jd64","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]}],"countries":["MY","SI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hanif Baharin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Computer Science and Mathematics, Universiti Teknologi MARA Perlis 02600 Arau, Malaysia","Faculty of Computer Science and Mathematics Universiti Teknologi MARA Perlis, 02600 Arau, Malaysia","Computer and Information Science","Faculty of Forestry, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computer Science and Mathematics, Universiti Teknologi MARA Perlis 02600 Arau, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82724352"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computer Science and Mathematics Universiti Teknologi MARA Perlis, 02600 Arau, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82724352"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer and Information Science","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210147455"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Forestry, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041957751","display_name":"Mohammad Hafiz Ismail","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5798-4926"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130343225","display_name":"Universiti Putra Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/02e91jd64","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82724352","display_name":"Universiti Teknologi MARA","ror":"https://ror.org/05n8tts92","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82724352"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210147455","display_name":"Institute of Information Science","ror":"https://ror.org/055q8rh54","country_code":"SI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210147455"]}],"countries":["MY","SI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Hafiz Ismail","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer and Information Science","Faculty of Computer Science and Mathematics, Universiti Teknologi MARA Perlis 02600 Arau, Malaysia","Faculty of Forestry, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia","Faculty of Computer Science and Mathematics Universiti Teknologi MARA Perlis, 02600 Arau, Malaysia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer and Information Science","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210147455"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computer Science and Mathematics, Universiti Teknologi MARA Perlis 02600 Arau, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82724352"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Forestry, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computer Science and Mathematics Universiti Teknologi MARA Perlis, 02600 Arau, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82724352"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018874206","display_name":"Kamaruzaman Jusoff","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5020-1618"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82724352","display_name":"Universiti Teknologi MARA","ror":"https://ror.org/05n8tts92","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82724352"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130343225","display_name":"Universiti Putra Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/02e91jd64","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210147455","display_name":"Institute of Information Science","ror":"https://ror.org/055q8rh54","country_code":"SI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210147455"]}],"countries":["MY","SI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kamaruzaman Jusoff","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Forestry, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia","Computer and Information Science","Faculty of Computer Science and Mathematics, Universiti Teknologi MARA Perlis 02600 Arau, Malaysia","Faculty of Computer Science and Mathematics Universiti Teknologi MARA Perlis, 02600 Arau, Malaysia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Forestry, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer and Information Science","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210147455"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computer Science and Mathematics, Universiti Teknologi MARA Perlis 02600 Arau, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82724352"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computer Science and Mathematics Universiti Teknologi MARA Perlis, 02600 Arau, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82724352"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5031035885"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130343225","https://openalex.org/I4210147455","https://openalex.org/I82724352"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.2926,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.64383562,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":"3","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10470","display_name":"Usability and User Interface Design","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10470","display_name":"Usability and User Interface Design","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10803","display_name":"Innovative Human-Technology Interaction","score":0.9894000291824341,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11675","display_name":"Open Source Software Innovations","score":0.9865000247955322,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8231818675994873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/session","display_name":"Session (web analytics)","score":0.6626939177513123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workload","display_name":"Workload","score":0.6164085268974304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rapid-prototyping","display_name":"Rapid prototyping","score":0.5857996940612793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/schedule","display_name":"Schedule","score":0.567924439907074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/participatory-design","display_name":"Participatory design","score":0.5110267400741577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/citizen-journalism","display_name":"Citizen journalism","score":0.4479696452617645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interface","display_name":"Interface (matter)","score":0.4142528474330902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-constraint","display_name":"Time constraint","score":0.4100056290626526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.3944464921951294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.34110504388809204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.19704580307006836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.08065372705459595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operations-management","display_name":"Operations management","score":0.06587830185890198}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8231818675994873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779182362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17126187","display_name":"Session (web analytics)","level":2,"score":0.6626939177513123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778476105","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628539","display_name":"Workload","level":2,"score":0.6164085268974304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780395129","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1128971","display_name":"Rapid prototyping","level":2,"score":0.5857996940612793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68387754","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7271585","display_name":"Schedule","level":2,"score":0.567924439907074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777455480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1038171","display_name":"Participatory design","level":3,"score":0.5110267400741577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203663800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848979","display_name":"Citizen journalism","level":2,"score":0.4479696452617645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113843644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901882","display_name":"Interface (matter)","level":4,"score":0.4142528474330902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775907273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7805281","display_name":"Time constraint","level":2,"score":0.4100056290626526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.3944464921951294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.34110504388809204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.19704580307006836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.08065372705459595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.06587830185890198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129307140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6795880","display_name":"Maximum bubble pressure method","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157915830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2928001","display_name":"Bubble","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775922551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7135033","display_name":"Parallels","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.5539/cis.v2n3p53","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5539/cis.v2n3p53","pdf_url":"https://ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/cis/article/download/3418/3096","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764452479","display_name":"Computer and Information Science","issn_l":"1913-8989","issn":["1913-8989","1913-8997"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310322531","host_organization_name":"Canadian Center of Science and Education","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310322531"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Canadian Center of Science and Education"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computer and Information Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:psasir.upm.edu.my:7277","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/7277/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196260","display_name":"Universiti Putra Malaysia Institutional Repository (Universiti Putra Malaysia)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I130343225","host_organization_name":"Universiti Putra Malaysia","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.669.9365","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.669.9365","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/cis/article/download/3418/3096/","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.5539/cis.v2n3p53","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5539/cis.v2n3p53","pdf_url":"https://ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/cis/article/download/3418/3096","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764452479","display_name":"Computer and Information Science","issn_l":"1913-8989","issn":["1913-8989","1913-8997"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310322531","host_organization_name":"Canadian Center of Science and Education","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310322531"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Canadian Center of Science and Education"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computer and Information Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2151658057.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2151658057.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1570221294","https://openalex.org/W1834211864","https://openalex.org/W1981610984","https://openalex.org/W1997711000","https://openalex.org/W2013454029","https://openalex.org/W2028926124","https://openalex.org/W2048481039","https://openalex.org/W2078278282","https://openalex.org/W2084516492","https://openalex.org/W2100546121","https://openalex.org/W2116109242","https://openalex.org/W2152192570","https://openalex.org/W2750641468","https://openalex.org/W2752491485","https://openalex.org/W2885161099","https://openalex.org/W4231241310","https://openalex.org/W6669884578","https://openalex.org/W6812308581"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W986318368","https://openalex.org/W2000785801","https://openalex.org/W2384410913","https://openalex.org/W2352878646","https://openalex.org/W2990194547","https://openalex.org/W2004734601","https://openalex.org/W2130149817","https://openalex.org/W2795978412","https://openalex.org/W1863509217","https://openalex.org/W4308426091"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1,71,90,105],"describes":[2],"participatory":[3,99],"activities":[4],"with":[5,128],"university":[6],"lecturers":[7,58],"to":[8,19,27,78,87,113],"design":[9,29,41,100],"an":[10,24],"online":[11,25,31],"community.":[12,32],"The":[13],"objective":[14],"of":[15,23],"this":[16],"study":[17],"is":[18,73,83,107],"engage":[20],"the":[21,40,55,74,109,117],"users":[22,119],"community":[26],"collaboratively":[28],"their":[30,46],"We":[33,102],"speculated":[34],"that":[35,66,70,104],"by":[36],"involving":[37],"them":[38],"in":[39,96],"team,":[42],"we":[43,68],"can":[44],"identify":[45],"specific":[47],"requirements,":[48],"and":[49,53,62,85,131],"they":[50],"will":[51],"accept":[52],"use":[54],"system.":[56],"However,":[57],"have":[59],"heavy":[60],"workload":[61],"tight":[63],"schedule.":[64],"For":[65],"reason,":[67],"thought":[69],"prototyping":[72,91,106],"most":[75,110],"suitable":[76,111],"tool":[77],"be":[79],"used":[80],"because":[81],"it":[82],"fast":[84],"easy":[86],"create.":[88],"Therefore,":[89],"technique":[92,112],"has":[93],"been":[94],"adapted":[95],"a":[97,121],"two-day":[98],"session.":[101],"found":[103],"indeed":[108],"elicit":[114],"requirements":[115,130],"from":[116],"end":[118],"under":[120],"time":[122],"constraint.":[123],"Moreover,":[124],"participants":[125],"came":[126],"out":[127],"unexpected":[129],"novel":[132],"interface.":[133]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-23T09:07:50.710637","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}