{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2942615504","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5539/cis.v12n2p103","title":"Unsupervised Characterization and Visualization of Students\u2019 Academic Performance Features","display_name":"Unsupervised Characterization and Visualization of Students\u2019 Academic Performance Features","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-04-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2942615504","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5539/cis.v12n2p103","mag":"2942615504"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.5539/cis.v12n2p103","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5539/cis.v12n2p103","pdf_url":"http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/cis/article/download/0/0/39356/40885","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764452479","display_name":"Computer and Information Science","issn_l":"1913-8989","issn":["1913-8989","1913-8997"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310322531","host_organization_name":"Canadian Center of Science and Education","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310322531"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Canadian Center of Science and Education"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computer and Information Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/cis/article/download/0/0/39356/40885","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050849127","display_name":"Udoinyang G. Inyang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5086-303X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37797678","display_name":"University of Uyo","ror":"https://ror.org/0127mpp72","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37797678"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Udoinyang G. Inyang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37797678"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013921769","display_name":"Uduak Umoh","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37797678","display_name":"University of Uyo","ror":"https://ror.org/0127mpp72","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37797678"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Uduak A. Umoh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37797678"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011543569","display_name":"Ifeoma C. Nnaemeka","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37797678","display_name":"University of Uyo","ror":"https://ror.org/0127mpp72","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37797678"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ifeoma C. Nnaemeka","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37797678"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000687068","display_name":"Samuel A. Robinson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7550-1959"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37797678","display_name":"University of Uyo","ror":"https://ror.org/0127mpp72","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37797678"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Samuel A. Robinson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37797678"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5050849127"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37797678"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8914,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78899131,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"2","first_page":"103","last_page":"103"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11122","display_name":"Online Learning and Analytics","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11122","display_name":"Online Learning and Analytics","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.9639000296592712,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9251000285148621,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/silhouette","display_name":"Silhouette","score":0.7453534603118896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6519480347633362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.611518144607544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.5800930261611938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric","display_name":"Metric (unit)","score":0.4689594805240631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/k-means-clustering","display_name":"k-means clustering","score":0.4583856463432312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster","display_name":"Cluster (spacecraft)","score":0.4524787664413452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4232519865036011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics-education","display_name":"Mathematics education","score":0.41939714550971985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.36019209027290344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3216268718242645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.17659991979599}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58103923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2286025","display_name":"Silhouette","level":2,"score":0.7453534603118896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6519480347633362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.611518144607544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.5800930261611938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.4689594805240631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207968372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q310401","display_name":"k-means clustering","level":3,"score":0.4583856463432312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164866538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367351","display_name":"Cluster (spacecraft)","level":2,"score":0.4524787664413452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4232519865036011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.41939714550971985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.36019209027290344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3216268718242645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.17659991979599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.5539/cis.v12n2p103","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5539/cis.v12n2p103","pdf_url":"http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/cis/article/download/0/0/39356/40885","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764452479","display_name":"Computer and Information Science","issn_l":"1913-8989","issn":["1913-8989","1913-8997"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310322531","host_organization_name":"Canadian Center of Science and Education","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310322531"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Canadian Center of Science and Education"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computer and Information Science","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.5539/cis.v12n2p103","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5539/cis.v12n2p103","pdf_url":"http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/cis/article/download/0/0/39356/40885","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764452479","display_name":"Computer and Information Science","issn_l":"1913-8989","issn":["1913-8989","1913-8997"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310322531","host_organization_name":"Canadian Center of Science and Education","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310322531"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Canadian Center of Science and Education"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computer and Information Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7699999809265137,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2942615504.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2942615504.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W94309615","https://openalex.org/W1516293359","https://openalex.org/W1679913846","https://openalex.org/W1985822472","https://openalex.org/W1986753440","https://openalex.org/W1991077244","https://openalex.org/W2029358311","https://openalex.org/W2033451123","https://openalex.org/W2035055162","https://openalex.org/W2036813961","https://openalex.org/W2048835245","https://openalex.org/W2109534980","https://openalex.org/W2113586398","https://openalex.org/W2121364101","https://openalex.org/W2133678443","https://openalex.org/W2138334515","https://openalex.org/W2156786022","https://openalex.org/W2159390572","https://openalex.org/W2188281331","https://openalex.org/W2189625117","https://openalex.org/W2243425977","https://openalex.org/W2324662912","https://openalex.org/W2517066960","https://openalex.org/W2549840754","https://openalex.org/W2752985888","https://openalex.org/W2803091264","https://openalex.org/W2884091131","https://openalex.org/W2896196089","https://openalex.org/W2902396486","https://openalex.org/W2963470891","https://openalex.org/W2964318036","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2390267673","https://openalex.org/W1967492795","https://openalex.org/W4389539476","https://openalex.org/W2120258591","https://openalex.org/W2378227553","https://openalex.org/W1584028106","https://openalex.org/W2113424041","https://openalex.org/W2385548616","https://openalex.org/W4313193953","https://openalex.org/W2967215460"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,172],"large":[1],"nature":[2],"of":[3,27,33,46,76,90,97,105,127,130,152,160,167,193,201,203,245,252,255,262,292],"students’":[4,15,53,100,256,293],"dataset":[5,101,125,214,283],"has":[6,23],"made":[7],"it":[8],"difficult":[9],"to":[10,51,63,69,93,219],"find":[11],"patterns":[12],"associated":[13,278],"with":[14,30,137,143,182,198,279],"academic":[16],"performance":[17],"(AP)":[18],"using":[19,55,109],"conventional":[20],"methods.":[21],"This":[22,79,241],"increased":[24],"the":[25,42,94,103,106,120,124,147,176,191,213,243,250,260,272,282],"rate":[26],"drop-outs,":[28],"graduands":[29],"weak":[31],"class":[32,230],"degree":[34],"(CoD)":[35],"and":[36,83,102,113,123,164,224,235,247,258,290],"students":[37,65,199],"that":[38,175,190],"spend":[39],"more":[40],"than":[41],"minimum":[43],"stipulated":[44],"duration":[45],"studies.":[47,78],"It":[48],"is":[49],"necessary":[50],"determine":[52],"AP":[54,257],"educational":[56],"data":[57],"mining":[58,88],"(EDM)":[59],"tools":[60],"in":[61,87,99,212,281],"order":[62],"know":[64],"who":[66],"are":[67],"likely":[68],"perform":[70],"poorly":[71],"at":[72],"an":[73,156],"early":[74,253],"stage":[75],"their":[77],"paper":[80],"explores":[81],"k-means":[82,138,246],"self-organizing":[84],"map":[85],"(SOM)":[86],"pieces":[89],"knowledge":[91],"relating":[92],"natural":[95],"number":[96],"clusters":[98,142,208],"association":[104,285],"input":[107,170],"features":[108],"selected":[110],"demographic,":[111],"pre-admission":[112],"first":[114],"year":[115],"performance.":[116],"Matlab":[117],"2015a":[118],"was":[119],"programming":[121],"environment":[122],"consists":[126],"nine":[128],"sets":[129],"computer":[131],"science":[132],"graduands.":[133],"Cluster":[134],"validity":[135,267],"assessment":[136],"discovered":[139,211],"four":[140,206],"(4)":[141],"correlation":[144],"metric":[145],"yielding":[146],"highest":[148],"mean":[149],"silhouette":[150],"value":[151],"0.5912. ":[153],"SOM":[154,216,263,275],"provided":[155],"hexagonal":[157],"grid":[158],"visual":[159],"feature":[161],"component":[162],"planes":[163],"scatter":[165],"plots":[166],"each":[168,183],"significant":[169,177],"attribute.":[171],"result":[173],"shows":[174],"attributes":[178],"were":[179,209],"highly":[180],"correlated":[181],"other":[184],"except":[185],"entry":[186],"mode":[187,202],"(EM),":[188],"indicating":[189],"impact":[192],"EM":[194],"on":[195],"CoD":[196],"varies":[197],"irrespective":[200],"admission.":[204],"Also,":[205],"distinct":[207],"also":[210],"by":[215],"—7.7%":[217],"belonging":[218],"cluster":[220,227,266],"1":[221],"(first":[222],"class),":[223],"25%":[225],"for":[226,284],"2":[228],"(2nd":[229],"Upper)":[231],"while":[232],"Clusters":[233],"3":[234],"4":[236],"had":[237],"35%":[238],"proportion":[239],"each.":[240],"validates":[242],"results":[244],"further":[248,270],"confirms":[249,259],"importance":[251],"detection":[254],"effectiveness":[261],"as":[264],"a":[265],"tool.":[268],"As":[269],"work,":[271],"labels":[273],"from":[274],"will":[276],"be":[277],"records":[280],"rule":[286],"mining,":[287],"supervised":[288],"learning":[289],"prediction":[291],"AP.":[294]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}