{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4398240021","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5334/dsj-2024-031","title":"The Optimization of n-Gram Feature Extraction Based on Term Occurrence for Cyberbullying Classification","display_name":"The Optimization of n-Gram Feature Extraction Based on Term Occurrence for Cyberbullying Classification","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4398240021","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5334/dsj-2024-031"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.5334/dsj-2024-031","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5334/dsj-2024-031","pdf_url":"https://datascience.codata.org/articles/1591/files/664f14f991b01.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S62969111","display_name":"Data Science Journal","issn_l":"1683-1470","issn":["1683-1470"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320511","host_organization_name":"Ubiquity Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320511"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Ubiquity Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Data Science Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://datascience.codata.org/articles/1591/files/664f14f991b01.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046864148","display_name":"Yudi Setiawan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8660-8508"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yudi Setiawan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017613002","display_name":"Nur Ulfa Maulidevi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6624-4153"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nur Ulfa Maulidevi","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071778708","display_name":"Kridanto Surendro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1705-1202"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kridanto Surendro","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5046864148"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":350,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":429},"apc_paid":{"value":350,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":429},"fwci":4.7009,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95344619,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":0.9907000064849854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":0.9907000064849854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10485","display_name":"Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression","score":0.989300012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/term","display_name":"Term (time)","score":0.7020345330238342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gram","display_name":"Gram","score":0.6900609731674194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6630551815032959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/n-gram","display_name":"n-gram","score":0.6267918944358826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.53020179271698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extraction","display_name":"Extraction (chemistry)","score":0.4725220799446106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.43472447991371155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.41156071424484253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.34710928797721863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3006671667098999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.13795062899589539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chromatography","display_name":"Chromatography","score":0.08411797881126404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemistry","display_name":"Chemistry","score":0.07531806826591492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.054659873247146606}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61797465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1188986","display_name":"Term (time)","level":2,"score":0.7020345330238342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161369605","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41803","display_name":"Gram","level":3,"score":0.6900609731674194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6630551815032959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117884012","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q94489","display_name":"n-gram","level":3,"score":0.6267918944358826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.53020179271698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4725764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844704","display_name":"Extraction (chemistry)","level":2,"score":0.4725220799446106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.43472447991371155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.41156071424484253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.34710928797721863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3006671667098999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.13795062899589539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.08411797881126404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.07531806826591492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.054659873247146606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C523546767","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10876","display_name":"Bacteria","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.5334/dsj-2024-031","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5334/dsj-2024-031","pdf_url":"https://datascience.codata.org/articles/1591/files/664f14f991b01.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S62969111","display_name":"Data Science Journal","issn_l":"1683-1470","issn":["1683-1470"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320511","host_organization_name":"Ubiquity Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320511"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Ubiquity Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Data Science Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:82975fec8c984cff8d5d6ad80a46c8da","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/82975fec8c984cff8d5d6ad80a46c8da","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Data Science Journal, Vol 23, Pp 31-31 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.5334/dsj-2024-031","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5334/dsj-2024-031","pdf_url":"https://datascience.codata.org/articles/1591/files/664f14f991b01.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S62969111","display_name":"Data Science Journal","issn_l":"1683-1470","issn":["1683-1470"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320511","host_organization_name":"Ubiquity Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320511"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Ubiquity Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Data Science Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4699999988079071,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5","display_name":"Gender equality"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4398240021.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4398240021.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1965102691","https://openalex.org/W1975976087","https://openalex.org/W2027875450","https://openalex.org/W2038021268","https://openalex.org/W2040596564","https://openalex.org/W2041751392","https://openalex.org/W2049041303","https://openalex.org/W2068511562","https://openalex.org/W2093780939","https://openalex.org/W2130071187","https://openalex.org/W2131064753","https://openalex.org/W2145302527","https://openalex.org/W2149501799","https://openalex.org/W2167117133","https://openalex.org/W2520488855","https://openalex.org/W2569138718","https://openalex.org/W2771580815","https://openalex.org/W2794048982","https://openalex.org/W2794257674","https://openalex.org/W2884367402","https://openalex.org/W2895940773","https://openalex.org/W2913571457","https://openalex.org/W2921575332","https://openalex.org/W2935921205","https://openalex.org/W2960956227","https://openalex.org/W2963740900","https://openalex.org/W2963923670","https://openalex.org/W3008897760","https://openalex.org/W3010703050","https://openalex.org/W3013179033","https://openalex.org/W3017396262","https://openalex.org/W3027418681","https://openalex.org/W3042290176","https://openalex.org/W3045669112","https://openalex.org/W3111202493","https://openalex.org/W3129561596","https://openalex.org/W3136003884","https://openalex.org/W3158586872","https://openalex.org/W3164920349","https://openalex.org/W3167699097","https://openalex.org/W3174439961","https://openalex.org/W3193808040","https://openalex.org/W3200762062","https://openalex.org/W4256088708"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2906970013","https://openalex.org/W3126081632","https://openalex.org/W2625039379","https://openalex.org/W2088254117","https://openalex.org/W4254593385","https://openalex.org/W2790582133","https://openalex.org/W1901380241","https://openalex.org/W4247016990","https://openalex.org/W2789473152","https://openalex.org/W3132255358"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Cyberbullied":[0],"communications":[1],"should":[2],"be":[3],"bundled":[4],"since":[5],"online":[6,157,200],"harassment":[7,201],"is":[8,105],"growing":[9],"and":[10,24,41,46,62,71,93,101,111,117,131,136,155,169,180,188,198],"has":[11],"serious":[12],"implications.":[13],"High":[14],"cyberbullying":[15,53,85,97,147,166],"requires":[16],"strong":[17],"text":[18,40,63,115,148,167],"classification":[19,64,104],"algorithms":[20],"to":[21,145,172],"safeguard":[22],"persons":[23],"communities.":[25],"The":[26,56,73,125],"n-Gram":[27,83,142,163],"models":[28],"language":[29],"by":[30,66],"collecting":[31],"‘n’":[32],"components,":[33],"usually":[34],"words":[35,44],"or":[36,50],"characters,":[37],"from":[38],"a":[39],"detecting":[42],"how":[43],"relate":[45],"if":[47],"major":[48],"items":[49],"sentences":[51],"are":[52],"document":[54,86],"types.":[55],"research":[57,126,176],"improves":[58],"term":[59],"value":[60],"generation":[61],"accuracy":[65],"extracting":[67],"features":[68],"using":[69],"TF-IDF":[70,75],"n-Gram.":[72],"optimum":[74],"feature":[76,94],"extraction":[77],"pattern":[78],"demonstrated":[79],"the":[80,129,138,173,182,193],"usefulness":[81],"of":[82],"in":[84,133],"classification.":[87],"This":[88,175],"field":[89],"demands":[90],"good":[91],"categorization":[92,168,186],"extraction.":[95],"Because":[96],"takes":[98],"numerous":[99],"forms":[100],"venues,":[102],"broad":[103],"essential.":[106],"To":[107],"test":[108],"unigram,":[109],"bigram,":[110],"trigram":[112],"approaches":[113],"across":[114],"lengths":[116],"frequencies,":[118,154],"this":[119],"study":[120],"uses":[121],"several":[122],"parameter":[123,143],"values.":[124],"also":[127],"shows":[128],"limitations":[130],"gaps":[132],"earlier":[134],"methods":[135],"underscores":[137],"necessity":[139,183],"for":[140,184,195],"various":[141],"values":[144],"overcome":[146],"complexity.":[149],"Short-sentence":[150],"articles,":[151],"fluctuating":[152],"data":[153],"dynamic":[156],"interactions":[158],"necessitate":[159],"complex":[160],"solutions.":[161],"Ideal":[162],"patterns":[164],"increase":[165],"give":[170],"context":[171],"field.":[174],"acknowledges":[177],"cyberbullying’s":[178],"prevalence":[179],"effects,":[181],"effective":[185],"methods,":[187],"current":[189],"techniques’":[190],"limitations,":[191],"opening":[192],"way":[194],"more":[196],"comprehensive":[197],"adaptive":[199],"combating":[202],"strategies.":[203]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-12T08:34:05.389933","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}