{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7133501874","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18860121","title":"Multispectral airborne laser scanning for species classification in Espoonlahti (MS-ALS-SPECIES) dataset","display_name":"Multispectral airborne laser scanning for species classification in Espoonlahti (MS-ALS-SPECIES) dataset","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7133501874","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18860121"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.18860121","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18860121","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Dataset"},"type":"dataset","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18860121","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5094114600","display_name":"Matti Hyypp\u00e4","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33876163","display_name":"Finnish Geospatial Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01zv3gf04","country_code":"FI","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33876163"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hyypp\u00e4, Matti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Finnish Geospatial Research Institute"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3643-1561","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Finnish Geospatial Research Institute","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33876163"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128109705","display_name":"Klaara Salolahti","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33876163","display_name":"Finnish Geospatial Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01zv3gf04","country_code":"FI","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33876163"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Salolahti, Klaara","raw_affiliation_strings":["Finnish Geospatial Research Institute"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7928-1776","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Finnish Geospatial Research Institute","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33876163"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009027520","display_name":"Eric Hyypp\u00e4","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1979-9217"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33876163","display_name":"Finnish Geospatial Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01zv3gf04","country_code":"FI","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33876163"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hyypp\u00e4, Eric","raw_affiliation_strings":["Finnish Geospatial Research Institute"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1979-9217","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Finnish Geospatial Research Institute","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33876163"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090197938","display_name":"X. Yu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33876163","display_name":"Finnish Geospatial Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01zv3gf04","country_code":"FI","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33876163"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu, Xiaowei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Finnish Geospatial Research Institute"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5545-0613","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Finnish Geospatial Research Institute","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33876163"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079762209","display_name":"Josef Taher","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3142-731X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33876163","display_name":"Finnish Geospatial Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01zv3gf04","country_code":"FI","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33876163"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Taher, Josef","raw_affiliation_strings":["Finnish Geospatial Research Institute"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3142-731X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Finnish Geospatial Research Institute","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33876163"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069256250","display_name":"Leena Matikainen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33876163","display_name":"Finnish Geospatial Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01zv3gf04","country_code":"FI","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33876163"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matikainen, Leena","raw_affiliation_strings":["Finnish Geospatial Research Institute"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3065-1274","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Finnish Geospatial Research Institute","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33876163"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011442459","display_name":"Paula Litkey","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33876163","display_name":"Finnish Geospatial Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01zv3gf04","country_code":"FI","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33876163"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Litkey, Paula","raw_affiliation_strings":["Finnish Geospatial Research Institute, FGI"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8934-6985","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Finnish Geospatial Research Institute, FGI","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33876163"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061693398","display_name":"Matti Lehtom\u00e4ki","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3119-3493"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33876163","display_name":"Finnish Geospatial Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01zv3gf04","country_code":"FI","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33876163"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lehtom\u00e4ki, Matti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Finnish Geospatial Research Institute"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3119-3493","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Finnish Geospatial Research Institute","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33876163"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128043698","display_name":"Teemu Hakala","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33876163","display_name":"Finnish Geospatial Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01zv3gf04","country_code":"FI","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33876163"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hakala, Teemu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Finnish Geospatial Research Institute"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5486-4582","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Finnish Geospatial Research Institute","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33876163"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043014786","display_name":"Harri Kaartinen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4796-3942"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33876163","display_name":"Finnish Geospatial Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01zv3gf04","country_code":"FI","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33876163"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kaartinen, Harri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Finnish Geospatial Research Institute"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4796-3942","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Finnish Geospatial Research Institute","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33876163"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128050126","display_name":"Juha Hyypp\u00e4","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33876163","display_name":"Finnish Geospatial Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01zv3gf04","country_code":"FI","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33876163"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hyypp\u00e4, Juha","raw_affiliation_strings":["Finnish Geospatial Research Institute"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5360-4017","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Finnish Geospatial Research Institute","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33876163"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128082513","display_name":"Antero Kukko","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33876163","display_name":"Finnish Geospatial Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01zv3gf04","country_code":"FI","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33876163"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kukko, Antero","raw_affiliation_strings":["Finnish Geospatial Research Institute"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3841-6533","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Finnish Geospatial Research Institute","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33876163"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33876163"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":null,"topics":[],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point-cloud","display_name":"Point cloud","score":0.691100001335144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laser-scanning","display_name":"Laser scanning","score":0.6790000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multispectral-image","display_name":"Multispectral image","score":0.67330002784729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmarking","display_name":"Benchmarking","score":0.6470999717712402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lidar","display_name":"Lidar","score":0.5196999907493591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","score":0.4772999882698059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contextual-image-classification","display_name":"Contextual image classification","score":0.3788999915122986}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.7075999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131979681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1899648","display_name":"Point cloud","level":2,"score":0.691100001335144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141349535","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1361664","display_name":"Laser scanning","level":3,"score":0.6790000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173163844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1761440","display_name":"Multispectral image","level":2,"score":0.67330002784729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86251818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816754","display_name":"Benchmarking","level":2,"score":0.6470999717712402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51399673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027","display_name":"Lidar","level":2,"score":0.5196999907493591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5022000074386597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.48969998955726624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.4772999882698059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75294576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165192","display_name":"Contextual image classification","level":3,"score":0.3788999915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.3580999970436096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.34040001034736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.3377000093460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.31279999017715454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.2904999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104541649","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6935090","display_name":"Multispectral pattern recognition","level":3,"score":0.26820001006126404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87360688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740686","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","level":2,"score":0.2603999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.2535000145435333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983128922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1789829","display_name":"Digital surface","level":3,"score":0.2529999911785126}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.18860121","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18860121","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Dataset"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.18860121","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18860121","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Dataset"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8820254863","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"VN/3482/2021","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324024","funder_display_name":"Maa- ja Mets\u00e4talousministeri\u00d6"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324024","display_name":"Maa- ja Mets\u00e4talousministeri\u00d6","ror":"https://ror.org/04xa2jy35"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"General":[0],"description":[1,150],"Data":[2,149],"for":[3,131,167,226,456,669,709,957,1029,1045,1109,1121,1265,1290,1493],"benchmarking":[4,182,204,576],"tree":[5,132,169,176,276,301,344,413,430,468,612,1110,1122,1155],"species":[6,22,133,165,177,209,225,247,339,431,480,484,489,491,585,1111,1123],"classification":[7,773,1323,1328],"from":[8,36,90,305,337,348,433,478,833,1022,1374],"multispectral":[9],"airborne":[10,56,128,1118],"laser":[11,57,129,322,373,821,1048,1063,1119,1360],"scanning":[12,58,130,323,374,733,1064,1120,1304],"point":[13,44,63,81,263,287,303,346,595,608,614,758,790,836,854,875,1137,1151,1157,1349,1377,1398,1422,1526],"clouds.":[14],"The":[15,43,60,78,104,151,175,188,200,262,286,378,458,476,554,583,598,611,629,638,650,728,756,770,792,816,882,918,947,1092,1140,1154,1173,1182,1200,1208,1222,1299,1325,1355,1430,1459],"dataset":[16,105,1094],"contains":[17],"6326":[18],"samples":[19,336],"across":[20],"nine":[21],"(pine,":[23],"spruce,":[24],"birch,":[25],"maple,":[26],"aspen,":[27],"rowan,":[28],"oak,":[29],"linden":[30],"and":[31,72,98,140,196,216,241,271,282,365,441,461,537,624,631,657,662,691,786,805,848,880,906,916,939,950,1041,1070,1078,1100,1104,1130,1167,1175,1215,1220,1248,1391,1427,1454,1472],"alder)":[32],"that":[33,249,675,911],"are":[34,65,190,652,658,693,885,912,925,1210,1216,1433,1462],"collected":[35,85,588],"a":[37,87,135,237,242,670,710,760,765,1033,1125,1266,1291],"suburban":[38],"area":[39],"in":[40,109,156,180,254,292,380,422,469,540,549,570,574,604,730,767,864,1005,1012,1147,1229,1301,1466],"Espoonlahti,":[41],"Finland.":[42],"clouds":[45,64,82,304,347],"have":[46,73,83,99,250,617,640,1160],"been":[47,84,107,251,602,618,954,1145,1161,1227,1490],"acquired":[48,1096],"with":[49,86,256,532,620,654,748,774,824,887,1163,1212,1319,1329,1363,1435],"two":[50,157],"different":[51],"actively":[52],"illuminated":[53],"three":[54,293,308,353],"wavelength":[55,309,354,1372],"systems:":[59],"helicopter-borne":[61,307],"HeliALS":[62,332,594,599,1089,1093],"close-range":[66],"(altitude":[67,93],"AGL":[68,94],"=":[69,95,357,362,368,779,784,788,839,844,850,893,899,903,908,966,974,1234,1256,1334,1337,1340,1344,1347,1380,1386,1393,1441,1447,1451,1456,1482],"100":[70],"m)":[71,97,895,1443],"high-density":[74],"(>":[75],"1000":[76],"points/m2).":[77,103],"Optech":[79,371,398,1135,1141,1271,1533],"Titan":[80,372,399,1136,1142,1272,1534],"fixed-wing":[88,350],"aircraft":[89,351],"medium":[91,100],"range":[92,1201,1224,1247,1254,1467],"700":[96,1257],"density":[101],"(35":[102],"has":[106,558,601,953,1144,1184,1226,1489],"utilized":[108],"publication:Taher,":[110],"J.,":[111],"Hyypp\u00e4,":[112,114,124],"E.,":[113],"M.,":[115,1054],"Salolahti,":[116],"K.,":[117],"Yu,":[118],"X.,":[119],"Matikainen,":[120],"L.,":[121],"...":[122],"&":[123,1055],"J.":[125],"(2025).":[126,582],"Multispectral":[127,1117],"classification:":[134,769,1124],"benchmark":[136,1126],"of":[137,202,211,245,259,274,330,396,411,419,446,466,592,647,695,703,707,740,753,819,1017,1037,1062,1106,1127,1205,1283,1288,1311,1358,1406,1524],"machine":[138,1128],"learning":[139,142,1129,1132],"deep":[141,1131],"algorithms.":[143],"arXiv":[144],"preprint":[145],"arXiv:2504.14337,":[146],"https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2504.14337":[147],".":[148,976],"ground-truth":[152,383,584],"reference":[153,377,384,542,555,1252],"is":[154,266,290,416,486,679,723,1239,1244,1250],"provided":[155],"separate":[158,294],".csv":[159],"-":[160,296,968,970],"files:":[161],"final-segments-with-species.csv":[162,255,382],":":[163,174,299,326,342,1001,1008,1015,1172,1199,1261,1285,1298,1324,1354,1369,1401,1415,1429,1522],"Tree":[164],"labels":[166,178,210,248,586],"the":[168,181,203,208,212,220,224,227,234,272,279,283,306,331,349,381,387,392,397,409,412,417,420,427,444,447,464,467,470,479,483,541,566,571,575,590,621,634,648,676,688,716,720,732,738,741,775,806,820,831,835,874,922,933,941,961,983,990,996,1018,1023,1030,1038,1046,1107,1164,1178,1194,1206,1230,1240,1245,1251,1303,1309,1312,1330,1359,1371,1376,1404,1407,1421,1476,1487,1503,1510,1516,1525],"segments":[170,189,195,451],"(6238":[171],"samples).":[172],"training-and-test-segments-with-species.csv":[173,235,557],"used":[179],"study":[183,205,577],"Taher":[184,550,579,1113],"et":[185,551,580,802,1114],"al.,":[186,552,1115],"2025.":[187,553,1116],"divided":[191],"into":[192,482],"1065":[193,213],"training":[194,214],"5261":[197,228],"test":[198,229,280,572],"segments.":[199,230],"participants":[201],"were":[206,218,587,795],"given":[207,219,487,671,711,742,761,1267,1292,1313],"segments,":[215,240],"they":[217],"task":[221],"to":[222,232,391,408,426,435,534,546,682,715,750,826,858,927,981,1052,1190,1193,1276,1321,1365,1403,1464,1474,1501],"predict":[223],"Compared":[231],"final-segments-with-species.csv,":[233],"includes":[236,278],"few":[238],"additional":[239,560],"small":[243],"number":[244,668,702,706,718,1260,1264,1282,1287],"incorrect":[246],"later":[252],"corrected":[253,1202],"another":[257],"round":[258],"field":[260],"visits.":[261],"cloud":[264,288,596,615,1138,1158],"data":[265,289,333,597,600,862,1065,1108,1139,1143,1368,1411],"saved":[267],"segment-wise":[268],"as":[269,1480],"las-files,":[270],"filename":[273],"each":[275,338,958,1494],"segment":[277,284,302,345,421,613,1156],"site":[281],"index.":[285],"contained":[291],".zip":[295],"folders:":[297],"full_data_HeliALS.zip":[298],"All":[300,343],"(Riegl":[310],"VUX-1HA":[311,840],"1550":[312,358,900,1448],"nm,":[313,317,359,901,1449],"Riegl":[314,318,1047],"miniVUX-1DL":[315,845],"905":[316,904],"VQ-840-G":[319,851],"532":[320,369,909,1457],"nm)":[321,370,847,910,1390],"system.":[324,375,637,1181,1197],"sample_data_HeliALS.zip":[325],"A":[327,403],"stratified":[328],"subset":[329],"(10":[334],"random":[335],"category).":[340],"full_data_Optech_Titan.zip":[341],"based":[352],"(channel":[355],"1":[356,434,493,838,860,1333,1379,1382],"channel":[360,366,924,935,943,959,1373,1381,1387,1394],"2":[361,497,783,843,1336,1385,1388],"1064":[363,1452],"nm":[364,905,1453],"3":[367,501,849,1392,1395],"Ground-truth":[376],"columns":[379,459],"sheet":[385,556],"contain":[386,453],"following":[388,622,776,1165,1231,1331],"information:test_site_name":[389],"corresponds":[390],"original":[393,859,1241],"spatial":[394],"division":[395],"LAS":[400,605,683,1148],"files":[401,616,863,1159],"(either":[402],"or":[404,746,1317],"B),":[405],"segment_id":[406],"refers":[407,425],"index":[410],"segment,":[414],"height":[415,418,642,1196,1520],"meters,":[423],"species_code":[424],"integer":[428],"encoded":[429],"(ranges":[432],"9,":[436],"see":[437],"table":[438],"below),":[439],"profile_category":[440],"profile_category_name":[442],"describe":[443,463],"quality":[445,1061],"watershed":[448],"segmentation":[449],"(some":[450],"may":[452],"multiple":[454],"trees,":[455],"example).":[457],"crown_class":[460],"crown_class_name":[462],"position":[465],"forest":[471],"canopy":[472],"(dominant,":[473],"co-dominant,":[474],"etc.).":[475],"mapping":[477],"code":[481,490],"name":[485,492],"by:":[488],"Pine":[494],"(Pinus":[495],"sylvestris)":[496],"Spruce":[498],"(Picea":[499],"sp.)":[500,504,516,524,528],"Birch":[502],"(Betula":[503],"4":[505],"Maple":[506],"(Acer":[507],"platanoides)":[508],"5":[509,1339],"Aspen":[510],"(Populus":[511],"tremula)":[512],"6":[513,1343],"Rowan":[514],"(Sorbus":[515],"7":[517,787,1346],"Oak":[518],"(Quercus":[519],"robur)":[520],"8":[521],"Linden":[522],"(Tilia":[523],"9":[525],"Alder":[526],"(Alnus":[527],"For":[529,985,1032,1505],"further":[530],"details":[531],"respect":[533,749,825,1320,1364],"profile":[535],"categories":[536],"crown":[538],"classes":[539],"sheet,":[543],"please":[544,1050],"refer":[545,1051],"Section":[547],"2.6":[548],"an":[559,1185],"column,":[561],"test_set_flag,":[562],"which":[563,731,834,873,1302,1375,1420],"indicates":[564],"whether":[565],"sample":[567],"was":[568,735,876,1095,1306,1423],"included":[569],"set":[573],"by":[578,809],"al.":[581,803],"during":[589,1410],"summer":[591],"2024.":[593],"stored":[603,1146],"version":[606,684,1149],"1.2":[607,685,1150],"format":[609,1152],"3.":[610,1153],"populated":[619,886,1162,1434],"standard":[623,771,1166,1326],"extra":[625,1168],"bytes":[626,1169],"fields:":[627,1170],"xyz-coordinates:":[628],"x-":[630,1174],"y-coordinates":[632,1176],"follow":[633,1177],"ETRS-TM35FIN":[635,1179],"coordinate":[636,1180],"z-coordinates":[639],"ellipsoidal":[641],"values.":[643],"intensity:":[644],"Intensity":[645],"value":[646,678,722,1204],"point.":[649,1207],"values":[651,897,920,993,1209,1445,1461,1513],"recorded":[653,1211],"16-bit":[655],"resolution":[656,1214],"thus":[659,1217],"between":[660,929,936,944,1218],"0":[661,778,1219],"65,536.":[663],"return":[664,667,697,717,1259,1263],"number:":[665],"Pulse":[666,1262],"output":[672,712,743,1268,1280,1293,1314,1477],"pulse.":[673,713,1294],"Note,":[674],"maximum":[677,721],"seven":[680],"due":[681],"limitations,":[686],"although":[687],"scanners":[689],"(VUX-1HA":[690],"VQ-840-G)":[692],"capable":[694],"measuring":[696],"numbers":[698],"higher":[699],"than":[700,995,1515],"that.":[701],"returns:":[704],"Total":[705,1286],"returns":[708,1278,1284,1289],"Similarly":[714],"attribute,":[719],"seven.":[724],"scan":[725,762,813,1295,1351],"direction":[726,729,1296,1300],"flag:":[727],"mirror":[734,1305],"moving":[736,1307],"at":[737,872,921,932,940,1308,1419],"time":[739,871,1310,1414,1418],"pulse":[744,1020,1071,1269,1315],"(left":[745,1316],"right":[747,1318],"track).":[751,1322],"edge":[752],"flight":[754,1408],"line:":[755],"last":[757],"on":[759,1088,1097,1532],"line":[763,1409],"before":[764],"change":[766],"direction.":[768],"ASPRS":[772,1327],"classes:":[777,1332],"created,":[780],"never":[781],"classified,":[782],"ground":[785,793,1528],"low":[789,1348],"(noise).":[791,1350],"points":[794,808],"classified":[796],"using":[797],"cloth":[798],"simulation":[799],"filter":[800],"(Zhang":[801],"2016)":[804],"noise":[807],"statistical":[810],"outlier":[811],"method.":[812],"angle":[814,823,1352,1362],"rank:":[815],"cross-track":[817,1356],"component":[818,1357],"beam":[822,1361],"nadir.":[827,1366],"user":[828,1367],"data:":[829],"Indicates":[830,1370],"scanner":[832],"originated:":[837,1378],"(1550":[841,1383],"nm),":[842,1384],"(905":[846],"(532":[852,1396],"nm).":[853,1397,1458],"source":[855,1399],"id:":[856],"Refers":[857,1402],"minute":[861],"sequential":[865],"order.":[866],"gps":[867,1413],"time:":[868],"GPS":[869,1416],"week":[870,1417],"acquired.":[877,1424],"red,":[878,1425],"green":[879,902,934,1426,1450],"blue:":[881],"color":[883,1431,1478,1495],"channels":[884,978,1432,1498],"nearest":[888,1436],"neighbor":[889,1437],"interpolated":[890,1438],"(search":[891,1439],"radius":[892,1440],"0.25":[894],"intensity":[896,919,992,1198,1203,1223,1444,1460,1512],"(red":[898,1446],"blue":[907,942,1428,1455],"clipped,":[913],"transformed,":[914],"scaled":[915,1473],"gamma-corrected.":[917],"red":[923],"clipped":[926,1463],"reside":[928,1465],"[30000,":[930],"50000],":[931],"[32000,":[937],"45000]":[938],"[15000,":[945],"55000].":[946],"transformation,":[948],"scaling":[949],"gamma":[951,973],"correction":[952,1225],"carried":[955],"out":[956],"after":[960],"clipping":[962],"operation":[963],"followingly:":[964],"I_out":[965,1233],"(2^16)*((I_in":[967],"I_min)/(I_max":[969],"I_min))^gamma,":[971],"where":[972,1237,1486],"2.5":[975],"Color":[977,1497],"serve":[979,1499],"only":[980,1500],"visualize":[982,1502],"data.":[984,1504],"accurate":[986,1506],"automated":[987,1507],"analysis,":[988,1508],"use":[989,1509],"unmapped":[991,1511],"rather":[994,1514],"converted":[997,1517],"RGB":[998,1518],"colors.":[999,1519],"amplitude":[1000,1004,1040,1069],"Echo":[1002,1009],"signal":[1003,1010],"decibels.":[1006,1013],"reflectance":[1007,1011],"deviation":[1014,1043,1072],"Deviation":[1016],"echo":[1019,1042],"shape":[1021],"ideal":[1024],"system":[1025,1273],"impulse":[1026],"response.":[1027],"Notification":[1028],"user:":[1031],"more":[1034],"detailed":[1035],"definition":[1036],"reflectance,":[1039],"attributes":[1044],"scanners,":[1049],"\"Pfennigbauer,":[1053],"Ullrich,":[1056],"A.":[1057],"(2010,":[1058],"April).":[1059],"Improving":[1060],"acquisition":[1066,1103],"through":[1067],"calibrated":[1068],"measurement.":[1073],"In":[1074],"Laser":[1075],"Radar":[1076],"Technology":[1077],"Applications":[1079],"XV":[1080],"(Vol.":[1081],"7684,":[1082],"pp.":[1083],"463-472).":[1084],"SPIE.\"":[1085],"Additional":[1086,1530],"information":[1087,1531],"dataAcquisition":[1090],"date:":[1091],"July":[1098],"20":[1099,1191],"28,":[1101],"2023.Data":[1102],"preprocessing":[1105],"benchmarking:":[1112],"algorithms,":[1133],"https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.14337":[1134],"xyz-coordinates":[1171],"z-coordinate":[1183],"undefined":[1186],"offset":[1187],"(approximately":[1188],"10":[1189],"cm)":[1192],"N2000":[1195],"12-bit":[1213],"4096.":[1221],"applied":[1228],"manner:":[1232],"I_in*(R^2/R_ref^2)":[1235],",":[1236,1485],"I_in":[1238],"intensity,":[1242],"R":[1243],"measurement":[1246,1253],"R_ref":[1249],"(R_ref":[1255],"m).":[1258],"(the":[1270],"provides":[1274],"up":[1275],"four":[1277],"per":[1279],"pulse).":[1281],"flag":[1297],"unclassified,":[1335],"ground,":[1338],"high":[1341],"vegetation,":[1342],"building,":[1345],"rank":[1353],"(1064":[1389],"id":[1400],"ordinal":[1405],"collection.":[1412],"1.0":[1442],"[0,":[1468],"I_median":[1469],"+":[1470],"2*I_std]":[1471],"obtain":[1475],"value,":[1479],"follows:I_out":[1481],"(I_in/I_max)*(2^16":[1483],"-1)":[1484],"processing":[1488],"done":[1491],"independently":[1492],"channel.":[1496],"agl":[1521],"Height":[1523],"above":[1527],"level.":[1529],"d":[1535]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-04T08:18:43.703281","created_date":"2026-03-05T00:00:00"}
