{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1967146909","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5244/c.19.43","title":"Covariance matrix estimation for appearance-based face image processing","display_name":"Covariance matrix estimation for appearance-based face image processing","publication_year":2005,"publication_date":"2005-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1967146909","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5244/c.19.43","mag":"1967146909"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.5244/c.19.43","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5244/c.19.43","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Procedings of the British Machine Vision Conference 2005","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029640432","display_name":"John A. Robinson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7857-8556"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52099693","display_name":"University of York","ror":"https://ror.org/04m01e293","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"J. Robinson","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of York"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of York","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5029640432"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8812,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.75047438,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"43.1","last_page":"43.10"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9865000247955322,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7240787148475647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.7100818157196045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covariance-matrix","display_name":"Covariance matrix","score":0.6942129731178284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimator","display_name":"Estimator","score":0.6735056638717651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6178551912307739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dimensionality-reduction","display_name":"Dimensionality reduction","score":0.5719102025032043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-processing","display_name":"Image processing","score":0.5462921261787415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covariance","display_name":"Covariance","score":0.5426048040390015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.5101328492164612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.49140655994415283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/curse-of-dimensionality","display_name":"Curse of dimensionality","score":0.4842209815979004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.4841516613960266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scatter-matrix","display_name":"Scatter matrix","score":0.47988593578338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contextual-image-classification","display_name":"Contextual image classification","score":0.4548145532608032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/principal-component-analysis","display_name":"Principal component analysis","score":0.4490807056427002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimation-of-covariance-matrices","display_name":"Estimation of covariance matrices","score":0.39953866600990295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.3719766139984131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.31344401836395264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.21687990427017212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.21371769905090332}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7240787148475647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.7100818157196045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185142706","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134404","display_name":"Covariance matrix","level":2,"score":0.6942129731178284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185429906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130160","display_name":"Estimator","level":2,"score":0.6735056638717651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6178551912307739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70518039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16000077","display_name":"Dimensionality reduction","level":2,"score":0.5719102025032043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.5462921261787415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178650346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201984","display_name":"Covariance","level":2,"score":0.5426048040390015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.5101328492164612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.49140655994415283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111030470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1430460","display_name":"Curse of dimensionality","level":2,"score":0.4842209815979004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.4841516613960266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176917957","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7430596","display_name":"Scatter matrix","level":4,"score":0.47988593578338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75294576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165192","display_name":"Contextual image classification","level":3,"score":0.4548145532608032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27438332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2873","display_name":"Principal component analysis","level":2,"score":0.4490807056427002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180877172","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5401390","display_name":"Estimation of covariance matrices","level":3,"score":0.39953866600990295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3719766139984131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.31344401836395264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.21687990427017212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.21371769905090332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.5244/c.19.43","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5244/c.19.43","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Procedings of the British Machine Vision Conference 2005","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.6100000143051147}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2046649434","https://openalex.org/W2059952466","https://openalex.org/W2088277111","https://openalex.org/W2096634748","https://openalex.org/W2098693229","https://openalex.org/W2105439511","https://openalex.org/W2121323570","https://openalex.org/W2121647436","https://openalex.org/W2122780641","https://openalex.org/W2128716185","https://openalex.org/W2135463994","https://openalex.org/W2140054106","https://openalex.org/W2140095548","https://openalex.org/W2157151661","https://openalex.org/W2159686933","https://openalex.org/W2217896605","https://openalex.org/W2303501228","https://openalex.org/W2610602442"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2257909921","https://openalex.org/W4313491988","https://openalex.org/W1978719164","https://openalex.org/W2887132723","https://openalex.org/W2921280830","https://openalex.org/W1670628120","https://openalex.org/W2088760192","https://openalex.org/W2048445012","https://openalex.org/W1561790410","https://openalex.org/W3208495656"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"appearance-based":[1,52],"image":[2,53],"processing,":[3],"high-dimensional":[4],"statistical":[5],"models":[6],"are":[7,18],"estimated":[8],"from":[9],"low":[10],"numbers":[11],"of":[12,21,79],"training":[13],"samples.":[14],"Sample":[15],"scatter":[16],"matrices":[17],"unreliable":[19],"estimators":[20],"class":[22],"covariances,":[23],"yet":[24],"many":[25],"methods":[26],"rely":[27],"on":[28],"them":[29],"for":[30,35,41,51,59],"dimensionality":[31],"reduction":[32],"and":[33,45,73,82],"often":[34],"classification":[36],"too.":[37],"This":[38],"paper":[39],"argues":[40],"regularized":[42,69],"covariance":[43],"estimation":[44],"introduces":[46],"a":[47,63],"new":[48],"method":[49,56],"suitable":[50],"processing.":[54],"The":[55],"is":[57],"demonstrated":[58],"face":[60],"detection,":[61],"where":[62],"maximum":[64],"likelihood":[65],"classifier":[66],"trained":[67],"with":[68],"covariances":[70],"achieves":[71],"discrimination":[72],"detection":[74],"results":[75],"comparable":[76],"to":[77],"those":[78],"complicated":[80],"multimodal":[81],"non-linear":[83],"classifiers.":[84]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
