{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4366808661","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5220/0011852100003470","title":"Do Rules Still Rule? Comprehensive Evaluation of a Rule-Based Question Generation System","display_name":"Do Rules Still Rule? Comprehensive Evaluation of a Rule-Based Question Generation System","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4366808661","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5220/0011852100003470"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.5220/0011852100003470","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5220/0011852100003470","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Computer Supported Education","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.5220/0011852100003470","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084411251","display_name":"Bernardo Leite","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9054-9501"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I182534213","display_name":"Universidade do Porto","ror":"https://ror.org/043pwc612","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I182534213"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bernardo Leite","raw_affiliation_strings":["Artificial Intelligence and Computer Science Laboratory (LIACC), Portugal, --- Select a Country ---","Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto (FEUP), Portugal, --- Select a Country ---","Artificial Intelligence and Computer Science Laboratory (LIACC), Portugal, --- Select a Country ---; Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto (FEUP), Portugal, --- Select a Country ---"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Artificial Intelligence and Computer Science Laboratory (LIACC), Portugal, --- Select a Country ---","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto (FEUP), Portugal, --- Select a Country ---","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182534213"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Artificial Intelligence and Computer Science Laboratory (LIACC), Portugal, --- Select a Country ---; Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto (FEUP), Portugal, --- Select a Country ---","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182534213"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035645484","display_name":"Henrique Lopes Cardoso","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1252-7515"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I182534213","display_name":"Universidade do Porto","ror":"https://ror.org/043pwc612","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I182534213"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Henrique Cardoso","raw_affiliation_strings":["Artificial Intelligence and Computer Science Laboratory (LIACC), Portugal, --- Select a Country ---","Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto (FEUP), Portugal, --- Select a Country ---","Artificial Intelligence and Computer Science Laboratory (LIACC), Portugal, --- Select a Country ---; Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto (FEUP), Portugal, --- Select a Country ---"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Artificial Intelligence and Computer Science Laboratory (LIACC), Portugal, --- Select a Country ---","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto (FEUP), Portugal, --- Select a Country ---","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182534213"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Artificial Intelligence and Computer Science Laboratory (LIACC), Portugal, --- Select a Country ---; Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto (FEUP), Portugal, --- Select a Country ---","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182534213"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5084411251"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182534213"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9178,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7755751,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"27","last_page":"38"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14025","display_name":"Educational Technology and Assessment","score":0.9417999982833862,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14025","display_name":"Educational Technology and Assessment","score":0.9417999982833862,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.594285249710083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rule-based-system","display_name":"Rule-based system","score":0.5212081670761108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.31604307889938354}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.594285249710083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149271511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1417149","display_name":"Rule-based system","level":2,"score":0.5212081670761108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.31604307889938354}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.5220/0011852100003470","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5220/0011852100003470","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Computer Supported Education","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repositorio-aberto.up.pt:10216/166436","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10216/166436","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401934","display_name":"Open Repository of the University of Porto (University of Porto)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I182534213","host_organization_name":"Universidade do Porto","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I182534213"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/book"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.5220/0011852100003470","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5220/0011852100003470","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Computer Supported Education","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W2382290278","https://openalex.org/W2478288626","https://openalex.org/W2350741829","https://openalex.org/W2530322880","https://openalex.org/W1596801655"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,171],"task":[1,76],"of":[2,10,77,97,126],"Question":[3],"Generation":[4],"(QG)":[5],"has":[6],"attracted":[7],"the":[8,11,54,75,98,110,123,135],"interest":[9],"natural":[12],"language":[13,82],"processing":[14],"community":[15],"in":[16,79,144],"recent":[17],"years.":[18],"QG":[19,55,78],"aims":[20],"to":[21,50,129,147,163],"automatically":[22],"generate":[23],"well-formed":[24],"questions":[25,116,128,141],"from":[26],"an":[27],"input":[28],"(e.g.,":[29],"text),":[30],"which":[31],"can":[32],"be":[33],"especially":[34],"relevant":[35],"for":[36,66,89],"computer-supported":[37],"educational":[38],"platforms.":[39],"Recent":[40],"work":[41],"relies":[42],"on":[43],"large-scale":[44,58],"question-answering":[45],"(QA)":[46],"datasets":[47,61],"(in":[48],"English)":[49],"train":[51],"and":[52,114,120,184],"build":[53],"systems.":[56],"However,":[57],"quality":[59,125,145],"QA":[60],"are":[62,168],"not":[63,169],"widely":[64],"available":[65,175],"lower-resourced":[67,81],"languages.":[68],"In":[69],"this":[70,72],"respect,":[71],"research":[73],"addresses":[74],"a":[80,85,94,101,156,160],"Portuguese":[83],"using":[84,117],"traditional":[86],"rule-based":[87,139,157],"approach":[88,99,158],"generating":[90],"wh-questions.":[91],"We":[92],"perform":[93],"feasibility":[95],"analysis":[96],"through":[100],"comprehensive":[102],"evaluation":[103],"supported":[104],"by":[105,132,150,181],"two":[106],"studies:":[107],"(1)":[108],"comparing":[109,122],"similarity":[111],"between":[112],"machine-generated":[113,127],"human-authored":[115],"automatic":[118],"metrics,":[119],"(2)":[121],"perceived":[124],"those":[130,148],"elaborated":[131],"humans.":[133],"Although":[134],"results":[136],"show":[137],"that":[138,155],"generated":[140],"fall":[142],"short":[143],"compared":[146],"authored":[149],"humans,":[151],"they":[152],"also":[153],"suggest":[154],"remains":[159],"feasible":[161],"alternative":[162],"neural-based":[164],"techniques":[165],"when":[166],"these":[167],"viable.":[170],"code":[172],"is":[173],"publicly":[174],"at":[176],"https://github.com/bernardoleite/question-generation-portuguese.":[177],"Copyright":[178],"(c)":[179],"2023":[180],"SCITEPRESS":[182],"Science":[183],"Technology":[185],"Publications,":[186],"Lda.":[187],"Under":[188],"CC":[189],"license":[190],"(CC":[191],"BY-NC-ND":[192],"4.0)":[193]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-12-24T23:09:58.560324","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
