{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7135070617","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5220/0014458300004052","title":"When Specialized Beats General: Embedding-Based vs. Large Language Model Classification for the MEPA Pedagogical Ontology","display_name":"When Specialized Beats General: Embedding-Based vs. Large Language Model Classification for the MEPA Pedagogical Ontology","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7135070617","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5220/0014458300004052"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.5220/0014458300004052","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5220/0014458300004052","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Agents and Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.scitepress.org/Link.aspx?doi=10.5220/0014458300004052","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128818029","display_name":"L\u00e9onard Noth","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173439891","display_name":"HES-SO University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland","ror":"https://ror.org/01xkakk17","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173439891"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210095958","display_name":"School of Engineering and Architecture of Fribourg","ror":"https://ror.org/00px2aj27","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173439891","https://openalex.org/I4210095958"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82700718","display_name":"Lear (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05bntm267","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82700718"]}],"countries":["CH","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"L\u00e9onard Noth","raw_affiliation_strings":["Yllyl \u2013 You learn like You live, Givisiez, Switzerland","iCoSys - Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Complex Systems, HEIA-FR, Haute \u00c9cole Sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9e de Suisse Occidentale, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Yllyl \u2013 You learn like You live, Givisiez, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82700718"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"iCoSys - Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Complex Systems, HEIA-FR, Haute \u00c9cole Sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9e de Suisse Occidentale, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173439891","https://openalex.org/I4210095958"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128881297","display_name":"Sandy El Helou","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173439891","display_name":"HES-SO University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland","ror":"https://ror.org/01xkakk17","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173439891"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210095958","display_name":"School of Engineering and Architecture of Fribourg","ror":"https://ror.org/00px2aj27","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173439891","https://openalex.org/I4210095958"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sandy El Helou","raw_affiliation_strings":["iCoSys - Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Complex Systems, HEIA-FR, Haute \u00c9cole Sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9e de Suisse Occidentale, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"iCoSys - Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Complex Systems, HEIA-FR, Haute \u00c9cole Sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9e de Suisse Occidentale, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173439891","https://openalex.org/I4210095958"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128872669","display_name":"Joris Felder","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82700718","display_name":"Lear (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05bntm267","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82700718"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joris Felder","raw_affiliation_strings":["Yllyl \u2013 You learn like You live, Givisiez, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Yllyl \u2013 You learn like You live, Givisiez, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82700718"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128916922","display_name":"Morgane Nissille","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82700718","display_name":"Lear (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05bntm267","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82700718"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Morgane Nissille","raw_affiliation_strings":["Yllyl \u2013 You learn like You live, Givisiez, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Yllyl \u2013 You learn like You live, Givisiez, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82700718"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070931106","display_name":"Bernadette Charlier","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6040-6211"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82700718","display_name":"Lear (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05bntm267","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82700718"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bernadette Charlier","raw_affiliation_strings":["Yllyl \u2013 You learn like You live, Givisiez, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Yllyl \u2013 You learn like You live, Givisiez, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82700718"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.17517821,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1900","last_page":"1912"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.11420000344514847,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.11420000344514847,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13629","display_name":"Text Readability and Simplification","score":0.06780000030994415,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11122","display_name":"Online Learning and Analytics","score":0.056699998676776886,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ontology","display_name":"Ontology","score":0.5156000256538391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-model","display_name":"Language model","score":0.3862999975681305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantics","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","score":0.35519999265670776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.34610000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.31029999256134033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language","display_name":"Natural language","score":0.29339998960494995}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6935999989509583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.5827000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25810664","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44325","display_name":"Ontology","level":2,"score":0.5156000256538391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.49889999628067017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.3862999975681305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.35519999265670776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.3497999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.34610000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.31029999256134033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.29339998960494995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.27869999408721924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.2689000070095062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.2606000006198883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.2565000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.25619998574256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58642233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8269924","display_name":"Taxonomy (biology)","level":2,"score":0.2513999938964844}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.5220/0014458300004052","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5220/0014458300004052","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Agents and Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:hesso.tind.io:17820","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.scitepress.org/Link.aspx?doi=10.5220/0014458300004052","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402432","display_name":"ArODES (HES-SO (https://www.hes-so.ch/))","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210088449","host_organization_name":"HES-SO Gen\u00e8ve","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210088449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://arodes.hes-so.ch/record/17820","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:hesso.tind.io:17820","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.scitepress.org/Link.aspx?doi=10.5220/0014458300004052","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402432","display_name":"ArODES (HES-SO (https://www.hes-so.ch/))","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210088449","host_organization_name":"HES-SO Gen\u00e8ve","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210088449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://arodes.hes-so.ch/record/17820","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.6653781533241272}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Accurately":[0],"classifying":[1],"user":[2],"inputs":[3],"into":[4],"pedagogical":[5,24,173],"ontologies":[6],"is":[7],"essential":[8],"for":[9,164,186],"conversational":[10],"Artificial":[11],"Intelligence":[12],"(AI)":[13],"systems":[14,167],"in":[15,154],"educational":[16,165],"technology.":[17],"The":[18],"MEPA":[19],"ontology":[20],"comprises":[21],"seven":[22],"specialised":[23,58,109,156,187],"concepts":[25],"designed":[26],"to":[27,38,55,149],"represent":[28],"personal":[29],"learning":[30],"experiences,":[31],"and":[32,42,71,73,85,159],"presents":[33],"unique":[34],"classification":[35,59,94,110,188],"challenges":[36],"due":[37],"its":[39],"domain-specific":[40,179],"nature":[41],"conceptual":[43],"nuances.":[44],"This":[45],"paper":[46],"evaluates":[47],"the":[48,74,138,146,150,161],"ability":[49],"of":[50,100,152],"state-of-the-art":[51],"large":[52],"language":[53],"models":[54,180],"perform":[56],"this":[57],"task":[60],"effectively.":[61],"Multiple":[62],"LLM":[63,140],"variants":[64],"were":[65,79],"tested,":[66],"including":[67],"GPT-5":[68],"(Standard,":[69],"Mini,":[70],"Nano)":[72],"Claude":[75],"model":[76,118,133],"families.":[77],"All":[78],"configured":[80],"with":[81,119,172],"extended":[82],"reasoning":[83],"capabilities":[84],"optimised":[86],"prompts.":[87],"Despite":[88],"these":[89],"optimisations,":[90],"LLMs":[91,153,185],"achieved":[92,134],"suboptimal":[93],"performance":[95],"on":[96,127],"our":[97],"test":[98],"dataset":[99],"350":[101],"expert-labelled":[102],"samples.":[103,130],"In":[104],"response,":[105],"we":[106],"developed":[107],"a":[108,120],"system":[111],"that":[112,124,168,178],"combines":[113],"OpenAI\u2019s":[114],"Text":[115],"Embedding":[116],"3-Large":[117],"feedforward":[121],"neural":[122],"network":[123],"was":[125],"trained":[126],"14,000":[128],"balanced":[129],"Our":[131,175],"custom":[132],"94%":[135],"accuracy,":[136],"outperforming":[137],"best":[139],"baseline":[141],"by":[142],"12%.":[143],"We":[144],"analyse":[145],"factors":[147],"contributing":[148],"limitations":[151],"highly":[155],"ontological":[157],"contexts":[158],"discuss":[160],"practical":[162],"implications":[163],"technology":[166],"require":[169],"precise":[170],"alignment":[171],"frameworks.":[174],"findings":[176],"suggest":[177],"can":[181],"significantly":[182],"outperform":[183],"general-purpose":[184],"tasks.":[189]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2026-03-13T00:00:00"}