{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7139097803","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5220/0014301900004058","title":"NOMAD: A Multi-Agent LLM System for UML Class Diagram Generation from Natural Language Requirements","display_name":"NOMAD: A Multi-Agent LLM System for UML Class Diagram Generation from Natural Language Requirements","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7139097803","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5220/0014301900004058"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.5220/0014301900004058","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5220/0014301900004058","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Model-Based Software and Systems Engineering","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.5220/0014301900004058","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129813658","display_name":"Polydoros Giannouris","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28407311","display_name":"University of Manchester","ror":"https://ror.org/027m9bs27","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28407311"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Polydoros Giannouris","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Manchester, U.K"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Manchester, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28407311"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112762186","display_name":"S. Ananiadou","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28407311","display_name":"University of Manchester","ror":"https://ror.org/027m9bs27","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28407311"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sophia Ananiadou","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Manchester, U.K"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Manchester, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28407311"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28407311"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"257","last_page":"264"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11450","display_name":"Model-Driven Software Engineering Techniques","score":0.20149999856948853,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11450","display_name":"Model-Driven Software Engineering Techniques","score":0.20149999856948853,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11550","display_name":"Text and Document Classification Technologies","score":0.06970000267028809,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.0617000013589859,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class-diagram","display_name":"Class diagram","score":0.7382000088691711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unified-modeling-language","display_name":"Unified Modeling Language","score":0.5514000058174133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.5327000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communication-diagram","display_name":"Communication diagram","score":0.49459999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sequence-diagram","display_name":"Sequence diagram","score":0.462799996137619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language","display_name":"Natural language","score":0.44940000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-constraint-language","display_name":"Object Constraint Language","score":0.3849000036716461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/applications-of-uml","display_name":"Applications of UML","score":0.35370001196861267}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202446494","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q664166","display_name":"Class diagram","level":4,"score":0.7382000088691711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6969000101089478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.6852999925613403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145644426","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169411","display_name":"Unified Modeling Language","level":3,"score":0.5514000058174133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5327000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48419115","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q950859","display_name":"Communication diagram","level":5,"score":0.49459999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153185123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1391624","display_name":"Sequence diagram","level":4,"score":0.462799996137619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.44940000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.3950999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133264317","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1397689","display_name":"Object Constraint Language","level":5,"score":0.3849000036716461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41298492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4781506","display_name":"Applications of UML","level":4,"score":0.35370001196861267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16671368","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q230885","display_name":"State diagram","level":3,"score":0.3407000005245209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161756209","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q613423","display_name":"Use Case Diagram","level":5,"score":0.3287999927997589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146939238","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2467310","display_name":"UML tool","level":4,"score":0.32429999113082886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199639397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1788588","display_name":"Engineering drawing","level":1,"score":0.32120001316070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776187449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1513879","display_name":"Natural language generation","level":3,"score":0.2777000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179603123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1941921","display_name":"Modeling language","level":3,"score":0.2732999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21285288","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2117885","display_name":"Systems Modeling Language","level":4,"score":0.26989999413490295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.257099986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72041958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185092","display_name":"Flowchart","level":2,"score":0.2558000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186399060","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959962","display_name":"Diagram","level":2,"score":0.25540000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.2531000077724457}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.5220/0014301900004058","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5220/0014301900004058","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Model-Based Software and Systems Engineering","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2511.22409","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.22409","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2511.22409","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.5220/0014301900004058","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5220/0014301900004058","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Model-Based Software and Systems Engineering","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8064731359481812,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Large":[0],"Language":[1],"Models":[2],"(LLMs)":[3],"are":[4],"increasingly":[5],"utilised":[6],"in":[7,114,130],"software":[8],"engineering,":[9],"yet":[10],"their":[11],"ability":[12],"to":[13],"generate":[14],"structured":[15],"artefacts":[16],"such":[17,52],"as":[18,53,143,155,163],"UML":[19,37,99,132,169],"diagrams":[20],"remains":[21],"underexplored.":[22],"In":[23],"this":[24],"work":[25],"we":[26,122,140],"present":[27],"NOMAD,":[28],"a":[29,40,48,83,86,144,174],"cognitively":[30],"inspired,":[31],"modular":[32],"multi-agent":[33],"framework":[34,167],"that":[35],"decomposes":[36],"generation":[38,172],"into":[39],"series":[41],"of":[42,66,128,181],"role-specialised":[43],"subtasks.":[44],"Each":[45],"agent":[46],"handles":[47],"distinct":[49],"modelling":[50],"activity,":[51],"entity":[54],"extraction,":[55],"relationship":[56],"classification,":[57],"and":[58,73,94,97,103,137,151,173],"diagram":[59,171],"synthesis,":[60],"mirroring":[61],"the":[62,124,177],"goal-directed":[63],"reasoning":[64],"processes":[65],"an":[67,165],"engineer.":[68],"This":[69],"decomposition":[70],"improves":[71],"interpretability":[72],"allows":[74],"for":[75,91,101,168],"targeted":[76],"verification":[77,142],"strategies.":[78],"We":[79],"evaluate":[80],"NOMAD":[81,105,162],"through":[82],"mixed":[84,149],"design:":[85],"large":[87],"case":[88],"study":[89],"(Northwind)":[90],"in-depth":[92],"probing":[93],"error":[95],"analysis,":[96],"human-authored":[98],"exercises":[100],"breadth":[102],"realism.":[104],"outperforms":[106],"all":[107],"selected":[108],"baselines,":[109],"while":[110],"revealing":[111],"persistent":[112],"challenges":[113,180],"fine-grained":[115],"attribute":[116],"extraction.":[117],"Building":[118],"on":[119],"these":[120,159],"observations,":[121],"introduce":[123],"first":[125],"systematic":[126],"taxonomy":[127],"errors":[129],"LLM-generated":[131],"diagrams,":[133],"categorising":[134],"structural,":[135],"relationship,":[136],"semantic/logical.":[138],"Finally,":[139],"examine":[141],"design":[145],"probe,":[146],"showing":[147],"its":[148],"effects":[150],"outlining":[152],"adaptive":[153],"strategies":[154],"promising":[156],"directions.":[157],"Together,":[158],"contributions":[160],"position":[161],"both":[164],"effective":[166],"class":[170],"lens":[175],"onto":[176],"broader":[178],"research":[179],"reliable":[182],"language-to-model":[183],"workflows.":[184]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2026-03-20T00:00:00"}