{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408062765","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5220/0013141800003890","title":"Non-Invasive People Counting in Smart Buildings: Employing Machine Learning with Binary PIR Sensors","display_name":"Non-Invasive People Counting in Smart Buildings: Employing Machine Learning with Binary PIR Sensors","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408062765","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5220/0013141800003890"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.5220/0013141800003890","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5220/0013141800003890","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Agents and Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.5220/0013141800003890","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073853480","display_name":"Azad Shokrollahi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-2237-3010"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183111857","display_name":"Malm\u00f6 University","ror":"https://ror.org/05wp7an13","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183111857"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Azad Shokrollahi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Internet of Things and People Research Center, Department of Computer Science and Media Technology, Malm\u00f6 University, 211 19 Malm\u00f6, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Internet of Things and People Research Center, Department of Computer Science and Media Technology, Malm\u00f6 University, 211 19 Malm\u00f6, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183111857"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109295104","display_name":"Fredrik Karlsson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3373-0934"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210129561","display_name":"Sony (Sweden)","ror":"https://ror.org/02t8vgv97","country_code":"SE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210129561","https://openalex.org/I4210143797"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fredrik Karlsson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sony Network Communications, 215 32 Lund, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sony Network Communications, 215 32 Lund, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210129561"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001248508","display_name":"Reza Malekian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2763-8085"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183111857","display_name":"Malm\u00f6 University","ror":"https://ror.org/05wp7an13","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183111857"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Reza Malekian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Internet of Things and People Research Center, Department of Computer Science and Media Technology, Malm\u00f6 University, 211 19 Malm\u00f6, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Internet of Things and People Research Center, Department of Computer Science and Media Technology, Malm\u00f6 University, 211 19 Malm\u00f6, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183111857"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048397905","display_name":"Jan Persson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9471-8405"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183111857","display_name":"Malm\u00f6 University","ror":"https://ror.org/05wp7an13","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183111857"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jan Persson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Internet of Things and People Research Center, Department of Computer Science and Media Technology, Malm\u00f6 University, 211 19 Malm\u00f6, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Internet of Things and People Research Center, Department of Computer Science and Media Technology, Malm\u00f6 University, 211 19 Malm\u00f6, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183111857"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002238970","display_name":"Arezoo Sarkheyli-H\u00e4gele","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6925-0444"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183111857","display_name":"Malm\u00f6 University","ror":"https://ror.org/05wp7an13","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183111857"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arezoo Sarkheyli-H\u00e4gele","raw_affiliation_strings":["Internet of Things and People Research Center, Department of Computer Science and Media Technology, Malm\u00f6 University, 211 19 Malm\u00f6, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Internet of Things and People Research Center, Department of Computer Science and Media Technology, Malm\u00f6 University, 211 19 Malm\u00f6, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183111857"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.8048,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89499353,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"394","last_page":"405"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9465000033378601,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9465000033378601,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6318121552467346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-number","display_name":"Binary number","score":0.6080960035324097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.3654584586620331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.3528994619846344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3237556219100952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.07966282963752747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arithmetic","display_name":"Arithmetic","score":0.07842358946800232}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6318121552467346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.6080960035324097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.3654584586620331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3528994619846344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3237556219100952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.07966282963752747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.07842358946800232}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.5220/0013141800003890","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5220/0013141800003890","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Agents and Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:DiVA.org:mau-75263","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-75263","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401559","display_name":"KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.5220/0013141800003890","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5220/0013141800003890","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Agents and Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.5099999904632568}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"People":[0],"counting":[1,49,143,218],"in":[2,42,204,216,262],"smart":[3,114],"buildings":[4],"is":[5],"crucial":[6],"for":[7,36,95,120,178,195],"the":[8,26,38,118,139,163,168,180,236,246],"efficient":[9],"management":[10],"of":[11,28,40,104,113,141,170,182,248],"building":[12,115],"systems":[13],"such":[14,230,241],"as":[15,231,242],"energy,":[16],"space":[17],"allocation,":[18],"efficiency,":[19],"and":[20,71,87,93,154,190,209,233,245,260],"occupant":[21],"comfort.":[22],"This":[23],"study":[24],"investigates":[25],"use":[27],"two":[29],"non-invasive":[30],"binary":[31,107,134],"Passive":[32],"Infrared":[33],"(PIR)":[34],"sensors":[35,109],"estimating":[37,179],"number":[39,169,181,247],"people":[41,48,142,217,263],"seven":[43],"office":[44],"rooms":[45],"with":[46,160,252],"different":[47,96,174],"intervals.":[50],"Previous":[51],"studies":[52],"often":[53],"relied":[54],"on":[55],"sensor":[56,157,205],"fusion":[57],"or":[58],"more":[59],"complex":[60],"signal-based":[61],"PIR":[62,108,135,221],"sensors,":[63,83,136],"which":[64,212],"increased":[65],"hardware":[66,85],"costs,":[67,86],"raised":[68],"privacy":[69],"concerns,":[70],"added":[72],"installation":[73],"complexity.":[74],"Our":[75],"approach":[76],"addresses":[77],"these":[78],"limitations":[79],"by":[80,133,149],"utilizing":[81],"fewer":[82],"reducing":[84],"simplifying":[88],"installation,":[89],"making":[90],"it":[91],"scalable":[92],"flexible":[94],"room":[97],"configurations,":[98],"while":[99],"also":[100],"ensuring":[101],"high":[102],"consideration":[103],"privacy.":[105],"Additionally,":[106,235],"are":[110,213],"typically":[111],"part":[112],"systems,":[116],"eliminating":[117],"need":[119],"additional":[121],"sensors.":[122,222],"We":[123,145,172],"employed":[124],"several":[125],"machine":[126,175,253],"learning":[127,176,254],"methods":[128],"to":[129,166,199],"analyze":[130],"motion":[131],"detected":[132,249],"imp":[137],"roving":[138],"accuracy":[140,232,259],"estimates.":[144],"analyzed":[146],"important":[147],"features":[148,161,240],"extracting":[150],"event":[151],"count,":[152],"duration,":[153],"density":[155],"from":[156,162],"data,":[158,206,211],"along":[159],"room\u2019s":[164],"shape,":[165],"estimate":[167],"people.":[171,183],"used":[173],"models":[177,224],"Models":[184],"like":[185],"Gradient":[186],"Boosting,":[187],"XGBoost,":[188],"MLP,":[189],"LGBM":[191],"demonstrated":[192],"superior":[193],"performance":[194,228],"their":[196],"strong":[197],"ability":[198],"handle":[200],"complex,":[201],"non-linear":[202],"relationships":[203],"high-dimensional":[207],"datasets,":[208],"imbalanced":[210],"common":[214],"challenges":[215],"tasks":[219],"using":[220,227],"These":[223],"were":[225],"evaluated":[226],"metrics":[229],"F1-score.":[234],"results":[237],"show":[238],"that":[239],"passage":[243],"events":[244],"events,":[250],"combined":[251],"algorithms,":[255],"can":[256],"achieve":[257],"good":[258],"reliability":[261],"counting.":[264]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}