{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2978398172","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5220/0008113603220329","title":"A Discretized Extended Feature Space (DEFS) Model to Improve the Anomaly Detection Performance in Network Intrusion Detection Systems","display_name":"A Discretized Extended Feature Space (DEFS) Model to Improve the Anomaly Detection Performance in Network Intrusion Detection Systems","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2978398172","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5220/0008113603220329","mag":"2978398172"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.5220/0008113603220329","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5220/0008113603220329","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 11th International Joint Conference on Knowledge Discovery, Knowledge Engineering and Knowledge Management","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076632223","display_name":"Roberto Saia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1734-0437"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172446870","display_name":"University of Cagliari","ror":"https://ror.org/003109y17","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172446870"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Roberto Saia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Cagliari, Via Ospedale 72, 09124 Cagliari and Italy, --- Select a Country ---"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Cagliari, Via Ospedale 72, 09124 Cagliari and Italy, --- Select a Country ---","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172446870"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069275031","display_name":"Salvatore Carta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9481-511X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172446870","display_name":"University of Cagliari","ror":"https://ror.org/003109y17","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172446870"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Salvatore Carta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Cagliari, Via Ospedale 72, 09124 Cagliari and Italy, --- Select a Country ---"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Cagliari, Via Ospedale 72, 09124 Cagliari and Italy, --- Select a Country ---","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172446870"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014673075","display_name":"Diego Reforgiato Recupero","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8646-6183"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172446870","display_name":"University of Cagliari","ror":"https://ror.org/003109y17","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172446870"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Diego Recupero","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Cagliari, Via Ospedale 72, 09124 Cagliari and Italy, --- Select a Country ---"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Cagliari, Via Ospedale 72, 09124 Cagliari and Italy, --- Select a Country ---","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172446870"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079928291","display_name":"Gianni Fenu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4668-2476"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172446870","display_name":"University of Cagliari","ror":"https://ror.org/003109y17","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172446870"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gianni Fenu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Cagliari, Via Ospedale 72, 09124 Cagliari and Italy, --- Select a Country ---"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Cagliari, Via Ospedale 72, 09124 Cagliari and Italy, --- Select a Country ---","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172446870"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054679736","display_name":"Maria Madalina Stanciu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6522-908X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172446870","display_name":"University of Cagliari","ror":"https://ror.org/003109y17","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172446870"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maria Stanciu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Cagliari, Via Ospedale 72, 09124 Cagliari and Italy, --- Select a Country ---"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Cagliari, Via Ospedale 72, 09124 Cagliari and Italy, --- Select a Country ---","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172446870"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5076632223"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172446870"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.4147,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83712357,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"322","last_page":"329"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12391","display_name":"Artificial Immune Systems Applications","score":0.9728999733924866,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6874318718910217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrusion-detection-system","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","score":0.6666843891143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.6233385801315308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly-detection","display_name":"Anomaly detection","score":0.617293655872345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discretization","display_name":"Discretization","score":0.547278106212616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/space","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","score":0.49895191192626953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly","display_name":"Anomaly (physics)","score":0.4858803153038025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrusion","display_name":"Intrusion","score":0.4563466012477875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.43350622057914734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.346466600894928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.34517598152160645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.1666806936264038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1534004807472229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.14422214031219482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-analysis","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","score":0.08195221424102783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.07830256223678589}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6874318718910217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.6666843891143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.6233385801315308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C739882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3560506","display_name":"Anomaly detection","level":2,"score":0.617293655872345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73000952","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17007827","display_name":"Discretization","level":2,"score":0.547278106212616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778572836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380933","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","level":2,"score":0.49895191192626953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12997251","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q567560","display_name":"Anomaly (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4858803153038025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158251709","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q354025","display_name":"Intrusion","level":2,"score":0.4563466012477875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.43350622057914734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.346466600894928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.34517598152160645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.1666806936264038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1534004807472229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.14422214031219482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.08195221424102783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.07830256223678589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17409809","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161764","display_name":"Geochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26873012","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214781","display_name":"Condensed matter physics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.5220/0008113603220329","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5220/0008113603220329","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 11th International Joint Conference on Knowledge Discovery, Knowledge Engineering and Knowledge Management","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.unica.it:11584/279700","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11584/279700","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196293","display_name":"UNICA IRIS Institutional Research Information System (University of Cagliari)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I172446870","host_organization_name":"University of Cagliari","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172446870"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferencePaper"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6800000071525574,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2806741695","https://openalex.org/W3210364259","https://openalex.org/W4290647774","https://openalex.org/W3189286258","https://openalex.org/W3207797160","https://openalex.org/W2143820878","https://openalex.org/W2912112202","https://openalex.org/W2667207928","https://openalex.org/W4300558037","https://openalex.org/W4377864969"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,97,191,224],"unbreakable":[1],"bond":[2],"that":[3,93,136,217],"exists":[4],"today":[5],"between":[6],"devices":[7],"and":[8,202,208],"network":[9,76],"connections":[10],"makes":[11],"the":[12,15,53,60,75,83,103,120,148,161,165,178,206,218,229,237,241,250],"security":[13],"of":[14,49,100,106,157,167,184],"latter":[16],"a":[17,66,128,138,143,174,182,198],"crucial":[18],"element":[19],"for":[20],"our":[21],"society.":[22],"For":[23],"this":[24,47],"reason,":[25],"in":[26,35,119,155,213,240],"recent":[27],"decades":[28],"we":[29],"have":[30],"witnessed":[31],"an":[32,63],"exponential":[33],"growth":[34],"research":[36],"efforts":[37],"aimed":[38],"at":[39],"identifying":[40],"increasingly":[41],"efficient":[42],"techniques":[43],"able":[44,186,234],"to":[45,73,88,110,113,164,187,215,235,249],"tackle":[46],"type":[48],"problem,":[50],"such":[51,173],"as":[52,78],"Intrusion":[54],"Detection":[55],"System":[56],"(IDS).":[57],"If":[58],"on":[59,82],"one":[61],"hand":[62,85],"IDS":[64],"plays":[65],"key":[67],"role,":[68],"since":[69],"it":[70,86,146,171],"is":[71,102,220,233],"designed":[72],"classify":[74],"events":[77],"normal":[79],"or":[80],"intrusion,":[81],"other":[84],"has":[87,193],"face":[89],"several":[90],"well-known":[91],"problems":[92],"reduce":[94],"its":[95,111],"effectiveness.":[96],"most":[98,242],"important":[99],"them":[101],"high":[104],"number":[105],"false":[107],"positives":[108],"related":[109,163],"inability":[112],"detect":[114],"event":[115,149,179],"patterns":[116,150,180],"not":[117],"occurred":[118],"past":[121],"(i.e.":[122],"zero-day":[123],"attacks).":[124],"This":[125],"paper":[126],"introduces":[127],"novel":[129],"Discretized":[130],"Extended":[131],"Feature":[132],"Space":[133],"(DEFS)":[134],"model":[135,232],"presents":[137],"twofold":[139],"advantage:":[140],"first,":[141],"through":[142],"discretization":[144,175],"process":[145],"reduces":[147],"by":[151,176,196,203,222],"grouping":[152],"those":[153],"similar":[154],"terms":[156],"feature":[158],"values,":[159],"reducing":[160],"issues":[162],"classification":[166,238],"unknown":[168],"events;":[169],"second,":[170],"balances":[172],"extending":[177],"with":[181,247],"series":[183,210],"meta-information":[185],"well":[188],"characterize":[189],"them.":[190],"approach":[192],"been":[194],"evaluated":[195],"using":[197],"real-world":[199],"dataset":[200],"(NSL-KDD)":[201],"adopting":[204],"both":[205],"in-sample/out-of-sample":[207],"time":[209],"cross-validation":[211],"strategies":[212],"order":[214],"avoid":[216],"evaluation":[219],"biased":[221],"over-fitting.":[223],"experimental":[225],"results":[226],"show":[227],"how":[228],"proposed":[230],"DEFS":[231],"improve":[236],"performance":[239],"challenging":[243],"scenarios":[244],"(unbalanced":[245],"samples),":[246],"regard":[248],"canonical":[251],"state-of-the-art":[252],"solutions.":[253]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2019-10-10T00:00:00"}