{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2594680180","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5220/0006196204790486","title":"Comparing Local Descriptors and Bags of Visual Words to Deep Convolutional Neural Networks for Plant Recognition","display_name":"Comparing Local Descriptors and Bags of Visual Words to Deep Convolutional Neural Networks for Plant Recognition","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2594680180","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5220/0006196204790486","mag":"2594680180"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.5220/0006196204790486","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5220/0006196204790486","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Pattern Recognition Applications and Methods","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.5220/0006196204790486","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057806428","display_name":"Pornntiwa Pawara","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3811-0147"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169381384","display_name":"University of Groningen","ror":"https://ror.org/012p63287","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Pornntiwa Pawara","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Groningen, Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Groningen, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014716134","display_name":"Emmanuel Okafor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6929-6880"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169381384","display_name":"University of Groningen","ror":"https://ror.org/012p63287","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emmanuel Okafor","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Groningen, Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Groningen, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011774689","display_name":"Olarik Surinta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0644-1435"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Olarik Surinta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Multi-Agent Intelligent Simulation Laboratory (MISL), Thailand"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Multi-Agent Intelligent Simulation Laboratory (MISL), Thailand","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028858025","display_name":"Lambert Schomaker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2351-930X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169381384","display_name":"University of Groningen","ror":"https://ror.org/012p63287","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lambert Schomaker","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Groningen, Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Groningen, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060596453","display_name":"Marco Wiering","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4331-7537"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169381384","display_name":"University of Groningen","ror":"https://ror.org/012p63287","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marco Wiering","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Groningen, Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Groningen, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5057806428"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":24.8495,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":116,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99453942,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"479","last_page":"486"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9836999773979187,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13058","display_name":"Soil and Land Suitability Analysis","score":0.9488000273704529,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2308","display_name":"Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.8287808895111084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7930593490600586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7817118167877197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6905741691589355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bag-of-words-model-in-computer-vision","display_name":"Bag-of-words model in computer vision","score":0.6342951655387878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histogram","display_name":"Histogram","score":0.6316635012626648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histogram-of-oriented-gradients","display_name":"Histogram of oriented gradients","score":0.5853328704833984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5824047327041626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perceptron","display_name":"Perceptron","score":0.5072636008262634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.49688175320625305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.45616844296455383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.44722050428390503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bag-of-words-model","display_name":"Bag-of-words model","score":0.42939993739128113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.34994786977767944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.2070934772491455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-retrieval","display_name":"Image retrieval","score":0.1768077313899994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visual-word","display_name":"Visual Word","score":0.17492511868476868}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.8287808895111084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7930593490600586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7817118167877197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6905741691589355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167611913","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6884747","display_name":"Bag-of-words model in computer vision","level":5,"score":0.6342951655387878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53533937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185020","display_name":"Histogram","level":3,"score":0.6316635012626648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17426736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q419918","display_name":"Histogram of oriented gradients","level":4,"score":0.5853328704833984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5824047327041626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60908668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690207","display_name":"Perceptron","level":3,"score":0.5072636008262634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.49688175320625305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.45616844296455383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.44722050428390503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13672336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3460803","display_name":"Bag-of-words model","level":2,"score":0.42939993739128113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.34994786977767944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2070934772491455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1667742","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10927554","display_name":"Image retrieval","level":3,"score":0.1768077313899994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189391414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7936579","display_name":"Visual Word","level":4,"score":0.17492511868476868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.5220/0006196204790486","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5220/0006196204790486","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Pattern Recognition Applications and Methods","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.rug.nl:openaire_cris_publications/9bcfe15a-0675-4e0b-80fc-16509350dc2c","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://research.rug.nl/en/publications/9bcfe15a-0675-4e0b-80fc-16509350dc2c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400420","display_name":"University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I169381384","host_organization_name":"University of Groningen","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Pawara, P, Okafor, E, Surinta, O, Schomaker, L & Wiering, M 2017, Comparing local descriptors and bags of visualwords to deep convolutional neural networks for plant recognition. in A Fred, M D De Marsico & G S di Baja (eds), ICPRAM 2017 - Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Pattern Recognition Applications and Methods. SciTePress, pp. 479-486, 6th International Conference on Pattern Recognition Applications and Methods, ICPRAM 2017, Porto, Portugal, 24/02/2017.","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.rug.nl:openaire_cris_publications/bfc1cd35-1999-4513-bac0-c53104af5681","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.rug.nl/en/publications/bfc1cd35-1999-4513-bac0-c53104af5681","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400420","display_name":"University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I169381384","host_organization_name":"University of Groningen","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Pawara , P , Okafor , E , Surinta , O , Schomaker , L & Wiering , M 2017 , Comparing Local Descriptors and Bags of Visual Words to Deep Convolutional Neural Networks for Plant Recognition . in 6th International Conference on Pattern Recognition Applications and Methods (ICPRAM 2017) . ICPRAM , 6th International Conference on Pattern Recognition Applications and Methods (ICPRAM 2017) , Porto , Portugal , 24/02/2017 .","raw_type":"contributionToPeriodical"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.5220/0006196204790486","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5220/0006196204790486","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Pattern Recognition Applications and Methods","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.49000000953674316,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1492807824","https://openalex.org/W1563697767","https://openalex.org/W1596717185","https://openalex.org/W1625255723","https://openalex.org/W1705245392","https://openalex.org/W2051812123","https://openalex.org/W2059304719","https://openalex.org/W2077991880","https://openalex.org/W2095705004","https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2112385363","https://openalex.org/W2143915663","https://openalex.org/W2147800946","https://openalex.org/W2161969291","https://openalex.org/W2190186811","https://openalex.org/W2195983082","https://openalex.org/W2213241010","https://openalex.org/W2470803522","https://openalex.org/W2473156356"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2391617560","https://openalex.org/W2071599417","https://openalex.org/W2048716406","https://openalex.org/W1964725559","https://openalex.org/W2979608518","https://openalex.org/W4392546545","https://openalex.org/W3003960249","https://openalex.org/W3000274722","https://openalex.org/W2947115402","https://openalex.org/W1989704487"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,105,117],"use":[1,59],"of":[2,18,33,60,66,87,93],"machine":[3],"learning":[4],"and":[5,31,51,63,69,73,84,102],"computer":[6],"vision":[7],"methods":[8,112],"for":[9],"recognizing":[10],"different":[11,37],"plants":[12],"from":[13,20],"images":[14],"has":[15],"attracted":[16],"lots":[17],"attention":[19],"the":[21,58,67,70,85,91,109,114],"community.":[22],"This":[23],"paper":[24],"aims":[25],"at":[26],"comparing":[27],"local":[28,78],"feature":[29,79],"descriptors":[30],"bags":[32],"visual":[34,88],"words":[35,89],"with":[36,81,90,97],"classifiers":[38],"to":[39,76],"deep":[40,110],"convolutional":[41],"neural":[42],"networks":[43],"(CNNs)":[44],"on":[45,124],"three":[46],"plant":[47],"datasets;":[48],"AgrilPlant,":[49],"LeafSnap,":[50],"Folio.":[52,129],"To":[53],"achieve":[54],"this,":[55],"we":[56],"study":[57],"both":[61],"scratch":[62],"fine-tuned":[64],"versions":[65],"GoogleNet":[68],"AlexNet":[71],"architectures":[72],"compare":[74],"them":[75],"a":[77,125],"descriptor":[80],"k-nearest":[82],"neighbors":[83],"bag":[86],"histogram":[92],"oriented":[94],"gradients":[95],"combined":[96],"either":[98],"support":[99],"vector":[100],"machines":[101],"multi-layer":[103],"perceptrons.":[104],"results":[106],"shows":[107],"that":[108],"CNN":[111,118],"outperform":[113],"hand-crafted":[115],"features.":[116],"techniques":[119],"can":[120],"also":[121],"learn":[122],"well":[123],"relatively":[126],"small":[127],"dataset,":[128]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}