{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4379794592","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5194/agile-giss-4-10-2023","title":"Semantic complexity of geographic questions - A comparison in terms of conceptual transformations of answers","display_name":"Semantic complexity of geographic questions - A comparison in terms of conceptual transformations of answers","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-06-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4379794592","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5194/agile-giss-4-10-2023"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.5194/agile-giss-4-10-2023","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/agile-giss-4-10-2023","pdf_url":"https://agile-giss.copernicus.org/articles/4/10/2023/agile-giss-4-10-2023.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210203054","display_name":"AGILE GIScience Series","issn_l":"2700-8150","issn":["2700-8150"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"AGILE: GIScience Series","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://agile-giss.copernicus.org/articles/4/10/2023/agile-giss-4-10-2023.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076312962","display_name":"Enkhbold Nyamsuren","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3680-9907"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193662353","display_name":"Utrecht University","ror":"https://ror.org/04pp8hn57","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193662353"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Enkhbold Nyamsuren","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Human Geography and Spatial Planning, Utrecht University, Vening Meineszgebouw A, Princetonlaan 8a, 3584 CB Utrecht, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Human Geography and Spatial Planning, Utrecht University, Vening Meineszgebouw A, Princetonlaan 8a, 3584 CB Utrecht, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193662353"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058977200","display_name":"Haiqi Xu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193662353","display_name":"Utrecht University","ror":"https://ror.org/04pp8hn57","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193662353"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haiqi Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Human Geography and Spatial Planning, Utrecht University, Vening Meineszgebouw A, Princetonlaan 8a, 3584 CB Utrecht, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Human Geography and Spatial Planning, Utrecht University, Vening Meineszgebouw A, Princetonlaan 8a, 3584 CB Utrecht, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193662353"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019245726","display_name":"Eric Top","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7748-7326"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193662353","display_name":"Utrecht University","ror":"https://ror.org/04pp8hn57","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193662353"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eric J. Top","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Human Geography and Spatial Planning, Utrecht University, Vening Meineszgebouw A, Princetonlaan 8a, 3584 CB Utrecht, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Human Geography and Spatial Planning, Utrecht University, Vening Meineszgebouw A, Princetonlaan 8a, 3584 CB Utrecht, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193662353"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031790635","display_name":"Simon Scheider","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2267-4810"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193662353","display_name":"Utrecht University","ror":"https://ror.org/04pp8hn57","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193662353"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Simon Scheider","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Human Geography and Spatial Planning, Utrecht University, Vening Meineszgebouw A, Princetonlaan 8a, 3584 CB Utrecht, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Human Geography and Spatial Planning, Utrecht University, Vening Meineszgebouw A, Princetonlaan 8a, 3584 CB Utrecht, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193662353"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000767301","display_name":"Niels Steenbergen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193662353","display_name":"Utrecht University","ror":"https://ror.org/04pp8hn57","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193662353"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Niels Steenbergen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Human Geography and Spatial Planning, Utrecht University, Vening Meineszgebouw A, Princetonlaan 8a, 3584 CB Utrecht, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Human Geography and Spatial Planning, Utrecht University, Vening Meineszgebouw A, Princetonlaan 8a, 3584 CB Utrecht, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193662353"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193662353"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9286,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74253731,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"10"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10757","display_name":"Geographic Information Systems Studies","score":0.9889000058174133,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3305","display_name":"Geography, Planning and Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10757","display_name":"Geographic Information Systems Studies","score":0.9889000058174133,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3305","display_name":"Geography, Planning and Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9811000227928162,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11710","display_name":"Biomedical Text Mining and Ontologies","score":0.978600025177002,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8252332210540771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parsing","display_name":"Parsing","score":0.6742191314697266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workflow","display_name":"Workflow","score":0.6098961234092712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variety","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","score":0.5614491701126099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.5182207226753235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.5043829679489136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-grammar","display_name":"Generative grammar","score":0.491506427526474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformation","display_name":"Transformation (genetics)","score":0.425519198179245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.40756434202194214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.39819571375846863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3397657871246338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.13340815901756287}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8252332210540771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186644900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194152","display_name":"Parsing","level":2,"score":0.6742191314697266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177212765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627335","display_name":"Workflow","level":2,"score":0.6098961234092712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.5614491701126099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.5182207226753235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.5043829679489136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.491506427526474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204241405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q461499","display_name":"Transformation (genetics)","level":3,"score":0.425519198179245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.40756434202194214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.39819571375846863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3397657871246338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.13340815901756287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.5194/agile-giss-4-10-2023","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/agile-giss-4-10-2023","pdf_url":"https://agile-giss.copernicus.org/articles/4/10/2023/agile-giss-4-10-2023.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210203054","display_name":"AGILE GIScience Series","issn_l":"2700-8150","issn":["2700-8150"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"AGILE: GIScience Series","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:uu:oai:dspace.library.uu.nl:1874/427896","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://dspace.library.uu.nl/handle/1874/427896","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401843","display_name":"Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1322597698","host_organization_name":"Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322597698"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"26th AGILE conference on geographic information science, 1","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/contributiontoperiodical"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.5194/agile-giss-4-10-2023","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/agile-giss-4-10-2023","pdf_url":"https://agile-giss.copernicus.org/articles/4/10/2023/agile-giss-4-10-2023.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210203054","display_name":"AGILE GIScience Series","issn_l":"2700-8150","issn":["2700-8150"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"AGILE: GIScience Series","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6526949260","display_name":"Question-based Analysis of Geographic Information with Semantic Queries","funder_award_id":"803498","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4379794592.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W74366724","https://openalex.org/W561974857","https://openalex.org/W1503653155","https://openalex.org/W1545100288","https://openalex.org/W1554612027","https://openalex.org/W1972788749","https://openalex.org/W2531852545","https://openalex.org/W2898502679","https://openalex.org/W2951534261","https://openalex.org/W3011565817","https://openalex.org/W3042325721","https://openalex.org/W3097532926","https://openalex.org/W3172066753","https://openalex.org/W3176186248","https://openalex.org/W4205738953","https://openalex.org/W4236894652","https://openalex.org/W4250779384","https://openalex.org/W4281623731","https://openalex.org/W6600213211","https://openalex.org/W6603816830","https://openalex.org/W6604075368"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1981780420","https://openalex.org/W2032233321","https://openalex.org/W2182707996","https://openalex.org/W45233828","https://openalex.org/W2964988449","https://openalex.org/W188202134","https://openalex.org/W3121970507","https://openalex.org/W2397952901","https://openalex.org/W2029380707","https://openalex.org/W2380075625"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract.":[0],"There":[1],"is":[2,17,42],"an":[3,87,181],"increasing":[4],"trend":[5],"of":[6,33,96,108,113,127,188],"applying":[7,68],"AIbased":[8],"automated":[9],"methods":[10],"to":[11,86,100],"geoscience":[12],"problems.":[13],"An":[14],"important":[15],"example":[16],"a":[18,34,38,69,82,102,152,171,174,184,191],"geographic":[19],"question":[20,40,59],"answering":[21],"(geoQA)":[22],"focused":[23],"on":[24,124],"answer":[25,101],"generation":[26],"via":[27],"GIS":[28,89,149],"workflows":[29],"rather":[30],"than":[31,162],"retrieval":[32],"factual":[35],"answer.":[36],"However,":[37],"representative":[39],"corpus":[41,172],"necessary":[43,99,211],"for":[44,115,212],"developing,":[45],"testing,":[46],"and":[47,65,78,110,204],"validating":[48],"such":[49],"generative":[50,214],"geoQA":[51,215],"systems.":[52,216],"We":[53],"compare":[54],"five":[55,119],"manually":[56],"constructed":[57],"geographical":[58,83],"corpora,":[60],"GeoAnQu,":[61,144],"Giki,":[62],"GeoCLEF,":[63],"GeoQuestions201,":[64],"Geoquery,":[66],"by":[67],"conceptual":[70],"transformation":[71],"parser.":[72],"The":[73],"parser":[74],"infers":[75],"geo-analytical":[76,97,128,160],"concepts":[77,109],"their":[79],"transformations":[80,114],"from":[81,148,164,197],"question,":[84],"akin":[85],"abstract":[88],"workflow.":[90],"Transformations":[91],"thus":[92],"represent":[93],"the":[94,106,111,118,125,141,165,209],"complexity":[95],"operations":[98,161],"question.":[103],"By":[104],"estimating":[105],"variety":[107],"number":[112,154],"each":[116],"corpus,":[117],"corpora":[120],"can":[121],"be":[122,132],"compared":[123],"level":[126],"complexity,":[129],"which":[130,145],"cannot":[131],"done":[133],"with":[134,173],"purely":[135],"NLP-based":[136],"methods.":[137],"Results":[138],"indicate":[139],"that":[140],"questions":[142,163,196],"in":[143],"were":[146],"compiled":[147],"literature,":[150],"require":[151,180],"higher":[153],"as":[155,157,190],"well":[156],"more":[158],"diverse":[159],"four":[166],"other":[167],"corpora.":[168],"Furthermore,":[169],"constructing":[170],"sufficient":[175],"representation":[176],"(including":[177],"GIS)":[178],"may":[179,206],"approach":[182],"targeting":[183],"uniquely":[185],"qualified":[186],"group":[187],"users":[189],"source.":[192],"In":[193],"contrast,":[194],"sampling":[195],"large-scale":[198],"online":[199],"repositories":[200],"like":[201],"Google,":[202],"Microsoft,":[203],"Yahoo":[205],"not":[207],"provide":[208],"quality":[210],"testing":[213]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-09T07:52:08.696243","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}