{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4281689570","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5194/agile-giss-3-9-2022","title":"Geoparsing: Solved or Biased? An Evaluation of Geographic Biases in Geoparsing","display_name":"Geoparsing: Solved or Biased? An Evaluation of Geographic Biases in Geoparsing","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-06-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4281689570","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5194/agile-giss-3-9-2022"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.5194/agile-giss-3-9-2022","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5194/agile-giss-3-9-2022","pdf_url":"https://agile-giss.copernicus.org/articles/3/9/2022/agile-giss-3-9-2022.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210203054","display_name":"AGILE GIScience Series","issn_l":"2700-8150","issn":["2700-8150"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"AGILE: GIScience Series","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://agile-giss.copernicus.org/articles/3/9/2022/agile-giss-3-9-2022.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100629534","display_name":"Zilong Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3637-1586"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154570441","display_name":"University of California, Santa Barbara","ror":"https://ror.org/02t274463","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zilong Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Spatial Studies, University of California, Santa Barbara, USA","STKO Lab, Department of Geography, University of California, Santa Barbara, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Spatial Studies, University of California, Santa Barbara, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"STKO Lab, Department of Geography, University of California, Santa Barbara, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110930512","display_name":"Krzysztof Janowicz","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154570441","display_name":"University of California, Santa Barbara","ror":"https://ror.org/02t274463","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129774422","display_name":"University of Vienna","ror":"https://ror.org/03prydq77","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129774422"]}],"countries":["AT","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Krzysztof Janowicz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Spatial Studies, University of California, Santa Barbara, USA","Department of Geography and Regional Research, University of Vienna, Austria","STKO Lab, Department of Geography, University of California, Santa Barbara, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Spatial Studies, University of California, Santa Barbara, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography and Regional Research, University of Vienna, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129774422"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"STKO Lab, Department of Geography, University of California, Santa Barbara, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077183319","display_name":"Ling Cai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7106-4907"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154570441","display_name":"University of California, Santa Barbara","ror":"https://ror.org/02t274463","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ling Cai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Spatial Studies, University of California, Santa Barbara, USA","STKO Lab, Department of Geography, University of California, Santa Barbara, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Spatial Studies, University of California, Santa Barbara, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"STKO Lab, Department of Geography, University of California, Santa Barbara, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100617068","display_name":"Rui Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7631-3589"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154570441","display_name":"University of California, Santa Barbara","ror":"https://ror.org/02t274463","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rui Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Spatial Studies, University of California, Santa Barbara, USA","STKO Lab, Department of Geography, University of California, Santa Barbara, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Spatial Studies, University of California, Santa Barbara, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"STKO Lab, Department of Geography, University of California, Santa Barbara, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036007312","display_name":"Gengchen Mai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7818-7309"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154570441","display_name":"University of California, Santa Barbara","ror":"https://ror.org/02t274463","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gengchen Mai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Spatial Studies, University of California, Santa Barbara, USA","Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, USA","STKO Lab, Department of Geography, University of California, Santa Barbara, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Spatial Studies, University of California, Santa Barbara, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"STKO Lab, Department of Geography, University of California, Santa Barbara, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042022280","display_name":"Meilin Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6039-7810"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154570441","display_name":"University of California, Santa Barbara","ror":"https://ror.org/02t274463","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Meilin Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Spatial Studies, University of California, Santa Barbara, USA","STKO Lab, Department of Geography, University of California, Santa Barbara, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Spatial Studies, University of California, Santa Barbara, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"STKO Lab, Department of Geography, University of California, Santa Barbara, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100629534"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":18.8074,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":26,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99286521,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"13"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10757","display_name":"Geographic Information Systems Studies","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3305","display_name":"Geography, Planning and Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10757","display_name":"Geographic Information Systems Studies","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3305","display_name":"Geography, Planning and Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11106","display_name":"Data Management and Algorithms","score":0.967199981212616,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10215","display_name":"Semantic Web and Ontologies","score":0.9473000168800354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geospatial-analysis","display_name":"Geospatial analysis","score":0.8753572702407837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/debiasing","display_name":"Debiasing","score":0.8736545443534851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6099405884742737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.5402671098709106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/space","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","score":0.4789772033691406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.4700647294521332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.46182021498680115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geographic-information-system","display_name":"Geographic information system","score":0.45298275351524353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-analysis","display_name":"Spatial analysis","score":0.4291020333766937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.38974273204803467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.31533414125442505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.22486573457717896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.08191514015197754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.07883694767951965}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9770341","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1938983","display_name":"Geospatial analysis","level":2,"score":0.8753572702407837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779458634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q24963715","display_name":"Debiasing","level":2,"score":0.8736545443534851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6099405884742737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.5402671098709106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778572836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380933","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","level":2,"score":0.4789772033691406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.4700647294521332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.46182021498680115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41856607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483130","display_name":"Geographic information system","level":2,"score":0.45298275351524353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159620131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1938983","display_name":"Spatial analysis","level":2,"score":0.4291020333766937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.38974273204803467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.31533414125442505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.22486573457717896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.08191514015197754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.07883694767951965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.5194/agile-giss-3-9-2022","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5194/agile-giss-3-9-2022","pdf_url":"https://agile-giss.copernicus.org/articles/3/9/2022/agile-giss-3-9-2022.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210203054","display_name":"AGILE GIScience Series","issn_l":"2700-8150","issn":["2700-8150"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"AGILE: GIScience Series","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt03z5m5k8","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/03z5m5k8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400115","display_name":"eScholarship (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"etd"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.5194/agile-giss-3-9-2022","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5194/agile-giss-3-9-2022","pdf_url":"https://agile-giss.copernicus.org/articles/3/9/2022/agile-giss-3-9-2022.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210203054","display_name":"AGILE GIScience Series","issn_l":"2700-8150","issn":["2700-8150"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"AGILE: GIScience Series","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.44999998807907104,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","display_name":"Climate action"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2947721200","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2033521","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4281689570.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4281689570.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":63,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1967137980","https://openalex.org/W1978453999","https://openalex.org/W1983018017","https://openalex.org/W1988093401","https://openalex.org/W2003094793","https://openalex.org/W2020278455","https://openalex.org/W2020694859","https://openalex.org/W2026169687","https://openalex.org/W2031148159","https://openalex.org/W2045451950","https://openalex.org/W2054320685","https://openalex.org/W2057691392","https://openalex.org/W2089792340","https://openalex.org/W2104943794","https://openalex.org/W2117539524","https://openalex.org/W2141835599","https://openalex.org/W2150337160","https://openalex.org/W2151940493","https://openalex.org/W2154286323","https://openalex.org/W2157093342","https://openalex.org/W2161206953","https://openalex.org/W2163128056","https://openalex.org/W2226371358","https://openalex.org/W2284289336","https://openalex.org/W2296283641","https://openalex.org/W2520641200","https://openalex.org/W2548825740","https://openalex.org/W2549795979","https://openalex.org/W2593537191","https://openalex.org/W2755127771","https://openalex.org/W2770618123","https://openalex.org/W2788931857","https://openalex.org/W2799089834","https://openalex.org/W2809246046","https://openalex.org/W2811351369","https://openalex.org/W2884725175","https://openalex.org/W2888930519","https://openalex.org/W2912457762","https://openalex.org/W2946749442","https://openalex.org/W2947367518","https://openalex.org/W2973619314","https://openalex.org/W2979524927","https://openalex.org/W2982441053","https://openalex.org/W2993383518","https://openalex.org/W3007832212","https://openalex.org/W3024097351","https://openalex.org/W3042568359","https://openalex.org/W3093457167","https://openalex.org/W3117363710","https://openalex.org/W3119149682","https://openalex.org/W3133381875","https://openalex.org/W3181414820","https://openalex.org/W3183371105","https://openalex.org/W3209230196","https://openalex.org/W3216253159","https://openalex.org/W4254615348","https://openalex.org/W4313324521","https://openalex.org/W6600106573","https://openalex.org/W6600980905","https://openalex.org/W6610928041","https://openalex.org/W6631473121","https://openalex.org/W6636213224","https://openalex.org/W6750797520"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4386875279","https://openalex.org/W4362554880","https://openalex.org/W4281684980","https://openalex.org/W3155483442","https://openalex.org/W4214818710","https://openalex.org/W4296970743","https://openalex.org/W4205665237","https://openalex.org/W2365031108","https://openalex.org/W3159249782","https://openalex.org/W2751150124"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract.":[0],"Geoparsing,":[1],"the":[2,20,54,71,81,144,152,200,207],"task":[3],"of":[4,70,97,105],"extracting":[5],"toponyms":[6],"from":[7,213],"texts":[8],"and":[9,91,113,171,175,215],"associating":[10],"them":[11,106],"with":[12,137],"geographic":[13,45,111,148,161],"locations,":[14],"has":[15],"witnessed":[16],"remarkable":[17],"progress":[18],"over":[19,95],"past":[21],"years.":[22],"However,":[23],"despite":[24],"its":[25,42],"intrinsically":[26],"geospatial":[27],"nature,":[28],"existing":[29],"evaluations":[30,197],"tend":[31],"to":[32,41,52,187,221,227],"focus":[33],"on":[34],"overall":[35],"performance":[36,176,181,196],"while":[37],"paying":[38],"little":[39],"attention":[40],"variation":[43],"across":[44,110,147],"space.":[46,149],"In":[47],"this":[48,85,155],"work,":[49],"we":[50,78,101,159],"attempt":[51],"answer":[53],"question":[55],"whether":[56],"geoparsing":[57,75,165,210],"is":[58,211],"solved":[59],"or":[60],"biased":[61,117],"by":[62],"conducting":[63],"a":[64,128],"spatially-explicit":[65,180],"evaluation,":[66],"namely":[67],"an":[68,185],"evaluation":[69,182,188],"regional":[72,86,157],"variability":[73],"in":[74,164,191,199,219],"performance.":[76],"Particularly,":[77,178],"will":[79],"analyze":[80],"spatial":[82],"autocorrelation":[83],"underlying":[84],"variability.":[87],"By":[88],"performing":[89],"hot":[90],"cold":[92],"spot":[93],"detection":[94],"results":[96],"several":[98],"open-source":[99],"geoparsers,":[100],"observe":[102],"that":[103,132,194,209],"none":[104],"performs":[107],"equally":[108],"well":[109],"space,":[112],"some":[114,119],"are":[115,202],"geographically":[116],"towards":[118],"regions":[120],"but":[121],"against":[122],"others.":[123],"We":[124],"also":[125],"carry":[126],"out":[127],"comparative":[129],"experiment":[130],"showing":[131],"stateof-":[133],"the-art":[134],"geoparsers":[135,216],"developed":[136],"neural":[138],"networks":[139],"do":[140],"not":[141],"necessarily":[142],"outperform":[143],"off-the-shelf":[145],"tools":[146],"To":[150],"understand":[151],"implications":[153],"behind":[154],"observed":[156],"variability,":[158],"evaluate":[160],"biases":[162],"involved":[163],"research":[166],"centered":[167],"around":[168],"data":[169],"contribution":[170],"usage,":[172],"algorithm":[173],"design,":[174],"evaluations.":[177],"our":[179],"serves":[183],"as":[184],"approach":[186],"bias":[189],"mitigation":[190],"geoparsing.We":[192],"conclude":[193],"previous":[195],"published":[198],"literature":[201],"overly":[203],"optimistic,":[204],"thus":[205],"hiding":[206],"fact":[208],"far":[212],"solved,":[214],"require":[217],"debiasing":[218],"addition":[220],"further":[222],"considerations":[223],"when":[224],"being":[225],"applied":[226],"(geospatial)":[228],"downstream":[229],"tasks.":[230]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
