{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1923543802","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5075/epfl-thesis-6745","title":"Camera-based estimation of student's attention in class","display_name":"Camera-based estimation of student's attention in class","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1923543802","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5075/epfl-thesis-6745","mag":"1923543802"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:infoscience.tind.io:212929","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://infoscience.epfl.ch/handle/20.500.14299/119776","pdf_url":"https://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/212929/files/EPFL_TH6745.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400487","display_name":"Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"doctoral thesis"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/212929/files/EPFL_TH6745.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066224190","display_name":"Mirko Raca","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Raca, Mirko","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5066224190"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9754999876022339,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9754999876022339,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.678146243095398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communication-source","display_name":"Communication source","score":0.6746330857276917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaze","display_name":"Gaze","score":0.6450605392456055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.6270173788070679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6173452138900757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/motion","display_name":"Motion (physics)","score":0.560765266418457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synchronization","display_name":"Synchronization (alternating current)","score":0.5392976403236389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orientation","display_name":"Orientation (vector space)","score":0.4506445825099945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking","display_name":"Tracking (education)","score":0.41882947087287903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.40828070044517517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.35117417573928833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.25412070751190186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.2342478632926941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1507658064365387}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.678146243095398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198104137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q974688","display_name":"Communication source","level":2,"score":0.6746330857276917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779916870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14467155","display_name":"Gaze","level":2,"score":0.6450605392456055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.6270173788070679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6173452138900757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104114177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79782","display_name":"Motion (physics)","level":2,"score":0.560765266418457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778562939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1298791","display_name":"Synchronization (alternating current)","level":3,"score":0.5392976403236389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16345878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107472979","display_name":"Orientation (vector space)","level":2,"score":0.4506445825099945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.41882947087287903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.40828070044517517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.35117417573928833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.25412070751190186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.2342478632926941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1507658064365387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:infoscience.tind.io:212929","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://infoscience.epfl.ch/handle/20.500.14299/119776","pdf_url":"https://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/212929/files/EPFL_TH6745.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400487","display_name":"Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"doctoral thesis"},{"id":"pmh:oai:infoscience.epfl.ch:212929","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/212929","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400487","display_name":"Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"doi:10.5075/epfl-thesis-6745","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5075/epfl-thesis-6745","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400488","display_name":"Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"thesis"},{"id":"mag:1923543802","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/212929","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:infoscience.tind.io:212929","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://infoscience.epfl.ch/handle/20.500.14299/119776","pdf_url":"https://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/212929/files/EPFL_TH6745.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400487","display_name":"Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"doctoral thesis"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.800000011920929,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1923543802.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1923543802.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2081112272","https://openalex.org/W2016649093","https://openalex.org/W2536982654","https://openalex.org/W2116557292","https://openalex.org/W2290576209","https://openalex.org/W2902753365","https://openalex.org/W2776312359","https://openalex.org/W2897886639","https://openalex.org/W3159980834","https://openalex.org/W2032756716","https://openalex.org/W2895299763","https://openalex.org/W2401510503","https://openalex.org/W2148508265","https://openalex.org/W1585701940","https://openalex.org/W2090785766","https://openalex.org/W3210301500","https://openalex.org/W2060943494","https://openalex.org/W2110581150","https://openalex.org/W3162401168","https://openalex.org/W2021791371"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Two":[0],"essential":[1],"elements":[2],"of":[3,23,37,70,85,110,135,178,186,206,222,251,275,306,309,316],"classroom":[4],"lecturing":[5],"are":[6,173],"the":[7,10,20,29,35,46,57,62,93,108,113,123,139,176,184,191,223,234,255,287,307,313],"teacher":[8,58],"and":[9,49,73,115,117,239,269,278,298],"students.":[11,310],"This":[12],"human":[13,47],"core":[14],"can":[15,40],"easily":[16],"be":[17],"lost":[18],"in":[19,155,171,216,259],"overwhelming":[21],"list":[22],"technological":[24,43],"supplements":[25],"aimed":[26],"at":[27,327],"improving":[28],"teaching/learning":[30],"experience.":[31],"We":[32,182],"start":[33],"from":[34,281],"question":[36],"whether":[38],"we":[39,99,130,150,167,208,229,246,272,290],"formulate":[41],"a":[42,101,132,144,198,303,319],"intervention":[44],"around":[45,107],"connection,":[48],"find":[50],"indicators":[51],"which":[52],"would":[53,196],"tell":[54],"us":[55],"when":[56],"is":[59,66,79],"not":[60],"reaching":[61],"audience.":[63,225],"Our":[64,77],"approach":[65],"based":[67,189],"on":[68,122,127,165,175,190,233,243,266],"principles":[69],"unobtrusive":[71],"measurements":[72],"social":[74],"signal":[75],"processing.":[76],"assumption":[78],"that":[80,169,193,292],"students":[81,195],"with":[82,264],"different":[83,89],"levels":[84],"attention":[86,172],"will":[87],"display":[88],"non-verbal":[90],"behaviour":[91,136,200,280],"during":[92],"lecture.":[94],"Inspired":[95],"by":[96],"information":[97,221],"theory,":[98],"formulated":[100,183,247],"theoretical":[102],"background":[103],"for":[104],"our":[105,159,162,203,282,317],"assumptions":[106],"idea":[109,192],"synchronization":[111,293],"between":[112,118,236,294],"sender":[114],"receiver,":[116],"several":[119],"receivers":[120],"focused":[121],"same":[124],"sender.":[125],"Based":[126,242],"this":[128,228],"foundation":[129],"present":[131],"novel":[133],"set":[134,205],"metrics":[137,207],"as":[138,302],"main":[140],"contribution.":[141],"By":[142],"using":[143],"camera-based":[145],"system":[146],"to":[147,157,211,218],"observe":[148],"lectures,":[149],"recorded":[151],"an":[152,231,248],"extensive":[153],"dataset":[154],"order":[156,217],"verify":[158],"assumptions.":[160],"In":[161,262],"first":[163],"study":[164],"motion,":[166],"found":[168,291],"differences":[170],"manifested":[174],"level":[177],"audience":[179,276],"movement":[180],"synchronization.":[181],"measure":[185],"``motion":[187],"lag''":[188],"attentive":[194],"have":[197],"common":[199],"pattern.":[201],"For":[202],"second":[204],"explored":[209],"ways":[210],"substitute":[212],"intrusive":[213],"eye-tracking":[214],"equipment":[215],"record":[219],"gaze":[220,240,252,279],"entire":[224],"To":[226,311],"achieve":[227],"conducted":[230],"experiment":[232],"relationship":[235],"head":[237,267,277,296],"orientation":[238,297],"direction.":[241],"acquired":[244],"results":[245,326],"improved":[249],"model":[250,321],"uncertainty":[253],"than":[254],"ones":[256],"currently":[257],"used":[258],"similar":[260],"studies.":[261],"combination":[263],"improvements":[265],"detection":[268],"pose":[270],"estimation,":[271],"extracted":[273],"measures":[274],"remote":[283],"recording":[284],"system.":[285],"From":[286],"collected":[288],"data":[289],"student's":[295,329],"teacher's":[299],"motion":[300],"serves":[301],"reliable":[304],"indicator":[305],"attentiveness":[308],"illustrate":[312],"predictive":[314],"power":[315],"features,":[318],"supervised-learning":[320],"was":[322],"trained":[323],"achieving":[324],"satisfactory":[325],"predicting":[328],"attention.":[330]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T06:51:31.235846","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}