{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4312695414","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5070/sr32159045","title":"[SoK] The Great GAN Bake Off, An Extensive Systematic Evaluation of Generative Adversarial Network Architectures for Time Series Synthesis","display_name":"[SoK] The Great GAN Bake Off, An Extensive Systematic Evaluation of Generative Adversarial Network Architectures for Time Series Synthesis","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4312695414","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5070/sr32159045"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.5070/sr32159045","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5070/sr32159045","pdf_url":"https://escholarship.org/content/qt33h6w78g/qt33h6w78g.pdf?t=rixbli","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4220651612","display_name":"Journal of Systems Research","issn_l":"2770-5501","issn":["2770-5501"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Systems Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://escholarship.org/content/qt33h6w78g/qt33h6w78g.pdf?t=rixbli","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079844809","display_name":"Mark Leznik","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3079-9645"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180923762","display_name":"University of Cologne","ror":"https://ror.org/00rcxh774","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180923762"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185103710","display_name":"University of California, Santa Cruz","ror":"https://ror.org/03s65by71","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185103710"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210161492","display_name":"Domus Medica","ror":"https://ror.org/059tf1p39","country_code":"BE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210161492"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86987016","display_name":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/026vcq606","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}],"countries":["BE","DE","SE","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mark Leznik","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ulm University","University of Cologne","J\u00d6RG DOMASCHKA Ulm University","KTH Royal Institute of Technology","UC Santa Cruz"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ulm University","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Cologne","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180923762"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"J\u00d6RG DOMASCHKA Ulm University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210161492"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"UC Santa Cruz","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185103710"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038723336","display_name":"Arne Lochner","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180923762","display_name":"University of Cologne","ror":"https://ror.org/00rcxh774","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180923762"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185103710","display_name":"University of California, Santa Cruz","ror":"https://ror.org/03s65by71","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185103710"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210161492","display_name":"Domus Medica","ror":"https://ror.org/059tf1p39","country_code":"BE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210161492"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86987016","display_name":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/026vcq606","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}],"countries":["BE","DE","SE","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arne Lochner","raw_affiliation_strings":["UC Santa Cruz","KTH Royal Institute of Technology","J\u00d6RG DOMASCHKA Ulm University","University of Cologne","Ulm University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UC Santa Cruz","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185103710"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"J\u00d6RG DOMASCHKA Ulm University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210161492"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Cologne","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180923762"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ulm University","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002084170","display_name":"Stefan Wesner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7270-7959"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180923762","display_name":"University of Cologne","ror":"https://ror.org/00rcxh774","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180923762"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185103710","display_name":"University of California, Santa Cruz","ror":"https://ror.org/03s65by71","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185103710"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210161492","display_name":"Domus Medica","ror":"https://ror.org/059tf1p39","country_code":"BE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210161492"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86987016","display_name":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/026vcq606","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}],"countries":["BE","DE","SE","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stefan Wesner","raw_affiliation_strings":["J\u00d6RG DOMASCHKA Ulm University","UC Santa Cruz","University of Cologne","Ulm University","KTH Royal Institute of Technology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"J\u00d6RG DOMASCHKA Ulm University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210161492"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"UC Santa Cruz","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185103710"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Cologne","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180923762"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ulm University","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049446644","display_name":"J\u00f6rg Domaschka","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5451-3480"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180923762","display_name":"University of Cologne","ror":"https://ror.org/00rcxh774","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180923762"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185103710","display_name":"University of California, Santa Cruz","ror":"https://ror.org/03s65by71","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185103710"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210161492","display_name":"Domus Medica","ror":"https://ror.org/059tf1p39","country_code":"BE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210161492"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86987016","display_name":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/026vcq606","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}],"countries":["BE","DE","SE","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J\u00f6rg Domaschka","raw_affiliation_strings":["KTH Royal Institute of Technology","J\u00d6RG DOMASCHKA Ulm University","UC Santa Cruz","Ulm University","University of Cologne"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"J\u00d6RG DOMASCHKA Ulm University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210161492"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"UC Santa Cruz","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185103710"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ulm University","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Cologne","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180923762"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8484,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.718161,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12205","display_name":"Time Series Analysis and Forecasting","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12205","display_name":"Time Series Analysis and Forecasting","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8050351738929749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discriminator","display_name":"Discriminator","score":0.5744329690933228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-series","display_name":"Time series","score":0.5256128311157227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5040237307548523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-architecture","display_name":"Network architecture","score":0.49686434864997864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4793058931827545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.47604942321777344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.4657593071460724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.43133318424224854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.41452479362487793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fidelity","display_name":"Fidelity","score":0.4142792224884033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.41102659702301025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3891009986400604}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8050351738929749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779803651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282088","display_name":"Discriminator","level":3,"score":0.5744329690933228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151406439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186588","display_name":"Time series","level":2,"score":0.5256128311157227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5040237307548523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q639681","display_name":"Network architecture","level":2,"score":0.49686434864997864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4793058931827545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.47604942321777344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.4657593071460724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.43133318424224854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.41452479362487793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776459999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2119376","display_name":"Fidelity","level":2,"score":0.4142792224884033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.41102659702301025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3891009986400604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.5070/sr32159045","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5070/sr32159045","pdf_url":"https://escholarship.org/content/qt33h6w78g/qt33h6w78g.pdf?t=rixbli","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4220651612","display_name":"Journal of Systems Research","issn_l":"2770-5501","issn":["2770-5501"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Systems Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt33h6w78g","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/33h6w78g","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400115","display_name":"eScholarship (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Systems Research, vol 2, iss 1","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.5070/sr32159045","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5070/sr32159045","pdf_url":"https://escholarship.org/content/qt33h6w78g/qt33h6w78g.pdf?t=rixbli","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4220651612","display_name":"Journal of Systems Research","issn_l":"2770-5501","issn":["2770-5501"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Systems Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5299999713897705,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities"},{"score":0.4699999988079071,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4312695414.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4312695414.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W189596042","https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1836465849","https://openalex.org/W1965555277","https://openalex.org/W2082410059","https://openalex.org/W2109426455","https://openalex.org/W2124180661","https://openalex.org/W2173520492","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2552465644","https://openalex.org/W2567070169","https://openalex.org/W2605135824","https://openalex.org/W2622068151","https://openalex.org/W2739748921","https://openalex.org/W2768599997","https://openalex.org/W2785678896","https://openalex.org/W2792764867","https://openalex.org/W2893749619","https://openalex.org/W2904367110","https://openalex.org/W2911436395","https://openalex.org/W2937975340","https://openalex.org/W2952716587","https://openalex.org/W2962770929","https://openalex.org/W2963073614","https://openalex.org/W2963373786","https://openalex.org/W2963684088","https://openalex.org/W2963873275","https://openalex.org/W2975063902","https://openalex.org/W2995327724","https://openalex.org/W2996331899","https://openalex.org/W2997676097","https://openalex.org/W3008851394","https://openalex.org/W3015694082","https://openalex.org/W3035574324","https://openalex.org/W3098957257","https://openalex.org/W3124079483","https://openalex.org/W3155381155","https://openalex.org/W3166513219","https://openalex.org/W3171884590","https://openalex.org/W4287990566","https://openalex.org/W4293775665","https://openalex.org/W4294583247","https://openalex.org/W4295276154","https://openalex.org/W4295521014","https://openalex.org/W4301892355","https://openalex.org/W4320013936","https://openalex.org/W4385245566"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4312417841","https://openalex.org/W4321369474","https://openalex.org/W2731899572","https://openalex.org/W3133861977","https://openalex.org/W4200173597","https://openalex.org/W3116150086","https://openalex.org/W2999805992","https://openalex.org/W4380075502","https://openalex.org/W3091976719","https://openalex.org/W2517027266"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"There":[0],"is":[1,117],"no":[2],"standard":[3],"approach":[4],"to":[5,24,58,119,134,154,168,205,244],"compare":[6,169],"the":[7,19,43,70,76,100,124,170,210,220,233,239,264,267,273,277],"success":[8],"ofdifferent":[9],"neural":[10,46,91,198],"network":[11,47,175,199,217],"architectures":[12,83,88,126,176],"utilized":[13],"for":[14,30,49,60,106,141,177],"time":[15,50,107,178,212],"seriessynthesis.":[16],"This":[17],"hinders":[18],"evaluation":[20],"and":[21,65,81,95,127,146,162,187,207],"decision":[22],"process,as":[23],"which":[25,40,116],"architecture":[26,218,223],"should":[27],"be":[28],"leveraged":[29],"an":[31],"unknowndata":[32],"set.":[33,229],"We":[34,73,122,138,164,261],"propose":[35,112],"a":[36,113],"combination":[37],"of":[38,45,78,102,172,209,232,266],"metrics,":[39],"empiri-cally":[41],"evaluate":[42,123],"performance":[44,171,231,265],"architecturestrained":[48],"series":[51,108,179,213],"synthesis.":[52,109],"With":[53],"these":[54],"measurementswe":[55],"are":[56,219],"able":[57,118],"account":[59],"temporal":[61,161,193,250],"correlations,":[62],"spatial":[63],"cor-relations":[64],"mode":[66,225],"collapse":[67,226],"issues":[68],"within":[69],"generated":[71,211],"timeseries.":[72],"further":[74],"investigate":[75],"interaction":[77],"different":[79],"genera-tor":[80],"discriminator":[82,274],"between":[84],"each":[85],"other.":[86],"Theconsidered":[87],"include":[89],"recurrent":[90,197,255],"networks,temporal":[92],"convolutional":[93],"networks":[94],"transformer-based":[96,103],"net-works.":[97],"So":[98],"far,":[99],"application":[101],"models":[104,235],"islimited":[105],"Hence,":[110],"we":[111,184],"newtransformer-based":[114],"architecture,":[115],"synthesisetime":[120],"series.":[121],"proposed":[125],"theircombinations":[128],"in":[129,160],"over":[130],"500":[131],"experiments,":[132],"amounting":[133],"over2500":[135],"computing":[136],"hours.":[137],"provide":[139],"results":[140,190],"four":[142],"data":[143,150,228,240,246],"sets,one":[144],"univariate":[145],"three":[147],"multivariate.":[148],"The":[149,230],"sets":[151,247],"vary":[152],"withregard":[153],"length,":[155],"as":[156,158],"well":[157],"patterns":[159],"spatialcorrelations.":[163],"use":[165],"our":[166,182],"metrics":[167],"genera-tive":[173],"adversarial":[174,269],"synthesis.To":[180],"verify":[181],"findings":[183],"utilize":[185],"quantitative":[186],"qualitativeevaluations.":[188],"Our":[189],"indicate":[191],"that":[192],"convolutionalnetworks":[194],"currently":[195],"outperform":[196],"andtransformer":[200],"based":[201],"approaches":[202],"with":[203,248,254],"regard":[204],"fidelity":[206],"flex-ibility":[208],"data.":[214],"Temporal":[215],"convolu-tional":[216],"most":[221],"stable":[222],"fora":[224],"prone":[227],"trans-former":[234],"strongly":[236],"depends":[237],"on":[238,272],"set":[241],"characteristics,it":[242],"struggled":[243],"synthesise":[245],"high":[249],"andspatial":[251],"correlations.":[252],"Discriminators":[253],"networkarchitectures":[256],"suffer":[257],"from":[258],"vanishing":[259],"gradients.":[260],"also":[262],"show,that":[263],"generative":[268],"networksdepends":[270],"more":[271],"rather":[275],"than":[276],"generator.":[278]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
