{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7171356958","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2607.22529","title":"Skill Self-Play: Pushing the Frontier of LLM Capability with Co-Evolving Skills","display_name":"Skill Self-Play: Pushing the Frontier of LLM Capability with Co-Evolving Skills","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-07-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7171356958","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2607.22529"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2607.22529","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2607.22529","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2607.22529","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043900893","display_name":"Sicong Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0854-4734"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huang, Siyuan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5143709634","display_name":"Pengyu Cheng","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cheng, Pengyu","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5143716605","display_name":"Haotian Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liu, Haotian","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5143680655","display_name":"Tao Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen, Tao","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5143692464","display_name":"Yihao Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liu, Yihao","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5143722663","display_name":"Jingwei Ni","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ni, Jingwei","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5143706886","display_name":"Shijie Zhou","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhou, Shijie","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5143696760","display_name":"Ziyi Yang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang, Ziyi","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5143733989","display_name":"Gangwei Jiang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiang, Gangwei","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107430161","display_name":"M Zhou","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhou, Mengyu","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125390941","display_name":"Y Cheng","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cheng, Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121672896","display_name":"Xiaoxi Jiang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiang, Xiaoxi","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5143682743","display_name":"Guanjun Jiang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiang, Guanjun","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10462","display_name":"Reinforcement Learning in Robotics","score":0.15489999949932098,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10462","display_name":"Reinforcement Learning in Robotics","score":0.15489999949932098,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.10450000315904617,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.06949999928474426,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.6270999908447266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.6118999719619751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/verifiable-secret-sharing","display_name":"Verifiable secret sharing","score":0.5228000283241272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ceiling","display_name":"Ceiling (cloud)","score":0.3831000030040741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dreyfus-model-of-skill-acquisition","display_name":"Dreyfus model of skill acquisition","score":0.36340001225471497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satisfiability-modulo-theories","display_name":"Satisfiability modulo theories","score":0.36090001463890076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/solver","display_name":"Solver","score":0.350600004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/active-learning","display_name":"Active learning (machine learning)","score":0.33500000834465027}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7064999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.6270999908447266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.6118999719619751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85847156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q59015987","display_name":"Verifiable secret sharing","level":3,"score":0.5228000283241272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.4025999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777489069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1589822","display_name":"Ceiling (cloud)","level":2,"score":0.3831000030040741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3709999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132758656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5307365","display_name":"Dreyfus model of skill acquisition","level":2,"score":0.36340001225471497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164155591","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2067766","display_name":"Satisfiability modulo theories","level":2,"score":0.36090001463890076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778770139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1966904","display_name":"Solver","level":2,"score":0.350600004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77967617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4677561","display_name":"Active learning (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.33500000834465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64543145","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162942","display_name":"Intersection (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.32670000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.3257000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776321320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857525","display_name":"Annotation","level":2,"score":0.31839999556541443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22367795","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7625208","display_name":"Structured prediction","level":2,"score":0.31679999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175154964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380077","display_name":"Task analysis","level":3,"score":0.3149000108242035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.314300000667572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.30550000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203479927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165939","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","level":2,"score":0.30090001225471497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777211547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141490","display_name":"Training (meteorology)","level":2,"score":0.30079999566078186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.30000001192092896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778572836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380933","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","level":2,"score":0.2662999927997589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.2639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778496695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254128","display_name":"Dilemma","level":2,"score":0.2542000114917755}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2607.22529","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2607.22529","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2607.22529","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2607.22529","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.822385847568512,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"LLM":[0],"training":[1,54],"is":[2,204],"shifting":[3],"from":[4],"manual":[5],"design":[6],"and":[7,23,104,143,152,167,174],"annotation":[8],"to":[9,34,51,65,138,150],"interaction-driven":[10],"self-evolution.":[11],"However,":[12],"existing":[13],"self-evolutionary":[14],"methods":[15,27],"face":[16],"a":[17,61,76,96,100,102,105,111,119,182],"fundamental":[18],"dilemma":[19],"between":[20,164],"task":[21,42,86],"diversity":[22],"verification":[24,166],"reliability:":[25],"environment-bound":[26],"obtain":[28],"precise":[29],"feedback":[30,149],"but":[31,44],"confine":[32],"learning":[33,113],"narrow":[35],"domains,":[36],"while":[37,79,194],"open-ended":[38,85,168],"self-generation":[39],"broadens":[40],"the":[41,53,123,133,144,154,162,188],"space":[43],"lacks":[45],"reliable":[46],"verification,":[47],"allowing":[48],"misleading":[49],"rewards":[50],"pollute":[52],"loop.":[55],"We":[56],"identify":[57],"agent":[58],"skills":[59,83],"as":[60,181],"powerful":[62],"middle":[63],"ground":[64],"reconcile":[66],"this":[67,89],"tension:":[68],"each":[69],"skill":[70,107,145,155],"ensures":[71],"deep,":[72],"verifiable":[73],"execution":[74,148],"in":[75,118],"specific":[77],"scenario,":[78],"dynamic":[80,106],"routing":[81],"across":[82],"maintains":[84],"variety.":[87],"Leveraging":[88],"insight,":[90],"we":[91],"introduce":[92],"Skill":[93],"Self-Play":[94],"(Skill-SP),":[95],"co-evolutionary":[97],"framework":[98],"comprising":[99],"proposer,":[101],"solver,":[103],"controller.":[108],"Orchestrated":[109],"via":[110],"reinforcement":[112],"loop,":[114],"these":[115],"components":[116],"co-evolve":[117],"continuous":[120],"self-play":[121],"loop:":[122],"proposer":[124],"generates":[125],"challenging":[126],"tasks":[127],"conditioned":[128],"on":[129,172],"dynamically":[130],"sampled":[131],"skills;":[132],"solver":[134],"explores":[135],"candidate":[136],"solutions":[137],"push":[139],"its":[140],"capability":[141],"boundaries;":[142],"controller":[146],"collects":[147],"update":[151],"expand":[153],"library.":[156],"This":[157],"interactive":[158],"co-evolution":[159],"effectively":[160],"bridges":[161],"gap":[163],"structured":[165],"exploration.":[169],"Empirical":[170],"evaluations":[171],"tool-use":[173],"reasoning":[175],"benchmarks":[176],"demonstrate":[177],"that":[178],"Skill-SP,":[179],"serving":[180],"robust":[183],"evolution":[184],"engine,":[185],"consistently":[186],"pushes":[187],"performance":[189],"ceiling":[190],"of":[191],"competent":[192],"backbones":[193],"catalyzing":[195],"striking":[196],"turnarounds":[197],"for":[198],"initially":[199],"misaligned":[200],"models.":[201],"Our":[202],"code":[203],"available":[205],"at":[206],"https://github.com/Qwen-Applications/skill-self-play.":[207]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-28T07:46:37.118299","created_date":"2026-07-28T00:00:00"}