{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7171361370","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2607.22041","title":"Developing and Validating the Spanish Version of the Large Language Models Dependency Scale (LLM-D12-SP)","display_name":"Developing and Validating the Spanish Version of the Large Language Models Dependency Scale (LLM-D12-SP)","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-07-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7171361370","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2607.22041"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2607.22041","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2607.22041","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2607.22041","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128335409","display_name":"Tran Gia Bao","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bao, Tran Gia","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093759946","display_name":"Mo El-Haj","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"El-Haj, Mo","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128351613","display_name":"Sameha Al-Shakhsi","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Al-Shakhsi, Sameha","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019212220","display_name":"Antonio Garc\u00eda\u2010Cabot","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3237"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Garcia-Cabot, Antonio","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088731268","display_name":"Raian Ali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5285-7829"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ali, Raian","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5143705383","display_name":"Ala Yankouskaya","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yankouskaya, Ala","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11519","display_name":"Digital Mental Health Interventions","score":0.19030000269412994,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3202","display_name":"Applied Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11519","display_name":"Digital Mental Health Interventions","score":0.19030000269412994,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3202","display_name":"Applied Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12488","display_name":"Mental Health via Writing","score":0.09790000319480896,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13283","display_name":"Mental Health Research Topics","score":0.06639999896287918,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dependency","display_name":"Dependency (UML)","score":0.6913999915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/confirmatory-factor-analysis","display_name":"Confirmatory factor analysis","score":0.5963000059127808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.5647000074386597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychometrics","display_name":"Psychometrics","score":0.46810001134872437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpersonal-communication","display_name":"Interpersonal communication","score":0.41769999265670776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discriminant-validity","display_name":"Discriminant validity","score":0.388700008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/concurrent-validity","display_name":"Concurrent validity","score":0.38429999351501465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.3828999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test-validity","display_name":"Test validity","score":0.3824999928474426}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19768560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q320727","display_name":"Dependency (UML)","level":2,"score":0.6913999915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.6780999898910522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40722632","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5160137","display_name":"Confirmatory factor analysis","level":3,"score":0.5963000059127808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.5647000074386597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.4708999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171606756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q506132","display_name":"Psychometrics","level":2,"score":0.46810001134872437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75630572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q538904","display_name":"Applied psychology","level":1,"score":0.4253000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164850336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3685487","display_name":"Interpersonal communication","level":2,"score":0.41769999265670776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120107772","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168554","display_name":"Discriminant validity","level":4,"score":0.388700008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198999979","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5159115","display_name":"Concurrent validity","level":4,"score":0.38429999351501465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.3828999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116211729","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5372350","display_name":"Test validity","level":3,"score":0.3824999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.38100001215934753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20685875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239678","display_name":"Predictive validity","level":2,"score":0.37940001487731934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776436953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163215","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","level":2,"score":0.3707999885082245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70410870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199906","display_name":"Clinical psychology","level":1,"score":0.3375000059604645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79897977","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5054568","display_name":"Causal chain","level":2,"score":0.33250001072883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91034043","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q223642","display_name":"Interpersonal relationship","level":2,"score":0.3280999958515167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49453240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1592163","display_name":"Construct validity","level":3,"score":0.32710000872612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.3025999963283539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106934330","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1971873","display_name":"Trait","level":2,"score":0.29600000381469727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.28870001435279846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175154964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380077","display_name":"Task analysis","level":3,"score":0.288100004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017944768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1450463","display_name":"Poison control","level":2,"score":0.2718999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165957694","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5421350","display_name":"Exploratory factor analysis","level":3,"score":0.26899999380111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776412080","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7431605","display_name":"Schizophrenia (object-oriented programming)","level":2,"score":0.2685999870300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142853389","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q744778","display_name":"Association (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.26820001006126404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48856860","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12029","display_name":"Addiction","level":2,"score":0.2680000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.26089999079704285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2578999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190210774","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15427384","display_name":"Ecological validity","level":3,"score":0.2565000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174106493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1057880","display_name":"External validity","level":2,"score":0.2533999979496002}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2607.22041","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2607.22041","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2607.22041","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2607.22041","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.4535837173461914},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.4466554820537567}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"There":[0],"is":[1,39,48,87],"a":[2,88,215],"growing":[3],"need":[4,38,194],"for":[5,26,42,97,110,195,209,219],"reliable":[6],"and":[7,30,34,82,100,103,112,182,201,213],"culturally":[8],"validated":[9,52],"instruments":[10],"to":[11],"assess":[12],"psychological":[13,221],"dependency":[14,174],"on":[15,95,108],"large":[16],"language":[17],"models":[18],"(LLMs),":[19],"particularly":[20],"as":[21],"LLMs":[22,96,109],"are":[23],"increasingly":[24],"used":[25],"task":[27],"execution,":[28],"decision-making,":[29],"communication":[31],"in":[32,80,226],"organizational":[33,227],"work-related":[35],"settings.":[36],"This":[37],"especially":[40],"relevant":[41],"Spanish-speaking":[43,119],"populations,":[44],"where":[45],"LLM":[46,224],"adoption":[47],"rapidly":[49],"expanding,":[50],"yet":[51],"psychometric":[53],"tools":[54],"remain":[55],"scarce.":[56],"The":[57,85,141],"present":[58],"study":[59],"reports":[60],"the":[61,65,69,131,137,161,210],"first":[62],"validation":[63,170],"of":[64,68,117,185,223],"Spanish":[66],"version":[67],"Large":[70],"Language":[71],"Model":[72],"Dependency":[73,93,105],"Scale":[74],"(LLM-D12-SP),":[75],"extending":[76],"prior":[77,199],"validations":[78],"conducted":[79],"English-":[81],"Arabic-speaking":[83],"samples.":[84],"LLM-D12":[86],"two-dimensional":[89],"instrument":[90],"assessing":[91],"Instrumental":[92],"(reliance":[94],"performing":[98],"tasks":[99],"supporting":[101],"decisions)":[102],"Relationship":[104],"(psychological":[106],"reliance":[107],"companionship":[111],"social":[113],"interaction).":[114],"A":[115],"total":[116],"386":[118],"participants":[120],"(M":[121],"=":[122,126,149],"28.0":[123],"years,":[124],"SD":[125],"6.1;":[127],"55%":[128],"male)":[129],"completed":[130],"LLM-D12-SP.":[132],"Confirmatory":[133],"factor":[134],"analysis":[135],"supported":[136],"original":[138],"two-factor":[139],"structure.":[140],"scale":[142],"demonstrated":[143],"good":[144],"internal":[145],"consistency":[146],"(Cronbach's":[147],"alpha":[148],"0.89":[150],"total;":[151],"0.86":[152],"Instrumental;":[153],"0.85":[154],"Relationship).":[155],"Discriminant":[156],"validity":[157],"analyses":[158],"indicated":[159],"that":[160,172],"two":[162],"subscales":[163],"represent":[164],"related":[165],"but":[166],"distinct":[167],"constructs.":[168],"External":[169],"showed":[171],"both":[173],"dimensions":[175],"were":[176],"positively":[177],"associated":[178],"with":[179,193,198],"internet":[180],"addiction":[181],"perceived":[183],"trustworthiness":[184],"LLMs,":[186],"while":[187],"showing":[188],"weak":[189],"or":[190],"no":[191],"association":[192],"cognition.":[196],"Together":[197],"English":[200],"Arabic":[202],"validations,":[203],"these":[204],"findings":[205],"establish":[206],"cross-linguistic":[207],"support":[208],"scale's":[211],"structure":[212],"provide":[214],"psychometrically":[216],"sound":[217],"tool":[218],"investigating":[220],"aspects":[222],"use":[225],"contexts.":[228]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-28T07:46:37.118299","created_date":"2026-07-28T00:00:00"}
