{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7169585208","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2607.14479","title":"BioTIER: A Refusal Benchmark for Targeted Biological Risk Mitigation","display_name":"BioTIER: A Refusal Benchmark for Targeted Biological Risk Mitigation","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-07-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7169585208","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2607.14479"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2607.14479","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2607.14479","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2607.14479","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5141106218","display_name":"Eleanor M. Marshall","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marshall, Eleanor M.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5127403219","display_name":"Pedro Medeiros","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Medeiros, Pedro","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088130526","display_name":"Peter Peneder","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3561-4489"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peneder, Peter","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093421385","display_name":"Nelly Mak","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mak, Nelly","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092083541","display_name":"Jacob Kaffey","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kaffey, Jacob","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5141050368","display_name":"Faith Rovenolt","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rovenolt, Faith","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5141087495","display_name":"Mac Walker","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Walker, Mac","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5141084738","display_name":"Seth Donoughe","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Donoughe, Seth","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041974794","display_name":"Jasper G\u00f6tting","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3891-5746"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"G\u00f6tting, Jasper","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11710","display_name":"Biomedical Text Mining and Ontologies","score":0.3384999930858612,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11710","display_name":"Biomedical Text Mining and Ontologies","score":0.3384999930858612,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11642","display_name":"Genomics and Rare Diseases","score":0.0723000019788742,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12859","display_name":"Cell Image Analysis Techniques","score":0.04050000011920929,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1304","display_name":"Biophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.6812000274658203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prioritization","display_name":"Prioritization","score":0.6090999841690063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metadata","display_name":"Metadata","score":0.48429998755455017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variety","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","score":0.4255000054836273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-assessment","display_name":"Risk assessment","score":0.40869998931884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vulnerability","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","score":0.4009000062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.39980000257492065}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.6812000274658203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.6096000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777615720","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11888847","display_name":"Prioritization","level":2,"score":0.6090999841690063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5809000134468079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93518851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180160","display_name":"Metadata","level":2,"score":0.48429998755455017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.4255000054836273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.41530001163482666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12174686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1058438","display_name":"Risk assessment","level":2,"score":0.40869998931884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4009000062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.39980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201797286","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4914986","display_name":"Biological data","level":2,"score":0.3831000030040741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20901353","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4117139","display_name":"Biological database","level":2,"score":0.374099999666214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32896092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189447","display_name":"Risk management","level":2,"score":0.35899999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3391999900341034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020442560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4971815","display_name":"Broad spectrum","level":2,"score":0.3253999948501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.30300000309944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180198813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121182","display_name":"Information system","level":2,"score":0.2777000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.2732999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.26510000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184356942","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830382","display_name":"Best practice","level":2,"score":0.2549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.250900000333786}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2607.14479","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2607.14479","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2607.14479","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2607.14479","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.7645550966262817}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"large":[1],"language":[2],"models":[3,29],"become":[4],"increasingly":[5],"capable,":[6],"concerns":[7],"about":[8],"their":[9],"potential":[10],"to":[11,17,57,83,118,139,147,168],"assist":[12],"with":[13,27,135],"biological":[14,87,92,126,179],"misuse":[15],"continue":[16],"grow.":[18],"Prioritization":[19],"of":[20,54,122,131,156,172],"safety":[21],"differs":[22],"across":[23],"the":[24,59,153,169],"model":[25],"ecosystem,":[26],"some":[28],"freely":[30],"providing":[31],"high-risk":[32,116],"information":[33,62,157],"that":[34,158,174],"could":[35,159],"be":[36],"misused,":[37],"and":[38,78,104,124,151],"others":[39],"refusing":[40],"benign":[41,123],"scientific":[42,65],"content,":[43],"potentially":[44],"hindering":[45],"legitimate":[46],"research.":[47],"Both":[48],"failures":[49],"stem":[50],"from":[51,63,113,163],"a":[52,80,111,119],"lack":[53],"targeted":[55,86],"mitigation":[56],"distinguish":[58],"most":[60],"dangerous":[61],"broader":[64],"content.":[66],"To":[67],"address":[68],"this,":[69],"we":[70],"introduce":[71],"BioTIER":[72,90,146],"(Biological":[73],"Targeted":[74],"Information":[75],"for":[76,177],"Exclusion":[77],"Refusal),":[79],"benchmark":[81,129],"designed":[82],"enable":[84],"more":[85],"risk":[88,96,162],"mitigation.":[89],"organizes":[91],"content":[93],"into":[94],"three":[95],"sets:":[97],"Catastrophe":[98],"Avoidance":[99],"(CA),":[100],"Biomedical":[101],"DURC":[102],"(BD)":[103],"Related":[105],"Biology":[106],"(RB).":[107],"These":[108],"sets":[109],"represent":[110],"spectrum":[112],"extremely":[114],"narrow":[115],"topics":[117],"broad":[120],"range":[121],"beneficial":[125],"knowledge.":[127],"The":[128],"consists":[130],"542":[132],"expert-curated":[133],"prompts":[134],"rich":[136],"associated":[137],"metadata":[138],"support":[140],"differentiated":[141],"access":[142,167],"policies.":[143],"We":[144],"release":[145],"aid":[148],"in":[149],"isolating":[150],"gating":[152],"tiny":[154],"fraction":[155],"engender":[160],"catastrophic":[161],"misuse,":[164],"while":[165],"ensuring":[166],"vast":[170],"wealth":[171],"knowledge":[173],"is":[175],"essential":[176],"advancing":[178],"science.":[180]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-28T07:46:37.118299","created_date":"2026-07-18T00:00:00"}
