{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7168856938","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2607.13160","title":"Active Beyond-Diagonal RIS Empowered Heterogeneous Edge Computing: A Distributional Reinforcement Learning Approach","display_name":"Active Beyond-Diagonal RIS Empowered Heterogeneous Edge Computing: A Distributional Reinforcement Learning Approach","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-07-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7168856938","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2607.13160"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2607.13160","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2607.13160","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2607.13160","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5140964868","display_name":"Tianyu Pang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pang, Tianyu","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5140998475","display_name":"Hongyu Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li, Hongyu","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9861999750137329,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9861999750137329,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.006800000090152025,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.0008999999845400453,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.6233000159263611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation-offloading","display_name":"Computation offloading","score":0.6118000149726868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications-link","display_name":"Telecommunications link","score":0.5687000155448914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-edge-computing","display_name":"Mobile edge computing","score":0.4934000074863434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.48649999499320984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource-allocation","display_name":"Resource allocation","score":0.4844000041484833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stability","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","score":0.47530001401901245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.413100004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource-management","display_name":"Resource management (computing)","score":0.4124000072479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optimization-problem","display_name":"Optimization problem","score":0.4018000066280365}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7301999926567078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.6233000159263611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781041963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18348618","display_name":"Computation offloading","level":4,"score":0.6118000149726868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138660444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5607897","display_name":"Telecommunications link","level":2,"score":0.5687000155448914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.5471000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776061582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25325231","display_name":"Mobile edge computing","level":3,"score":0.4934000074863434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.48649999499320984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29202148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287260","display_name":"Resource allocation","level":2,"score":0.4844000041484833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112972136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7595718","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","level":2,"score":0.47530001401901245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.4577000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.413100004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780609101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17156588","display_name":"Resource management (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4124000072479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.4018000066280365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48677424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888088","display_name":"Mode (computer interface)","level":2,"score":0.3871999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106189395","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176789","display_name":"Markov decision process","level":3,"score":0.38440001010894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.37560001015663147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138236772","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25098575","display_name":"Edge device","level":3,"score":0.3569999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147764199","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6865248","display_name":"Minification","level":2,"score":0.3424000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.3418000042438507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777742833","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1964083","display_name":"Reciprocal","level":2,"score":0.34049999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.314300000667572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778456923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5337692","display_name":"Edge computing","level":3,"score":0.31299999356269836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179799912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205084","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","level":2,"score":0.3125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97137487","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q729138","display_name":"Integer (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.31040000915527344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180518391","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355217","display_name":"Time allocation","level":2,"score":0.3027999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186967261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5082128","display_name":"Mobile device","level":2,"score":0.30169999599456787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.30059999227523804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95491727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q992968","display_name":"Mobile telephony","level":3,"score":0.28189998865127563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777042071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6509304","display_name":"Leakage (economics)","level":2,"score":0.2782999873161316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.2782000005245209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.2775999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.26820001006126404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56086750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6042592","display_name":"Integer programming","level":2,"score":0.26339998841285706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.2624000012874603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125411270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18653","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","level":2,"score":0.2581000030040741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.25529998540878296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.2535000145435333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41045048","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202843","display_name":"Linear programming","level":2,"score":0.25}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2607.13160","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2607.13160","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2607.13160","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2607.13160","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Active":[0],"beyond-diagonal":[1],"reconfigurable":[2],"intelligent":[3],"surfaces":[4],"(BD-RISs)":[5],"enables":[6],"hybrid":[7,38],"transmitting":[8],"and":[9,17,65,84,100,151,171],"reflecting":[10],"mode":[11,39],"to":[12,103],"achieve":[13],"effective":[14],"signal":[15],"amplification":[16],"full-space":[18],"coverage,":[19],"thus":[20],"providing":[21],"a":[22,94,123,172],"promising":[23],"solution":[24],"for":[25,68],"blockage-aware":[26],"uplink":[27],"offloading":[28,64,75],"in":[29],"heterogeneous":[30,72],"mobile":[31],"edge":[32],"computing":[33],"(MEC)":[34],"systems.":[35],"However,":[36],"practical":[37],"active":[40,70,85],"BD-RIS":[41,86],"are":[42,87],"realized":[43],"by":[44,106],"reciprocal":[45,69],"devices,":[46],"which":[47],"inherently":[48],"generate":[49],"cross-sector":[50],"energy":[51],"leakage":[52],"that":[53],"will":[54],"reshape":[55],"the":[56,127,161,165],"system-level":[57],"energy-latency":[58,163],"tradeoff.":[59],"This":[60],"paper":[61],"studies":[62],"energy-aware":[63],"resource":[66],"allocation":[67],"BD-RIS-assisted":[71],"MEC,":[73],"where":[74],"decisions,":[76],"CPU/GPU":[77],"computation":[78],"allocation,":[79],"transmit":[80],"powers,":[81],"receive":[82],"processing,":[83],"tightly":[88],"coupled.":[89],"The":[90],"resulting":[91],"problem":[92,99],"is":[93,101],"high-dimensional":[95],"mixed":[96],"integer":[97],"nonconvex":[98],"difficult":[102],"solve":[104],"efficiently":[105],"conventional":[107],"per-instance":[108],"optimization.":[109],"To":[110],"address":[111],"this":[112],"challenge,":[113],"we":[114],"develop":[115],"an":[116],"end-to-end":[117],"joint":[118],"optimization":[119],"framework":[120],"based":[121],"on":[122],"refined":[124],"version":[125],"of":[126,169,177],"distributional":[128],"soft":[129],"actor--critic":[130],"algorithm,":[131],"named":[132],"as":[133],"DSAC-T.":[134],"By":[135],"modeling":[136],"return":[137],"distributions":[138],"rather":[139],"than":[140],"only":[141],"expected":[142],"values,":[143],"DSAC-T":[144,159],"improves":[145],"policy":[146],"stability":[147],"under":[148],"reward":[149],"heterogeneity":[150],"feasibility-boundary":[152],"sensitivity.":[153],"Compared":[154],"with":[155],"other":[156],"baseline":[157],"algorithms,":[158],"achieves":[160],"best":[162],"reward,":[164],"highest":[166],"feasibility":[167],"ratio":[168],"81.67%,":[170],"fast":[173],"online":[174],"decision":[175],"time":[176],"0.0267":[178],"s":[179],"per":[180],"scenario.":[181]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-28T07:46:37.118299","created_date":"2026-07-17T00:00:00"}
