{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7168169270","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2607.09659","title":"Impact of Benign Connectivity Variations on Intrusion Detection for Encrypted OPC UA Traffic in Industrial Private 5G Networks","display_name":"Impact of Benign Connectivity Variations on Intrusion Detection for Encrypted OPC UA Traffic in Industrial Private 5G Networks","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-07-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7168169270","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2607.09659"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2607.09659","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2607.09659","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2607.09659","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074072423","display_name":"Song Son Ha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1716-5867"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ha, Song Son","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114371788","display_name":"Florian Foerster","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4437-010X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Foerster, Florian","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012735657","display_name":"Henry Beuster","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5390-3946"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Beuster, Henry","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120083992","display_name":"Tim Kittel","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kittel, Tim","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042778157","display_name":"Dominik Merli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2310-5895"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Merli, Dominik","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5139149333","display_name":"Gerd Scholl","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Scholl, Gerd","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9610999822616577,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9610999822616577,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.009800000116229057,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.003100000089034438,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.73580002784729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrusion-detection-system","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","score":0.6775000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.6559000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly-detection","display_name":"Anomaly detection","score":0.6392999887466431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/private-network","display_name":"Private network","score":0.44279998540878296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrusion","display_name":"Intrusion","score":0.4212000072002411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.34929999709129333}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.73580002784729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.6775000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.6559000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C739882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3560506","display_name":"Anomaly detection","level":2,"score":0.6392999887466431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5946999788284302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117387248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11186","display_name":"Private network","level":2,"score":0.44279998540878296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158251709","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q354025","display_name":"Intrusion","level":2,"score":0.4212000072002411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.38580000400543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.37459999322891235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.34929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3409999907016754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27061796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion prevention system","level":3,"score":0.3402000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3395000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.3248000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.3100000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.30649998784065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12997251","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q567560","display_name":"Anomaly (physics)","level":2,"score":0.2922999858856201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779227376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6505497","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","level":2,"score":0.27549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018397939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3644502","display_name":"Open source","level":3,"score":0.26330000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.25609999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.2547000050544739}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2607.09659","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2607.09659","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2607.09659","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2607.09659","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.5282807946205139}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Machine":[0],"learning":[1],"(ML)-based":[2],"intrusion":[3],"detection":[4],"systems":[5],"(IDSs)":[6],"are":[7],"increasingly":[8],"used":[9],"to":[10],"monitor":[11],"encrypted":[12,40],"industrial":[13,50,103],"communication.":[14],"However,":[15],"their":[16],"behavior":[17],"under":[18],"realistic":[19],"private":[20,51,104],"5G":[21,52,105],"operating":[22],"conditions":[23],"remains":[24],"insufficiently":[25],"understood.":[26],"This":[27],"paper":[28],"investigates":[29],"the":[30,68,92],"impact":[31],"of":[32,70,81,94],"benign":[33],"connectivity":[34,59],"variations":[35],"on":[36],"ML-based":[37],"IDSs":[38],"for":[39],"Open":[41],"Platform":[42],"Communications":[43],"Unified":[44],"Architecture":[45],"(OPC":[46],"UA)":[47],"traffic":[48],"in":[49,102],"networks.":[53],"Experimental":[54],"results":[55],"show":[56],"that":[57],"legitimate":[58],"events":[60],"can":[61],"noticeably":[62],"increase":[63],"false":[64],"positive":[65],"activity":[66,84],"despite":[67],"absence":[69],"attacks.":[71],"Furthermore,":[72],"elevated":[73],"IDS":[74,100],"anomaly":[75],"scores":[76],"frequently":[77],"coincide":[78],"with":[79,86],"periods":[80],"control-plane":[82],"(CP)":[83],"associated":[85],"these":[87],"events.":[88],"The":[89],"findings":[90],"highlight":[91],"importance":[93],"considering":[95],"CP":[96],"context":[97],"when":[98],"interpreting":[99],"outputs":[101],"environments.":[106]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-28T07:46:37.118299","created_date":"2026-07-14T00:00:00"}
