{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7167829585","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2607.07414","title":"How Reliable Is the Multi-Input Heuristic for Bitcoin Address Clustering in Law Enforcement Contexts?","display_name":"How Reliable Is the Multi-Input Heuristic for Bitcoin Address Clustering in Law Enforcement Contexts?","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-07-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7167829585","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2607.07414"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2607.07414","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2607.07414","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2607.07414","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137559696","display_name":"Leopold M\u00fcller","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M\u00fcller, Leopold","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137609313","display_name":"Jana Elsner","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elsner, Jana","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065311684","display_name":"T. Niedermayer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8464-8542"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Niedermayer, Thomas","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078932059","display_name":"Bernhard Haslhofer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0415-4491"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haslhofer, Bernhard","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5140329695","display_name":"Thomas Goger","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Goger, Thomas","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071819311","display_name":"Niklas K\u00fchl","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6750-0876"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"K\u00fchl, Niklas","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106250659","display_name":"Christian R\u00fcckert","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R\u00fcckert, Christian","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12519","display_name":"Cybercrime and Law Enforcement Studies","score":0.26409998536109924,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12519","display_name":"Cybercrime and Law Enforcement Studies","score":0.26409998536109924,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.23360000550746918,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12034","display_name":"Digital and Cyber Forensics","score":0.13109999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristic","display_name":"Heuristic","score":0.6915000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law-enforcement","display_name":"Law enforcement","score":0.6646999716758728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trace","display_name":"TRACE (psycholinguistics)","score":0.5286999940872192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/asset","display_name":"Asset (computer security)","score":0.5268999934196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.5145999789237976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/service","display_name":"Service (business)","score":0.5123999714851379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enforcement","display_name":"Enforcement","score":0.49709999561309814}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173801870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201413","display_name":"Heuristic","level":2,"score":0.6915000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6711999773979187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780262971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44554","display_name":"Law enforcement","level":2,"score":0.6646999716758728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.583299994468689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75291252","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1315756","display_name":"TRACE (psycholinguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5286999940872192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76178495","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4808784","display_name":"Asset (computer security)","level":2,"score":0.5268999934196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.5145999789237976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351891","display_name":"Service (business)","level":2,"score":0.5123999714851379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779777834","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4202277","display_name":"Enforcement","level":2,"score":0.49709999561309814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116537","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2169973","display_name":"Service provider","level":3,"score":0.439300000667572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.4050000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780876879","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3054749","display_name":"Meaning (existential)","level":2,"score":0.3564000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.30329999327659607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100660578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18733","display_name":"Recall","level":2,"score":0.29019999504089355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164866538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367351","display_name":"Cluster (spacecraft)","level":2,"score":0.2732999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.2705000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146849305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370766","display_name":"Ground truth","level":2,"score":0.2680000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84418412","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3246940","display_name":"Digital forensics","level":2,"score":0.25029999017715454}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2607.07414","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2607.07414","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2607.07414","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2607.07414","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.8079583048820496,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Address":[0],"clustering":[1],"is":[2,33,87,117],"an":[3],"important":[4],"technique":[5],"in":[6,156,190],"blockchain":[7],"forensics,":[8],"widely":[9,36],"employed":[10],"by":[11,119],"law":[12],"enforcement":[13],"to":[14,67,89,173,182],"trace":[15],"illicit":[16],"crypto":[17,76,180],"asset":[18,77],"flows.":[19],"The":[20],"multi-input":[21],"heuristic":[22],"(MIH),":[23],"which":[24],"clusters":[25,136,170],"addresses":[26,126],"potentially":[27],"associated":[28],"with":[29,111],"the":[30,34,43,92,134,199],"same":[31],"entity,":[32],"most":[35],"used.":[37],"Yet,":[38],"despite":[39],"its":[40],"broad":[41],"adoption,":[42],"MIH":[44,93],"has":[45],"rarely":[46],"been":[47],"evaluated":[48],"against":[49],"reliable":[50],"ground":[51,68],"truth":[52,69],"data.":[53],"We":[54],"implement":[55],"a":[56],"reusable":[57],"evaluation":[58,86],"framework":[59],"covering":[60],"nine":[61],"established":[62],"metrics":[63],"and":[64,106,123,141,144,194,202],"apply":[65],"it":[66],"address-to-entity":[70],"mappings":[71],"obtained":[72],"directly":[73],"from":[74],"European":[75],"service":[78,122],"providers":[79],"under":[80],"legally":[81],"mandated":[82],"reporting":[83],"obligations.":[84],"When":[85,168],"restricted":[88],"reported":[90,104],"addresses,":[91],"appears":[94],"strong":[95],"at":[96],"dataset":[97],"level:":[98],"we":[99],"observe":[100],"no":[101],"mergers":[102],"between":[103],"services":[105,148],"recover":[107],"same-service":[108],"address":[109],"pairs":[110],"recall":[112,142],"0.71.":[113],"However,":[114],"this":[115],"result":[116],"driven":[118],"one":[120],"large":[121],"ignores":[124],"unlabeled":[125],"absorbed":[127],"into":[128],"full":[129,135],"clusters.":[130,158],"Metrics":[131],"that":[132,147],"assess":[133],"show":[137],"substantially":[138],"lower":[139],"precision":[140],"(0.36":[143],"0.44),":[145],"meaning":[146],"are":[149,171],"often":[150],"only":[151],"partially":[152],"recovered":[153],"or":[154,187],"embedded":[155],"larger":[157],"Entity-level":[159],"results":[160],"further":[161],"reveal":[162],"near-complete":[163],"failures":[164],"for":[165,198],"some":[166],"services.":[167],"MIH-based":[169],"used":[172],"support":[174],"criminal":[175],"suspicion,":[176],"preliminary":[177],"seizure":[178],"of":[179],"assets":[181],"secure":[183],"later":[184],"forfeiture/":[185],"confiscation,":[186],"as":[188],"evidence":[189],"trial":[191],"proceedings,":[192],"prosecutors":[193],"judges":[195],"must":[196],"account":[197],"heuristic's":[200],"metric-dependent":[201],"entity-dependent":[203],"reliability.":[204]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-28T07:46:37.118299","created_date":"2026-07-10T00:00:00"}
