{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7167582686","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2607.04854","title":"CARL: Constraint-Aware Reinforcement Learning for Planning with LLMs","display_name":"CARL: Constraint-Aware Reinforcement Learning for Planning with LLMs","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-07-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7167582686","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2607.04854"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2607.04854","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2607.04854","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2607.04854","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119999155","display_name":"Qiuyi Qi","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qi, Qiuyi","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061929135","display_name":"Jinjian Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8540-6736"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhang, Jinjian","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5139852269","display_name":"Mutian Bao","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bao, Mutian","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5140203739","display_name":"Tian Liang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liang, Tian","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109638115","display_name":"Guocong Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li, Guocong","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027686620","display_name":"Dongnan Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8102-3949"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liu, Dongnan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5140171000","display_name":"Wei Zhou","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhou, Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5140204422","display_name":"Jie Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liu, Jie","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5140168903","display_name":"Ming Kong","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kong, Ming","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5140195223","display_name":"Linjian Mo","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mo, Linjian","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047301622","display_name":"F Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhang, Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5140207338","display_name":"Qiang Zhu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhu, Qiang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10906","display_name":"AI-based Problem Solving and Planning","score":0.42329999804496765,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10906","display_name":"AI-based Problem Solving and Planning","score":0.42329999804496765,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.2874000072479248,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10462","display_name":"Reinforcement Learning in Robotics","score":0.0560000017285347,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.8241999745368958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constraint","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","score":0.7311000227928162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.6482999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.6347000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.45680001378059387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement","display_name":"Reinforcement","score":0.4058000147342682}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.8241999745368958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776036281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48769818","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","level":2,"score":0.7311000227928162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.6482999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.6347000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6133000254631042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5203999876976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.45680001378059387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67203356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321905","display_name":"Reinforcement","level":2,"score":0.4058000147342682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175154964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380077","display_name":"Task analysis","level":3,"score":0.33329999446868896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3231000006198883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.3034999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173404611","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q528588","display_name":"Constraint programming","level":3,"score":0.29919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.25690001249313354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.25429999828338623}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2607.04854","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2607.04854","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2607.04854","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2607.04854","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Despite":[0],"their":[1,21],"strong":[2],"reasoning":[3,148],"capabilities":[4],"and":[5,101,107,115,134,146],"extensive":[6],"world":[7],"knowledge,":[8],"Large":[9],"Language":[10],"Models":[11],"(LLMs)":[12],"frequently":[13],"generate":[14],"plans":[15],"that":[16,137],"violate":[17],"task":[18,56],"constraints,":[19],"undermining":[20],"reliability":[22],"in":[23],"real-world":[24],"applications.":[25],"This":[26],"deficiency":[27],"arises":[28],"from":[29],"a":[30,76,90,151],"lack":[31],"of":[32],"systematic":[33],"mechanisms":[34],"to":[35,47,60,81],"incorporate":[36],"constraint":[37,65,105],"information":[38],"during":[39],"the":[40,62,95],"generation":[41],"process.":[42],"While":[43],"existing":[44],"approaches":[45],"attempt":[46],"mitigate":[48],"this":[49],"by":[50,93],"relying":[51],"on":[52,86,131,155],"external":[53,118],"tools":[54],"or":[55,120],"decomposition,":[57],"they":[58],"fail":[59],"enhance":[61],"model's":[63,96],"intrinsic":[64,84],"awareness.":[66],"To":[67],"address":[68],"this,":[69],"we":[70],"propose":[71],"Constraint-Aware":[72],"Reinforcement":[73,142],"Learning":[74],"(CARL),":[75],"novel":[77],"RL":[78,113],"framework":[79],"designed":[80],"strengthen":[82],"LLMs'":[83],"focus":[85,106,154],"constraints.":[87,156],"CARL":[88,123,138],"introduces":[89],"constraint-aware":[91,127],"reward":[92],"comparing":[94],"output":[97],"distributions":[98],"under":[99],"constrained":[100],"unconstrained":[102],"inputs,":[103],"encouraging":[104],"penalizing":[108],"neglect.":[109],"Compatible":[110],"with":[111],"various":[112],"frameworks":[114],"requiring":[116],"no":[117],"solvers":[119],"top":[121],"models,":[122,149],"enables":[124],"scalable,":[125],"end-to-end":[126],"planning.":[128],"Extensive":[129],"experiments":[130],"BlocksWorld,":[132],"TravelPlanner,":[133],"T-Eval":[135],"demonstrate":[136],"significantly":[139],"outperforms":[140],"standard":[141],"Fine-Tuning":[143],"(RFT)":[144],"baselines":[145],"state-of-the-art":[147],"exhibiting":[150],"markedly":[152],"increased":[153]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-28T07:46:37.118299","created_date":"2026-07-08T00:00:00"}