{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7167604630","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2607.03303","title":"Reflective Dialogue or Prompt Refinement? Effects of Tutor Scaffolding on Students' Independent LLM Use for Programming","display_name":"Reflective Dialogue or Prompt Refinement? Effects of Tutor Scaffolding on Students' Independent LLM Use for Programming","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-07-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7167604630","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2607.03303"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2607.03303","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2607.03303","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2607.03303","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041254661","display_name":"J\u00e9r\u00f4me Brender","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3279-5641"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brender, Jerome","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010262755","display_name":"Laila El\u2010Hamamsy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6046-4822"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"El-Hamamsy, Laila","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5140202482","display_name":"Kim Uittenhove","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Uittenhove, Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038032803","display_name":"Aitor P\u00e9rez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6412-3235"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Perez, Aitor","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056251462","display_name":"Patrick Jermann","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9199-2831"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jermann, Patrick","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024362147","display_name":"Francesco Mondada","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8641-8704"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mondada, Francesco","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5140176903","display_name":"Engin Bumbacher","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bumbacher, Engin","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.4092999994754791,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.4092999994754791,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10636","display_name":"Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods","score":0.1459999978542328,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.1274999976158142,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tutor","display_name":"TUTOR","score":0.9031999707221985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dialogic","display_name":"Dialogic","score":0.6322000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.5095999836921692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robotics","display_name":"Robotics","score":0.3382999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task-analysis","display_name":"Task analysis","score":0.3151000142097473}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778371403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7672049","display_name":"TUTOR","level":2,"score":0.9031999707221985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778679518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3025969","display_name":"Dialogic","level":2,"score":0.6322000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5095999836921692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.4747999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4221000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4092999994754791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34413123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170978","display_name":"Robotics","level":3,"score":0.3382999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.32440000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.3206000030040741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175154964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380077","display_name":"Task analysis","level":3,"score":0.3151000142097473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.2939999997615814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88610354","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1813494","display_name":"Teaching method","level":2,"score":0.266400009393692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179748633","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7160411","display_name":"Peer tutor","level":2,"score":0.25119999051094055}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2607.03303","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2607.03303","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2607.03303","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2607.03303","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.8167409896850586}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"While":[0],"Large":[1],"Language":[2],"Models":[3],"(LLMs)":[4],"can":[5],"provide":[6],"personalized":[7],"support":[8],"in":[9,19,74,128,142],"learning,":[10,43],"several":[11],"studies":[12],"have":[13],"raised":[14],"concerns":[15],"regarding":[16],"their":[17],"use":[18],"education.":[20],"Importantly,":[21],"learning":[22,129,140],"depends":[23],"on":[24],"how":[25,33],"students":[26,81,96],"engage":[27],"with":[28,188],"LLMs.":[29],"This":[30],"study":[31,73],"examined":[32],"two":[34],"types":[35],"of":[36,66,157,183],"LLM-based":[37],"tutors":[38,114],"shape":[39],"students'":[40,184],"prompting":[41,121,152],"practices,":[42],"and":[44,57,112,120,131,145],"subsequent":[45],"LLM-use:":[46],"a":[47,58,71,75,90,102],"Socratic-Guidance":[48],"(SG)":[49],"tutor,":[50],"which":[51,154],"structures":[52],"interaction":[53],"through":[54],"dialogic":[55],"questioning,":[56],"Prompt-Refinement":[59],"(PR)":[60],"tutor":[61,88,170,197],"that":[62,108,177],"guides":[63],"the":[64,84,110,168,174,181],"formulation":[65],"effective":[67],"prompts.":[68],"We":[69],"conducted":[70],"two-phase":[72],"graduate-level":[76],"mobile":[77],"robotics":[78],"course:":[79],"66":[80],"used":[82],"either":[83],"SG":[85,169],"or":[86],"PR":[87,113],"during":[89,101,123],"6-week":[91],"intervention,":[92],"followed":[93],"by":[94],"52":[95],"using":[97,161],"an":[98,162],"unconstrained":[99,163],"LLM":[100,196],"3-week":[103],"course":[104],"project.":[105],"Results":[106],"show":[107],"while":[109],"SG-":[111],"led":[115],"to":[116,136,149,186],"similar":[117],"task":[118],"performance":[119],"patterns":[122],"guided":[124],"use,":[125],"they":[126],"differ":[127],"outcomes":[130],"later":[132,143],"LLM-use.":[133],"SG-students,":[134],"relative":[135],"PR-student,":[137],"achieved":[138],"higher":[139,158],"gains":[141],"sessions,":[144],"were":[146],"more":[147],"likely":[148],"adopt":[150],"understanding-driven":[151],"strategies,":[153],"are":[155],"predictive":[156],"understanding,":[159],"when":[160],"LLM.":[164],"Although":[165],"learners":[166],"perceived":[167],"as":[171],"less":[172],"efficient,":[173],"findings":[175],"suggest":[176],"Socratic":[178],"guidance":[179],"supports":[180],"development":[182],"capacity":[185],"learn":[187],"LLMs":[189],"over":[190],"time,":[191],"highlighting":[192],"its":[193],"importance":[194],"for":[195],"design.":[198]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-28T07:46:37.118299","created_date":"2026-07-08T00:00:00"}
